ae
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
PART XIX.
1851.
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE,
AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,
PATERNOSTER ROW.
oe | QOVIGATIONT
es
‘ uwr Le
¥TS 02 4 A! 1005008
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‘MOGMOI IO
tA: THAT
Seer
LIST
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
ApAms, ARTHUR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &e.
Catalogue of the Species of Hmarginula, a Genus of
Gasteropodous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurel-
Y sac hl
lidze, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. 82
Catalogue of the Species of Nassa, a Genus of Gantebage-
dous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Buccinidz, in the
Collection of H. Cuming, Esq.; with the Description of
some New Species . . . : . - 94
Descriptions of Fifty-two Ne Species of thé cate Mira:
from the Cumingian Collection . . « £32
Contributions towards a Monograph of nee Touche. a
Family of Gasteropodous Mollusca . . 150
A Monograph of Scutus, a Genus of Ciaeuedte Mol-
lusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide . oh ta ree oe
A Monograph of the Genus Monoptygma of Lea . - 222
Descriptions of New Shells from the Cumingian Collection 224
Note on the Genus Nematura. - 225
A Monograph of the Recent Species of Birds a Gene
of Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide . - 226
A Monograph of Puncturella, a Genus of Gasteropodous
Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide . - 227
Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Rissoina, a Genus
of Marine ails Mollusks, from the Cumingian
Collection . . . owns - « 264
Descriptions of sever ral Rev. epee of Murex, Hiisoiedl,
Planazis, and Hulima, from the Cumingian Collection . . 267
iv
Apams, ARTHUR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &e. page
Descriptions of New Species of Eulima, Triphoris, &c.,
from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. - . - - + + ~ 276
Bartvett, Mr. A. D.
On some Bones of Didus . . . . «© «© «© «© « © « 280
Bonaparte, Prince CHARLES LUCIEN.
On the largest known Species of Phaleridine Bird. . . 201
Bonyan, Dr. G. R.
Notes on the Raptorial Birds of British Guiana. . . . 53
BowerBank, J. S., Esq., F.R.S. &c.
On the Prerodactyles of the Chalk Formation . . . . 14
Davy, Dr., F.R.S. &e.
Observations on the Eye of the Mole. (Ina Letter to
WioSpence) Eeqsai\FsRs8.)0. to soleil of le cupelpss! 129
Ditiwyn, L. LLewetyn, Esq., F.G.S. &c.
On an undescribed Species of Megapodius . . . . . 118
Dueuip, Dr.
Letter on the Deal Fish. (Communicated by Mr. Yarrell.) 116
Forbes, Prof. Epwarp, F.R.S. &e.
On a Species of 47quorea inhabiting the British Seas. . 272
Gasxoln, J. S., Esq.
Descriptions of Twenty Species of Columbelle, and One
Specresor Cyprned see sn “ets Te sy ee nl tone
Gow tp, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &e.
On a new and most remarkable form in Ornithology . . 1
Letter from J. W.G. Spicer, Esq., concerning Two Hybrid
Birds. . . otk sivate Me As ee
On a New Siaiseias of Mimofibagh wits sen lial tie
On a New Species of the Genus Montifringilla goites Ite Ae 1
On some New Species of Trochilide . .... . -115
Remarks on the Genus Hapalotis . . . Jno 126
Descriptions of Two New Species: of hdadendliis of the
Genus Antechinus . . . Molen oot . 284
Descriptions of a New Spates ‘of Prilotis, bral a Now Spee
cies of Eepsahttria) uss) ods oivl.ow hen bog amano
Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &e.
Descriptions of Two New Genera aud some New Species
of Scutellide and Echinolampide, in the Collection of the
British Museum . . om Ka. ans
Description of a New Genus sat Patil of Gulodatian
(HEE
« 34
Lizards from Para 38
Description of a New Spedibs of BURinils ffi Callao,
collected by Erneste Denicke. - 92
Description of a New Genus of Gbrgnidial. - 124
Description of a New Genus of Bivalve Shells, and a Sea
Egg, from New Zealand ° . - 125
Notice of Two Viverride from evan lately eines in roe
Gardens... 2; - 131
On a New Genus of gf Stor al in the *Collettion of Mr.
Camine., 5. ss ae - 197
Description of a — ands of ides from retest
with a Synopsis of the Family . 235
Han ey, H., Serjeant-Major 1st Life Guards.
Observations on the Breeding of the Nightingale in Cap-
tivity . - 196
Harcourt, Epwarp VErRNon, Esq.
Notice of the Birds of Madeira. (In a Letter addressed
to the Secretary.) yecct Go ea eenhs » 141
HERRMANNSEN, Dr., of Kiel.
On some Genera of Shells, established in 1807 by the late
H. F. Link . eee Pererinmeriorse meme ne 5 fay son?)
Kaup, Dr.
Descriptions of some New Birds in the Museum of the
Earl of Derby . 39
Mack, Mr.
Remarks on the fact of Black Eggs being laid by a White
Duck. (Communicated by Mr. Oswald.) . . . . . . 192
Mercatrs, W., Esq.
An Enumeration of Species of recent Shells, received by
W. J. Hamilton, Esq., from Borneo, in November 1850, with
Descriptions of the New Species 70
vi
Newman, Epwarp, Esq., F.L.S. &c. page
A few words on the Synonymy of Distichocera, a Genus
of Longicorn Coleoptera from New Holland, with Characters
of Three Species supposed to be undescribed . . . . ~ 75
Nicuotson, Dr., H.E.I.C. Medical Service.
Note on a New Species of Francolin . . . . . . . 128
Notes on an undescribed Species of Tailor-bird. . . . 194
Notes on a New Species of Artamus from India. . . . 195
Owen, Professor, F.R.S. &c.
On a New Species of Pterodactyle (Pterodactylus com-
pressirostris, Owen) from the Chalk; with some Remarks on
the Nomenclature of the previously described Species . . 21
On the Anatomy of the Wart-Hog (Phacocherus Pallasit,
Van der Hoeven). . . 63
On the Skeleton of Troglodytes Gorilla Grid will be
published in the Transactions) . . - 263
On the Capacity of the Cranium in itis Mesa. the Oasie.
and the Gorilla (which will be published in the Transac-
[OLB SY 1S NWP de-N a a aa Pasha ae
Prerrrer, Dr. L.
Descriptions of New Land Shells from the Collection of
Hi. Cuming, Esq... - 147
Descriptions of Forty-three New dpeaiss of Cylisiiiase,
from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. . . . - 242
Descriptions of Fifty-four New Species of pies fon
the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq... . . . . . - «+252
Puitier!, Dr.
Descriptiones Naticarum quarundam novarum ex collec-
tione: Comingiana, “5, fey pany au aa... seayeeecinns Lieer \ ay Debate Ed pe
REEvE, Lovett, Esq., F.L.S. &c.
Description of a New Species of Bulimus from Australia 198
ScLaTER, P. L., Esq., B.A.
On Two New Species of Birds of the Genus Tenioptera . 193
Tomes, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &c.
On the Structure of the Teeth of the American and
Indian! Tapitints saa us . ehisaid wot ott 3 cabal
vii
Turner, H. N., Jun., Esq. page
Note on the Suborbital Gland of the Nylghau . . . . 116
On the Change of Colour in a Chameleon (Chameleo
RATES ES GNU. hn ed, oh teak aah ton aaa wate, /c0aS
On the Arrangement of the Edentate Mammalia . . . 205
Westwoop, J. O., Esq., F.L.S. &e.
Observations on the Dentition of the Tiger Beetles . . 198
YaARRELL, W., Esq., F.L.S. &c.
Letter on the Deal-fish, from Dr. Duguid to Dr. Barker . 116
yi © eaten Tees A, Kays i “Ah ae pal sages ow be a aye :
‘ALA 8: fee seuailammag RUE dis Wo ongl Nidiedvibad aati, Ts oe
uP daha) anlenheneereal > wt dicvad lobe pend oe lah : Pe! ‘
GOR Sh por panier a ipigetnusl stan dae udtiroaai bined, + «avn ip!
ee Rrisetend jp Upm Ata i ied art i si aw Pa a, A
fh 1 Wolo 20.0 Sil Mongies of Soe BUL pall 0.7 uncqalell f ie
“ee Webel oaoitionsey 5dyino: wtbitarsoad Qt na’
elt orem | ‘Ne! pene a Arviniur f oem oy ;
as AD Pak. E Pcpalt oe
pr ene rN ACL toch lata oils wo thigh =
PF Dis 9 Ree Pate OF “Ate rociae ty la ( Me roacklns some as
"hp setely: ea en Din Chek: ith: acer Resin ge:
es ee 2: Datiieshaa ie Alte peer jaialy Payee ess fa yidiciod Be me
Ms va ie: Artaneorn of shit Wages ey tf ect distin’ gana
igi Hoven Ty fe he ah ah oe «
Et is thee Snide dian ” ot rinodgh Cit t aig ‘ ah i
“Filadistieed Wemee Treminetions) os Ke P eae Ry
abiprnpie. 8 aes Capua ‘OF Te Catite bs ihe eee abe Cpa, Whe
eh ie He Gah, SS wit he: loeblihall i te pee See
4 Piatra ios feats if a ee:
“9! Peeetipeiond of Here dav Brits Revista Coibettigar ge
“PR Coearig, Rage y 54) oe
tel ttons at Povey: itok ee FE ig aed
i froth vile Cethrutton, of 21> Cyrariag, Kan, i
; Deesirigtivtce at Pilati Nave Biveailip’ of otic: ae
he abet ne EE rect ba ri) PY SR eae
cs | Coady, by ae *<
| Deskriptioaay Nedieap elias uteounh ea aig
Hine init Mee i PR VR Ne Se ial
Q ae ‘
LIST OF PLATES.
1851.
Plate MAMMALIA. Page
XXIX. Molar Tooth of the American Tapir ................ 12]
MEX. © Herpéstes Smathti, Gray ods 2¢s0cv vdus vend csdeeas. 131
XXXII. Cynictis Maccarthie, Gray .......0ccccececcvcccses 131
AVES.
AMA. Balenienps rex, Gouldac ss sus saichws sane p eee oka: ]
XXXVI. Saurophagus Derbianus, Kaup .........0.00.0e00e. 39
RAMVIL. Pears Brose’ d: Kaap <2 .ccs casce cane ees 39
XXXVIII AP 5 MORIEDN. “sce tovevenn Bist siege tate ene 39
XXXIX. Megapodius Cumingii, Dillwyn ..........0...0000 0. 118
XL. Francolinus yemensis, Nicholson ..............005. 128
XLI. Tenioptera erythropygia, Sclater ...............0.. 193
XLII. —— — striaticollis, Sclater ............0.0.000- 193
XLII. Artamus cucullatus, Nicholson ............0000000. 195
XLIV. Sagmatorrhina Lathami, Bonap. .............0.00. 201
POE MABE OL GUE «a5 scae s'clcncaie, wd. cet ace Mma Hotes 280
PISCES.
IV. Petromyzon marinus, &c. &c. &C. 1... eee eee 235
We |, CORA, ARTIS so 9 once bis) o's nea ole 5 eakm ia ae ek Se 235
REPTILIA.
IV. Pterodactylus longirostris, Bowerbank .............. 14
VI. Anadia ocellata, Emminia olivacea, Iphisa elegans, Gray 38
MOLLUSCA.
XII. Bulimus Maconelli, Reeve ..........cccccccccrence 198
ANNULOSA.
XX. Distichocera Kirbyi g, Newman ............. eee ty A)
RADIATA.
Gonigoria clavata, :
1. { Mueltaa vbsideatake, (ORY stare aaa aaa: 124
EV... Aiguores Ferekalen sos evs ocanusluse date neeeaenens 272
Pre rr a ee) Tt.
tt @ Se Cas as ERE CRs OR ae papdemeasa tein
~<: Rg ae SS) if age ce aD: Qaida im
<a Lis ee, ed weet Ley saree » vy VERE
3 4 ae Rind ty Pome S Wren (l sep
ig 2 ‘RBG he peneeteiaa ans. «gall Qo een mlreeginey
ce ite ce a an ant dipena) wiogo Nh
rs ae Noa taaetith oe iave tote ‘anelodoit aiesey,
Ma caer ns taker caghancn gonna Ac
Hy ae vey C1 Pie OV a ale le
ae fabova weeny mer eamed ‘Pdeeleseny! waxta\ivous aemotyk
i 08 Yagi ep eins deca ke ae eee fonhind attire ners.
int Oire eee ee) ayes 2 SMES wo ae yee ME Yo pao 2
Y; $ ‘fe
‘s al ‘ ie tue . * AN -
ke
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Co gee Peden a Ft, 2
& sash
Posen ay
42] oe te ed eypherayt
VAs eee
Proc Z 3D. Aves XXXV.
M.&.N Hanhart, Imp
{
J Wolf, Lith
BALA NICEPS REX, Gould
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
January 14, 1851.
Prof. Owen, F.R.S., Vice President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. ON A NEW AND MOST REMARKABLE FORM IN ORNITHOLOGY.
By Joun Gou xp, F.R.S. etc.
(Aves, Pl. XXXV.)
I have the pleasure of introducing to the notice of the Society on
the present occasion the most extraordinary bird I have seen for many
years, and which forms part of a collection made on the banks of the
upper part of the White Nile, by Mansfield Parkyns, Esq., of Not-
tingham. For this bird I propose the generic name of BaLant-
cers, with the following characters :—
Bill enormously robust, equal in breadth and depth; sides of the
upper mandible much swollen; culmen slightly elevated, depressed
in the middle of its length, and terminating at the point m a very
powerful hook ; tomize sharp, turning inwards and very convex ;
lower mandible very powerful, with a sharp concave cutting edge and
a truncated tip; nostrils scarcely perceptible, and placed in a narrow
slit at the base of the bill, close to the culmen; orbits denuded ;
head very large; occiput slightly crested; wings very powerful, the
third, fourth and fifth feathers the longest ; tail of moderate length
and square in form; plumage soft and yielding; skin of the throat
loose, and capable of dilatation into an extensive pouch ; tibize and
tarsi lengthened, the latter a fourth shorter than the former; the
lower third of the tibiee denuded ; toes four in number, all extremely
long, and without the slightest vestige of interdigital membrane ;
hind-toe on the same plane as the anterior ones and directed inwards ;
tibize and tarsi reticulated, the reticulations becomimg much smaller
No. CCXFX.—ProcreEDInGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
2
on the joints; upper surface of the toes scutellated ; nails powerful,
and not much curved; the nail of the centre toe impectinated.
BaLa&niceps Rex.
Bill pale yellow, becoming horn-colour on the culmen and tip, and
blotched with dark brown; orbits pale yellow; head and neck slaty
grey, darkest on the crown ; chest ornamented with lanceolate feathers
of a similar colour, with a dark stripe down the centre; abdomen,
flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts very pale grey ; upper surface
generally very dark grey, most of the feathers margined with light
grey ; primaries, secondaries and tail blackish grey ; rump and upper
tail-coverts light grey ; legs greyish black.
Total length, from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail,
52 inches; from the tip of the bill to the end of the centre toe, 67 ;
bill, from the gape to the tip, 9; depth of the bill, 43; breadth, 4;
wing, 27; tail, 12; tibiee, 13; tarsi, 10; middle toe and nail, 7 ; ex-
ternal toe and nail, 63; internal toe and nail, 51; hind toe and nail, 4.
Hab. The upper part of the White Nile, in Eastern Africa.
Remark.—This is evidently the Grallatorial type of the Pelecan:-
de; at least such is the conclusion to which I am directed after a care-
ful examination and comparison of it with Pelecanus, Grus, Ardea,
and Cancroma, to none of which genera is it so nearly allied, except in
general contour, as to Pelecanus. Perhaps the most singular feature
connected with this form is the entire absence of interdigital mem-
brane, a character so conspicuous in the Storks, Herons, and the Boat-
bill, which latter bird is as nearly allied to Nycticoraxz as the present
bird is to Pelecanus. Both Cancroma and Nycticorax have the uail
of the centre toe strongly pectinated, which character is not found in
Pelecanus nor in Baleniceps.
2. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY SPECIES OF COLUMBELLA, AND
ONE SPECIES OF Cyprma. By J. 8. GASKOIN.
1. CoLuMBELLA TENUIS. Testa pyramidalis, subventricosa,
levis, tenuis, albicans, maculis irregularibus fuscis magnis
longitudinaliter dispositis; anfractibus octo, duobus anticis
gibbosis ; spird subelongatd, acuminatd ; aperturd latd, antice
divergente, postice acuminatd, labio externo tenui, internoque
edentulo, varice externo subelevato; striis tenuibus ab varice
anticé continuis ; canali brevi.
Shell pyramidal, rather ventricose, smooth, thin, of a dull whitish
colour, with large distant dark brown markings extending, irregu-
larly, in width and form longitudinally over the volutions, which are
eight in number, the two anterior being gibbous, the others proceed
to form an acuminated apex; the spire constitutes more than one-
half the length of the shell*; aperture wide, diverging anteriorly,
* In estimating the proportionate length of the spire of the shell, I take the
measurement from the termination of the last volution at its junction to form the
posterior point of the aperture; and the width, at the largest diameter of the an-
terior whorl.
3
acuminated posteriorly ; outer lip curved outwards, thin, without den-
ticulations, as is also the inner lip, which is shining, and within of
the same colour as the shell; a slightly elevated varix terminates the
inner edge of the aperture, from which fine strice pass obliquely for-
ward over the dorsum to the anterior portion of the outer lip ; chan-
nel short, slightly curved.
Length, ;&° of an inch; width, =2% of an inch.
Hab. ’ Cab. Gaskoim, specimen unicum.
2. CoLUMBELLA ALBINODULOSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, palli-
dissimé luteo-fulva, fasciis angustis interruptis tribus brunneis;
spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem ; nodulis latis prominenti-
bus subdistantibus albi-coronatis; aperturd oblongd subqua-
draté albd; labio externo crasso, recto, submarginato, intus den-
ticulato ; dentibus posticis majoribus, labio interno dentibus
irregularibus subvaricosis ; canali recto latiusculo subelongato.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a very light yellowish brown colour, with
three interrupted or dotted dark brown narrow bands, the first ex-
tending from the anterior point of the outer lip to the centre of the
aperture, the second from the anterior third of the margin of the
outer lip to the posterior part of the aperture, and the third from
the posterior third of the margin of the outer lip along the anterior
portion of the volutions spirally to the apex; broad nodules or tu-
bercles, moderately prominent and rather distant, exist from the
posterior portion of the outer lip over the dorsum or shoulder, and
continuously on the centres of the whorls, and as the whorls become
narrow, occupy them longitudinally on to the point of the spire, each
nodule being crowned with an opake white blotch ; opake white irre-
gular markings are also on the anterior volution ; spire acuminated,
constituting rather less than one half the length of the shell; seven
volutions, rather convex ; aperture straight, rather wide; outer lip
sharp at its edge, straight, curving suddenly on forming the channel ;
just within the lip is a row of about eight rather prominent teeth, the
posterior being the larger; inner lip slightly denticulated with about
six irregular varices, with a slight sharp prominence at its margin,
the large whorl ribbed with fine striee, most prominent anteriorly ;
channel straight, rather wide, slightly elongated and recurved.
Length, ;43, of an inch; width, 52°, of an inch.
Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.
3. CoLUMBELLA INTERRUPTA. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans,
Sasciis duabus interruptis latis rufescenti-brunneis ; fascid an-
ticd pallidiore ; spird acuminata, anfractibus septem vel octo ;
aperturd latiusculd precipue ad partem posticam; labio ex-
terno crasso margine acuto, intus denticulato, denticulis qua-
tuor vel quinque ; labio interno cum margine externo denticu-
lato, aurantiaco ; testd extus cancellatd striis spiralibus vali-
dis, longitudinalibus tenuibus ; peritremate pallide aurantiaco,
postice subobtuso angulari ; canali breviusculo latiusculo.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull greyish white colour, with two distinct,
4
strongly marked, interrupted, broad, dark reddish brown bands, the
anterior being the less deeply coloured, the markings being rather
crescentic, with the horns pointing towards the aperture becoming
more arrow-shaped advancing onwards; the anterior band extends
from the fore part of the outer lip to the middle of the inner side of
the aperture, the second from the posterior part of the edge of the
outer lip over the dorsum at the shoulder, and spirally on the centres
of the volutions to the apex ; at the superior portion on the aperture
side of each marking is an opake white colouring; spire acuminated,
seven to eight whorls; at the suture, spirally on to the apex, is a fine
whitish varix having interrupted brown markings along its entire
course; aperture rather straight and broad, widening posteriorly ;
outer lip thick, sharp at its edge, orange-coloured at its inner border,
where there are four or five slight denticulations; inner lip has a
finely denticulated ridge at its outer edge of an orange colour, within
it is an angular projection forming the commencement of the chan-
nel; the whole external shell is cancellated, the transverse striee beg
much stronger than the longitudinal, and especially anteriorly ;_peri-
treme of a light crange colour, rather obtusely angular posteriorly ;
channel rather short and moderately wide.
Length ;4°, of an inch; width, 2, of an inch.
Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.
4. CoLuMBELLA LEUCOSTOMA. Testa ovata, albicans, nitens,
postice fascid latd brunned spirali ornata ; apice albicante di-
midio antico anfractis ultimi albido ; spird acuminatd, anfrac-
tibus septem; aperturd guldque albis latiusculis, illd posticé
subquadratd, labio externo intus subdenticulato, dentibus sex
posticis majoribus ; canali brevi latiusculo.
Shell ovate, shining, of a whitish colour, having a broad brown
band occupying the posterior half of the anterior volution and the
entire of the sixth, fifth and fourth, except at their posterior edge,
which is white, the brown band terminating in an undefined line near
the suture ; the three apicine whorls are white, with very fine lightly
coloured linear markings, and in like manner is the white anterior
half of the last whorl finely but irregularly streaked; spire acumi-
nated, seven volutions, which constitute the greater half of the length
of the shell; aperture white, as is also the interior, rather broad,
somewhat square posteriorly; outer lip gradually curved inwards,
having within it about six slight denticulations, the posterior being
the larger ; inner lip smooth, spiral; a few fine strize extend obliquely
forwards over the dorsum of the channel from the slight varix at its
outer edge; channel short, rather broad.
Length, 35, of an inch; width, 24 of an inch.
Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.
5. CotumBe ya Pacirica. Testa oblongo-ovata, lacteo-opaca,
maculis irregularibus distantibus rufescenti-brunneis ornata ;
intus alba; spird acuminatd, anfractibus convexis septem vel
octo postice obtusissime coronatis ; aperturd latd rectiusculd ;
5
labii externi margine tenui intus edentulo ; labio interno levi
externé margine tenui; anfractu ultimo anticé valde striato,
striis tenuioribus longitudinaliter decussantibus ; canali brevi,
lato, subrecurvo.
Shell oblong-ovate, of an opake milk-white colour, distantly macu-
lated with dark reddish brown irregular markings, internally white ;
spire acuminated, constituting the greater half of the length of the
shell; volutions seven to eight, convex, their posterior margin gene-
rally very obtusely and distantly coronated; aperture wide, rather
straight ; outer lip thin at the edge, even, no denticulation within,
marginated ; inner lip even, having a very slight straight edge or varix
externally, from which rather strong striations pass over the anterior
of the dorsum to the outer lip, and very much finer strize longitudi-
nally pervade the same ; channel short and wide, very slightly curved.
This shell differs from Columbella Miser, Sowerby, in the absence
of denticulation, in the last volution being much more gibbous, the
aperture much wider, the channel decided, the spire more pyramidal,
and much less coloration and markings.
Length, ;45, of an inch; width, ,25, of an inch.
Hab. Sandwich Islands. Cab. Gaskoin.
6. CoLuMBELLA vARIcosA. Testa oblongo-ovata, nitens, crassa,
albicans, colore nigricanti-brunneo irregulariter induta ; mar-
ginibus posticis anfractuum albicantibus ; spird acuminatd, an-
Sractibus septem vel octo subventricosis varicosis validis promi-
nentibus subobliquis instructis ; parte anticd ultimi anfractis
levigatd, anticé supra canalem transverse striatd ; aperturd ob-
longd subquadratd rectd intus cerulescente, labio externo recto,
marginato postice incisurd magnd instructo, intus denticulato
denticulis posticis validiusculis, labio interno levi margine ele-
vato tenui; canali brevi latiusculo.
Shell oblong-ovate, shining, thick, strong, of a white colour, gene-
rally irregularly and greatly covered, more or less intensely, with an
almost black-brown coloration, excepting the posterior edges of the
whorls, where it remains nearly white ; spire acuminated, constituting
one half thelength of the shell, has seven to eight volutions, rather
convex, slightly diagonal; strong, prominent, somewhat distant varices
exist on the posterior margin of the last whorl, the anterior portion
of which have many striz passing transversely and obliquely for-
wards from the columellar edge of the aperture; aperture oblong,
rather square and straight, internally of a bluish white colour ; outer
lip straight, marginated, having a rather large notch at the junction
with the body of the shell, and having anteriorly to this notch, within,
about five or six slight denticulations, the posterior being the larger ;
imner lip smooth, without denticulation, edge slightly elevated and
thin; channel short, rather broad.
Length, ;£° of an inch; width, 35, of an inch.
Hab. Peyta, Peru. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.
7. CotumBetya AvustRaLis. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans,
6
maculis parvis irregularibus brunneis inequalibus ornata, ma-
Jjoribus saturatioribusque apud marginem posticum anfractuum
positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo subgibbosis, apice al-
bicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus cerulescente, labio externo
recurvo ad canalem convergente, intus denticulis septem ad octo
subprominentibus subdistantibus, labio interno levi anticé angu-
lifero ; canali latiusculo brevi recurvo, anfractu ultimo antice
transversim striato ; peritremate postice angulari.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a whitish colour, greatly covered with small,
irregular, dark brown, conjoined specklings, of unequal intensity in
coloration, the larger and darker markings being at the edges of the
whorls ; three rather narrow interrupted bands traverse the last whorl,
the posterior one proceeding along the anterior margin of the volu-
tions ; spire acuminated, being rather the greater half-length of the
shell; volutions eight, slightly gibbous, the four apicine white ; aper-
ture rather broad, internally of a bright pinkish blue-white colour,
slightly iridescent ; outer lip a little curved, converging at the chan-
nel; within are seven or eight irregular, slight elevations or denticu-
lations, rather distant, at the anterior portion of the edge are several
fine denticulations ; inner lip smooth, with a very slight thin varix at
the anterior part ; an obtuse angularity forms the commencement of
the channel; channel rather wide, short, and a series of rather fine
parallel striee traverse the anterior part of the last whorl; peritreme
angular posteriorly.
Length, 589 of an inch; width, 25. of an inch.
Hab. Sydney. Cab. Gaskoin, Cuming.
$8. CoLUMBELLA CANCELLATA. Testa ovata, pallide aurantiaco-
brunnea ; apice roseo, superficie omnino cancellatd, serie posticd
granulorum maore; spird acuminatd anfractibus septem; aper-
turd latiusculd brevique, labio externo subrecurvo convergente,
intus denticulis quatuor vel quinque subprominentibus, labio in-
terno levi; canali latiusculo, brevi, peritremate postice obtuse
angulart.
Shell ovate, of an uniform light orange-brown colour, except the
apex, which is pink, deeply cancellated over its entire surface,
having the posterior line of nodules larger than the others; spire
acuminated, and forms rather more than half the length of the shell ;
volutions seven ; aperture rather broad and short ; outer lip slightly
curved, converging towards the channel; within it are four or five
rather prominent denticulations; inner lip smooth, very obtusely
nodulated at its exterior slightly elevated edge ; channel moderately
broad, short, curved towards the columella; peritreme obtusely an-
gular posteriorly.
Length, ;3,5, of an inch; width, 348. of an inch.
Hab. West Indies. Cab. Gaskoin.
9. CoLumBELLA puLLA, Testa oblongo-ovata, saturate brun-
nea; parte anticd ultimi anfractis, columelldque albicantibus ;
spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo vel novem, convexiusculis,
7
suturd levi; aperturd latiusculd postice acuminatd, labio ex-
terno tenui levi, intus subdenticulato, saturate brunneo, labio
interno levigate subdenticulato, antice subalbido, margine in-
terno varicem rectum efformante, parte anticd teste trans-
versim striatd ; canali medioeri, recto.
Shell oblong-ovate, of an uniform dull, very dark brown colour,
and also within, excepting the columella and edge of the outer lip,
which are white; spire acuminated ; volutions eight or nine, slightly
convex, even at the suture; aperture rather acuminated posteriorly ;
outer lip thin, smooth, internally slightly denticulated ; inner lip
shining, with slightly elevated nodules or teeth, and its edge forms a
fine straight varix, from which a few thin striee pass over the dorsum
of the channel; channel moderately wide and straight.
Length, °2, of an inch; width, 2° of an inch; length of spire,
+5 of an inch ; length of last whorl, 522, of an inch.
fab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.
10. CoLtuMBELLA INTEXxTA. Testa oblonga, angusta, levis, al-
bicans, strigis punctulisque irregularibus saturate brunneis
ornata ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus novem vel decem ; margi-
nibus posticis anfractuum brunneo maculatis, ultimo anfractu
anticé similariter colorato ; suturd elevatd; aperturd brevius-
culd angustdque, labio externo arcuato, ad marginem acutius-
culo, extus crassiusculo, ad canalem convergente, labio interno
ad marginem subvaricoso, levi, edentulo; canali breviusculo,
angustato, extus transversim striato.
Shell elongated, narrow, smooth, of a dull whitish colour, having
dark brown irregular dottings and streaks pervading the entire sur-
face of the shell ; irregular, rather large and distant, similarly coloured
spots are on the posterior margin of the volutions to the apex, and a
band, similarly indicated at the anterior part of the last whorl ; spire
acuminated, constituting about two-thirds of the length of the shell ;
volutions nine to ten, suture elevated; aperture rather short and nar-
row; outer lip arched, sharp at its edge, thickened externally, con-
verging towards the channel; inner lip slightly ridged at its edge,
smooth, without denticulations ; channel rather short, somewhat nar-
row, externally transversely striated.
Length, 553, of an inch; width, 52° of an inch.
Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.
11. CoLUMBELLA CONTAMINATA. Testa oblonga, levis, saturate
brunnea, intus subalbida, lined suturali albicante subinterruptd ;
spird acuminatd dimidium teste superante, anfractibus octo vel
novem convexiusculis ; aperturd postice latd, anticé angustiore,
margine externo lato, crasso, intus denticulis linearibus sex vel
septem ; margine interno tenui, albicante, intus denticulis pro-
minentibus confertis albicantibus sex supra columellam conti-
nuis, columelld interstitiisque rufescenti-brunneis ; canali pro-
minente angusto subrecurvo, margine interno violaceo, parte ex-
ternd transversim striatd.
8
Shell oblong, smooth, of an uniform light brown colour, whitish
within ; a narrow interrupted white band proceeds from the middle
of the margin of the outer lip and continues along the posterior edge
of the volutions to the apex ; a less defined band traverses the dor-
sum more anteriorly, and terminates at the middle of the inner side
of the aperture ; spire acuminated, comprising more than one half
the length of the shell; volutions eight to nine, slightly convex, su-
ture a little elevated ; aperture rather wide, shining, broader poste-
riorly ; outer lip whitish, and thick externally, edge sharp, violaceous
for a little distance within, with six or seven linear denticulations ;
inner lip, a fine whitish varix extends from the curve of the aper-
ture to the anterior point of the channel; within this varix, at its
centre, are five or six denticulations, closely set, parallel, prominent,
proceeding over the columella, whitish at their edges, the inter-
stices and the portion exterior to them being of a reddish brown
colour; channel projecting, narrow, shghtly recurved, with a dark
violaceous colour within ; a number of rather strong striz pass from
the inner side of the aperture to the edge of the anterior half of the
outer lip.
Length, °°, of an inch ; width, ;2° of an inch.
Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.
I have seen but one of this characteristic species: the aperture is °
allied in form to that of Columbella Puella, Sowerby. It may be
convenient to readers to state, that the species Col. Puella is by acci-
dent, in the index of the ‘Thesaurus Conchyl.’ of Sowerby, jun.,
entered as Col. Nympha.
12. CorumBetta Maraquesa, Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans ;
anfractibus sex vel septem; 4 vel 5 posticis roseis, longitudi-
naliter striatis, anfractibus tribus anticis levibus spiraliter
rufescenti-brunneo lineatis ; spird acuminatd, dimidium teste
equante ; aperturd mediocri rectiusculd ; labii externi margine
tenut postice marginato, extus incrassato, edentulo, labio colu-
mellari levi nitido, margine crassiusculo elevato; canali extus
transversim striato, brevi.
Varietas hujus teste major differt pro colore.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour ; spire acuminated, form-
ing about one-half the length of the shell; volutions six to seven,
which, with the last volution, the columellar side of the shell forms
an even convexity; the first four or five whorls are of a rose or
bluish-pink colour, minutely longitudinally striated ; the others are
smooth, with somewhat distant fine brown lines, seven, eight, or so
in number, passing spirally and continuously from just within the
outer lip along the three last whorls, to the commencement of the
pink striated volutions ; aperture moderately wide and long, rather
straight ; outer lip sharp at its edge, forming a notch at its junction
with its next whorl, thickened externally, without denticulation ;
inner lip also edentulate, smooth, shining, externally forming a rather
thick, slightly elevated varix, which extends to the extremity of the
channel, and from the whole length of this varix fine strize pass over
9
the dorsum of the channel to the anterior portion of the outer lip ;
channel short.
A variety of this species is rather larger in size, with the markings
along the posterior edge of the three last whorls in somewhat distant,
brown, square spots, from which rather distant undulating lines of a
lighter colour pass longitudinally over the volutions, while in some
specimens the colour is more en masse on the last whorl with small
circular spots in it, showing the colour of the shell.
Length, 533, of an inch; width, =5, of an inch.
Hab. Marquesas. Cab. Gaskoin, Gubba.
13. CotumBEeLia Austrina. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitens,
albicans, punctulis distantibus pallidissime brunneis, fascidque
anticd latd brunned ornata; spird acuminatd, anfractibus sep-
tem vel octo, convexiusculis ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd latius-
euld, labio externo posticé intus emarginato; margine acutius-
culo versus canalem incurvo, intus denticulis prominentibus octo
vel novem ; labio columellari recto, nitido, denticulis septem an-
tice positis, margine externo subelevato ; peritremate albicante,
aperturd intus violaceo-brunned ; canali subprominente, latius-
culo, dorso canalis transversim striato.
Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, smooth and shining,
with light brown coloration, or interrupted from the anterior side of
the volutions of the spire, and extending, more or less faintly, over
them ; a much darker broad band occupies three-fourths, at its centre,
of the last whorl, the colour gradually softening into the whitish an-
terior, posterior, and outer portions of the whorl; spire acuminated,
constituting less than one half the length of the shell; volutions seven
to eight, rather convex, slightly ridged at the suture ; aperture rather
long, and moderately wide and straight ; outer lip forms a broad notch
at its juncture with the body of the shell, edge sharp, curving much
towards the channel, externally thickened ; within are eight or nine
rather prominent denticulations, diminishing in size from their com-
mencement at the anterior edge of the notch; inner lip straight,
smooth and shining, with a row of about seven small, even, round
teeth, which extend over the columella, and a very slightly raised
sharp varix forms the outer edge of the aperture proceeding to the
end of the channel ; from this varix fine strize pass over the dorsum
of the channel to the anterior part of the outer lip ; peritreme whitish,
the interior of the shell of a rather violaceous colour ; channel slightly
projecting, moderately wide.
Length, ;£° of an inch; width, 22, of an inch.
Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.
14, CotumpBetya BaccaTa. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, fas-
ctis tribus interruptis saturate rufescenti-brunneis, punctulis
opacis albicantibus rotundis per lineas obliquas vel longitudi-
nales positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem, quorum tri-
bus anticis levibus, posticis obtuse longitudinaliter striatis ;
apice albicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus albicante fasciis
10
brunneis tribus conspicuis ; labio externo crassiusculo denticulis
paucis intus prope centrum positis ; labio interno recto, ad
marginem externum varice prominente instructo ; canali lato,
obtuso. ,
Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, with three dark reddish
brown interrupted bands traversing the last whorl, the anterior ex-
tending from the fore-part of the outer lip to that of the aperture,
the second continuing along the anterior margin of the volutions to
near the apex, and the third passing similarly on their posterior mar-
gin to the same extent; opake, whitish, distinct, small round spots
pervade the four anterior volutions, being in rows, obliquely or longi-
tudinally placed; shell, within of a dull white colour, the three bands
being conspicuous ; spire acuminated ; volutions seven, the three an-
terior smooth, the posterior obtusely striated longitudinally, apex
whitish ; aperture rather wide and straight; outer lip somewhat
thick, having a few (one or two) rather prominent denticulations
within the edge, about the centre; inner lip straight, with a rather
strong varix at its outer edge; channel wide and obtuse; a few
strize pass obliquely over the anterior part of the columellar side of
the dorsum.
Length, 25, of an inch; width, 2%, of an inch.
7 100
Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.
15. CotumBeLua saGcitTa. Testa oblonga, subcylindracea, an-
gustata, levis, nitens, semipellucidula, pallidissime brunnea ;
fasciis duabus angustis interruptis albidi-opacis, ab postico
margine anfractuum ad apicem continuis; spird acuminatd,
3-5 longitudinis teste ; anfractibus octo ; apertura brevi, latd ;
labio externo crassiusculo extus margine albini-opaco, versus
canalem incurvato, labio interno levi nitido; dorso antice
transversim striato; canali longiusculo, latiusculo; peritremate
subquadrangulo.
Shell oblong, subcylindrical, narrow, smooth, shining, semitrans-
parent, of an extremely pale brown colour, with a very narrow inter-
rupted opake white band arising from about the middle of the outer
lip, and continuing along the anterior edge of the whorls to the apex ;
the markings forming this band are pointed, the pomts bemg toward
the outer lip; large white opake markings occupy the entire poste-
rior margin of the volutions, conjoined at the suture by broad bases,
and, diminishing pyramidally to a point, extend across the volutions,
and between each pyramidal mark, fitting the interstices, are dark,
reddish-brown, barb-shaped colorations ; spire acuminated, constitu-
ting three-fifths the length of the shell ; volutions eight, very slightly
convex ; aperture short, rather wide; outer lip moderately thick,
much incurvated to form the channel, with a whitish opake strong
margin externally, edentulous; inner lip even, and shining, with a
slight varix along its outer border, from which several rather promi-
nent strize traverse the anterior part of the dorsum to the fore part of
the outer lip ; the columella terminates angularly at the beginning of
1]
the channel; channel rather long, moderately wide ; peritreme sub-
quadrangular.
Length, 32, of an inch; width, =12, of an inch.
Hab. Africa; West Indies. Cab. Metcalfe, Cuming, Gaskoin, &c.
16. CoLuMBELLA CoNSPERSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, pyrami-
dalis, pallide brunnea, maculis anticis, albi-opacis, irregulart-
bus; fasctis tribus albi-opacis, brunneo interruptis, duabus
posticis ab aperturd ad apicem continuis ; spird acuminatd an-
Sractibus novem vel decem convexiusculis; aperturd recta, latius-
culd ; labio externo ad marginem acuto, margine externo lato
prominente, intus denticulis quatuor quinque vel sex parvis ;
labio interno levi, nitido, intus varice parvo denticulato, extus
varice subprominente ad laterem canalis extenso ; striis tenui-
bus per anticam partem dorsi continuis ; canali longiusculo, an-
gusto, leviter recurvo ; peritremate subquadrangulo, lilacino.
Shell oblong-ovate, pyramidal, of a dull pale-brown colour, with
opake white, irregular markings on the anterior half of the last whorl;
three opake white bands ; the two anterior, interrupted and edged
posteriorly with dark brown coloration, traverse the last whorl; the
second, arising from the middle of the outer lip in narrow streaks,
continues along the anterior edge of the volutions close to the suture,
on to the apex; the third arises at the posterior part of the outer
lip, sometimes in conjoined nodules, edged anteriorly and interrupted
by a dark brown colour, passes over the dorsum and continues in
irregularly broad, even streaks on the posterior margin of the whorls
on to the apex. ['These characters are marked in fine specimens,
but are sometimes rendered less conspicuous by irregularity in
the opake white deposition.] Spire acuminated, constituting rather
more than one-half the length of the shell; volutions nine to ten,
slightly convex ; aperture straight, moderately wide ; outer lip sharp
at the edge, converges abruptly to form the channel, a broad promi-
nent margin externally, within are four, five, or six denticulations ;
inner lip smooth and shining, within is a little ridge forming about
six nodules or teeth, and at the outer edge is a rather strong varix
extending on to the side of the channel, and from the outer side of
which varix fine striee traverse the anterior portion of the dorsum ;
channel rather long and narrow, slightly recurved ; peritreme rather
quadrangular, and of a lilac colour.
Length, 52° of an inch; width, ,22, of an inch.
Hab.
? Cab. Gaskoin.
17. CotumBELLA FoRMOSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitida,
colore flori-lacteo induta ; fasciis duabus maculis albicantibus
brunneisque interruptis ; spird acuminatd, ad dimidium longi-
tudinis teste equali; anfractibus septem vel octo convexiuscu-
lis, suturd subprominente ; apertura latiusculd et breviusculd ;
labio externo levi tenui, interno levi ; canali lato.
Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, of a light delicate cream
colour, with two interrupted bands of opake white and brown mark-
12
ings mingled together, the first arising from the anterior point of the
outer lip, and proceeding to the inner edge of the aperture ; the second
from the middle of the outer lip, and extending along the anterior mar-
gin of the volutions to the apex ; spire acuminated, of half the length
of the shell; volutions seven to eight, rather convex, suture slightly
prominent ; aperture somewhat wide and short; outer lip smooth
and thin; inner lip even and also edentulous, no varix at its inner
border; channel short and wide; a few strize traverse the anterior
part of the dorsum.
Length, 4°, of an inch; width, ;2° of an inch.
Hab. 2? Cab. Gaskoin.
18. CoLtumBELLA HIRUNDO. Testa ovato-pyramidalis, levis,
nitens, pallida, strigis punctisque brunneis leviter maculata ;
spird mucronatd, dimidium longitudinis teste equante; an-
Sractibus novem vel decem planis; aperturd latiusculd ; labio
externo crasso albo semicirculari, dentibus duobus vel tribus
latis posticis internis, margine externo crasso albo; labio in-
terno levi, subspirali, dente solitario majusculo ad posticam
partem; canali longo, latiusculo, recurvo, rostris prominenti-
bus, externo divergente quasi furcato ut in formd caude hirun-
dinis.
Shell ovato-pyramidal, smooth and shining, pale in colour, lightly
speckled with fine brown streaks and dottings, with intermissions of
colour along the darker coloration of the posterior edge of the volu-
tions ; spire sharply mucronated, being about half the length of the
shell; nine to ten flat volutions; aperture rather broad; outer lip
thick, white, semicircular, with two or three broad denticulations
within posteriorly, converges abruptly to form the channel ; external
margin strong and white; inner lip smooth, subspiral, with a single
rather large node or tooth at the posterior part ; channel long and
moderately wide, recurved, beaks prominent, outer one diverging,
giving a forked appearance, as in the tail of the swallow.
This species is of the stamp of Col. bicanalifera of Sowerby, Proc.
Zool. Soc. part ii. page 113; Sowerby’s Thesaurus, fig. 144.
Length, 5&9, of an inch; width, ,25, of an inch.
Hab. Per the ‘Samarang.’ Cab. Gaskoin.
19. CoLumMBELLA CatirorniANA. Testa oblongo-ovata, sub-
pyramidalis, levis, nitens, brunnea, vel brunneo variabilis, ali-
quando lineis tenuibus, fortioribus, aut latiusculis irregulari-
bus; spird acuminatd dimidium teste subaquante ; anfracti-
bus septem convexis; aperturd latd subquadrangulari; labio
externo tenuiusculo intus denticulato, labio interno leviter den-
ticulato ; dorso anticé transversim striato ; peritremate pur-
pureo-nigricante ; canali brevi.
Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, rather pyramidal, of a
brown colour, varying much in intensity and markings, in being
sometimes uniform, in others with one or two thin darker coloured
einctures, or with broad and continuous dark irregular markings
13
spirally passing on the whorls to be lost in the deeper colour of the
apicine volutions; spire acuminated, about half the length of the
shell; volutions seven, convex; aperture wide, subquadrangular ;
outer lip rather thin, denticulated within on its whole extent ; inner
lip slightly denticulated along its rather angular immer edge ; fine
strice traverse the anterior part of the dorsum; peritreme of a dark
purple-brown colour ; channel very short.
Length, 4°, of an inch; width, 2,9, of an inch.
Hab. Sandeago, California. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.
20. CotumpeLiA Iopostoma. Testa oblongo-ovata, irregula-
viter brunnea; spird acuminatd, apice ceruleo-brunneo ; an-
fractibus septem vel octo raptim longitudinaliter decrescen-
tibus; costellis prope aperturam minus prominentibus, costis
ad posticum marginem in tuberculis postice terminantibus ;
apertura postice latiusculd, antice subacutd ; labio externo
tenui, intus denticulato ; labio interno intus denticulato, varice
prominente marginato ; dorso anticé extus striato ; canali lon-
giusculo ; margine peritrematis purpureo-brunnescente.
Shell oblong-ovate, of an irregular brown colour ; spire acumina-
ted, apex dark bluish brown colour ; volutions seven to eight, greatly
decreasing in circumference on to the apex, strongly ribbed longitu-
dinally, less strongly towards the aperture, the mbs terminating in
colourless nodules at the posterior edge of the volutions; aperture
rather broad posteriorly, subacute anteriorly ; outer lip thin, denticu-
lated to its full extent within ; imer lip denticulated within, bordered
by a rather prominent varix, from the outside of which striz pass
over the dorsum of the channel; channel rather long and broad ;
edge of peritreme of a dark purplish brown colour.
Length, =, of an inch; width, 22, of an inch.
Hab. Port Essington. Cab. (specimen unicum) Gaskoin.
Cyprma Cruara. Testa subcylindraceo-ovalis, rufescenti-cinerea,
anticé et postice supra extremitate maculd brunned ornata ; fas-
ciis latis saturatioribus tribus ; basi marginibusque albescenti-
bus ; aperturd latiusculd subspirali ; labio externo crassiusculo,
dentibus circa viginti-sex, regularibus, prominentibus ; interno
subspirali, dentibus circa viginti; sulco columellari profundo
latoque, intus denticulato ; marginibus rotundatis, incrassatis ;
extremitatibus obtusis, punctis minutissimis nigris notatis.
Shell subcylindrical-ovate, of a lightish red-ash colour, with three
broad bands placed about the anterior and posterior thirds and middle
of the shell, the middle one being narrowest, the lighter colour of the
shell being observed between them; a rather large reddish-brown
marking over the anterior and posterior extremities, gradually fading
along the margins; base whitish in a degree tinted with pink, round ;
the calcareous deposit forming the denticulations extends on to the
sides of the shell; aperture moderately wide, subspiral; outer lip
thick, with about twenty-six regular, even, rather prominent teeth
occupying the entire thick edge of the lip but not extending on to
14
the base ; inner lip subspiral, about twenty projecting teeth termi-
nating outwardly im an even line at the edge of the aperture ; co-
lumellar suleus broad and deep, which about eight of the anterior
teeth traverse and strongly serrate its inner border, no columellar
groove ; the posterior teeth, proceeding but a little distance within the
aperture, terminate on the columella; the sulcus being so deep causes
a rather angular prominence of the inner side of the channel; mar-
gins thick and round ; extremities, the external posterior broad and
obtuse, the internal edge-formed concave within ; the anterior project
moderately and converge; all are dotted with very minute black
points which extend in a slight degree on to the margins; channels,
anterior rather narrow and short, posterior moderately wide, both
inclining towards the columella.
Length, 1,25, inch; width, 45 of an inch.
Hab. ? Cab. Cuming.
This species is of the stamp of Cyp. Isabella, Linn.
3. On THE PTERODACTYLES OF THE CHALK FoRMATION.
By J. S. Bowrersank, Esa., F.R.S. etc.
(Reptilia, Pl. IV.)
On the 14th May 1845 I exhibited at the Meeting of the Geological
Society the snout and under jaws, extending from the point to about
the middle of the cavitas narium, of a new and gigantic species of
Pterodactylus, with some other bones, a portion of which belonged
to the same individual, and others which have every appearance of
having belonged to another animal of the same species *, and I then
stated my belief that the bone figured by Prof. Owen, in the ‘ Trans-
actions of the Geological Society,’ vol. v. pl. 39, 2nd Series, would
probably ultimately prove to be that of a Pterodactyl. From the
great size of the snout, and the gigantic proportions also indicated by
the bones accompanying it, I was induced to give it the specific name
of giganteus. On a subsequent occasion, June 9, 1847, I continued
my remarks on these Reptile remains, in a paper entitled ‘ Microsco-
pical Observations on the Structure of the Bones of Pterodactylus
giganteus and other fossil animals,” in which I endeavoured to prove,
by the strongly-marked peculiarities of the bone-cells in Mammals,
Birds and Reptiles, that the whole of the bones described in my former
paper, and those figured by Prof. Owen in the Trans. Geol. Soc.,
2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39. figs. 1 & 2, were in truth of purely Repti-
lian character ; and I also figured a radius and ulna from the Cabinet
of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, of nearly the same gigantic pro-
portions as the one formerly in the possession of the Earl of Ennis-
killen, but now in my collection (fig. 1. pl. 39, Geol. Trans.), and a
bone from the Cabinet of Mr. Toulmin Smith, equivalent to that
represented by Prof. Owen in the same plate, fig. 2, which bones
presented the same structural evidence of their Reptilian nature, and
* Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 7. pl. 1. figs. 1-6.
15
which description of evidence has, I am happy to say, been more
fully developed and firmly established by the talented coadjutor of
Prof. Owen, Mr. Quekett of the Royal College of Surgeons, who has
publicly taught it in the Theatre of that Institution without question
or contradiction of its truth. This great radius and ulna in Mrs.
Smith’s Collection I referred to my previously established species, P.
giganteus, believing at that time that they were probably the bones
of a fully developed animal, while those previously described were
the remains of animals not developed to the full extent of their capa-
bility.
Since the publication of these specimens it has been my good for-
tune to obtain the snout of another and still larger species of Pte-
rodactyl, from the same pit at Burham in Kent, and which it is
probable will ultimately prove to belong to the species to which the
enormous pair of bones in the Cabinet of Mr. Charles of Maidstone
belongs. Should this hereafter prove to be the case, it will then re-
main to be shown whether the beautiful specimen of radius and ulna
in the Collection of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, and the bone
nearly corresponding in size with them, and which was in the possession
of the Earl of Enniskillen, belong to-the newly discovered species,
which I purpose designating Pterodactylus Cuvieri, or to the pre-
viously named species, P. giganteus ; or whether there be yet a third
species existing in the chalk, to which these bones of an intermediate
size may hereafter be referred *.
The snout of the new species, P. Cuvieri, differs materially in its
form from the same part of P. giganteus: while the latter agrees as
nearly as possible in that respect with P. crassirostris and P. brevi-
rostris, the former appears to approach very closely the proportions
of P. longirostris. Thus, if we take the length of the snout from the
distal end of the cavitas narium, as compared with its height, at the
same point of P. crassirostris, P. brevirostris and P. giganteus, we
find the relative proportions to be,—of the first-named, 29 of height
to 56 of length; of the second, 28 of height to 50 of length; and of
the third, 28 of height to 58 of length ; we may therefore reasonably
conclude that, when perfect, the head of P. giganteus very closely re-
sembled in its proportions that of crassirostris. The length of the
fragment of the snout of P. Cuviert at the upper portion of the head
is 7°20 inches; at the palatal bones, 6°38 inches; and in this space
there are sockets for twelve teeth on each side. The distance between
each tooth is about 14 of the long diameter of the sockets, which are
somewhat irregularly placed, but are nearly equidistant from each
other. The pair of teeth at the distal end of the snout appear, both
from the position of the sockets and the tooth remaining én situ, to
have been projected more or less forward, in a line with the palatal
bones. The head appears to have been exceedingly narrow through-
out the whole of its length. At the third pair of teeth from the distal
* A third species, C. compressirostris, has since been described by Prof. Owen,
page 95, Part III. of ‘The Fossil Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations,’ pub-
lished by the Paleontographical Society, and to which species the bones in ques-
tion have been referred.
16
end of the snout it measures ‘66 inch, and at the eleventh pair of
teeth, -78 inch wide. Opposite the seventh pair of teeth the skull
curves upward suddenly and considerably, which is not the case at
any part of the corresponding portion of the skull of P. longirostris ;
it is therefore probable, that although in the number and disposition
of the teeth in the upper jaw, as far as our evidence goes, it strongly
resembles Jongirostris in its structure, yet in the length of its skull it
is probably shorter in proportion than that species, apparently in that
respect being intermediate between longirostris and crassirostris; thus
uniting the long-nosed with the short-nosed species of Pterodactyls.
There are no remains of the cavitas narium in the new species, but
it is not to be expected that it should make its appearance so near to
the termination of the snout, as in longirostris the distal portion of
that cavity is situated as far backward from the last of the dental
series of the upper jaw as that tooth is from the end of the snout.
The number of teeth on each side of the upper jaw in P. longirostris
is twelve, and the like number of sockets are apparent in our speci-
men; it is therefore probable that we have the whole of that portion
of the head.
If we estimate the size of the head on the scale of P. longirostris,
it would appear to be 25°52 inches in length ; but as we have observed
that the skull curves upward considerably at the seventh pair of teeth,
it is probable that its length may not be so much.
The length of the wing of P. crassirostris in proportion to the
length of its head is 3°91 times. The length of the wing of P. longi-
rostris compared with the length of its head is 2°51; if therefore
we assume, from the peculiar form of the snout of P. Cuvieri, that
the head as regards length is intermediate in its proportions between
P. crassirostris and P. longirostris, it should be 3°21 parts of the
length of the wing.
The snout contracts in width gradually upwards from the sockets
of the teeth, so that its upper portion forms a narrow ridge, and this
is its form as far backward as it can be traced. The palatal bones
are depressed, the suture forming a prominent ridge as far as it is
visible, but not in so great a degree as in P. giganteus.
One of the first pair of teeth remains in its socket ; the whole of
the other large teeth are displaced, but there are two of them imbed-
ded in the chalk, one within an inch and the other an inch and a half
of the sockets, and in the fifth right and eighth left socket there is a
rudimentary tooth in situ. The largest of the displaced teeth ex-
ceeds 1:32 inch in length, and has been buried in the socket for nearly
an inch ; the second large tooth, which is imbedded near the third
pair of sockets, does not exceed an inch in length; both teeth are
slightly curved, smooth, and are hollow at the base.
The great diversity in the size of these remarkable Reptiles will ren-
der a short review of some of the known species interesting ; and if we
arrange them in order, as they increase in size, the following will be
the series :—1. P. brevirostris, 2. P. longirostris, 3. P. erassirostris,
4. P. Bucklandi, 5. P. grandis, 6. P. giganteus, 7. P. Cuviert; and
to these may be added the bones in the possession of Mrs. Smith, the
Wii
Earl of Enniskillen, and Mr. Charles. Of these, drevirostris, crassi-
rostris and giganteus are short-nosed species, longirostris and Cuviert
long-nosed. With regard to relative length and proportions of the
other parts of the skeleton we have ample means to arrive at tolerably
correct conclusions, in consequence of the nearly perfect condition of
brevirostris, crassirostris and longirostris. In the former two we
find the cervical vertebree short and thick, the length being about
equal to the height in the latter of the two, while in longirostsis they
vary in length from three to five times their own diameter at the
middle. Very uncertain results therefore would arise from finding
single bones of this portion of the skeleton, excepting that a long and
attenuated cervical vertebra would seem to indicate a corresponding
length of snout ; but from the other bones of the animal, more espe-
cially those of the wing, much more satisfactory results may arise.
Upon a careful measurement of the casts in the British Museum from
the original specimens, I find the following to be the length of the
bones of the wing of P. longirostris :—
inch.
Hrameros «0? 00 28 1:25 = 8°55 of length of wing.
Radius and ulna... .. 1:90 =" 5°57 »
Carpus ees oe
Metacarpus......... 1°34 = 7°97 »
Ist’Phalange’....... 1°90 = 5°57 »
RG ROONEY HO) $958 1°75) "610 a
3rd i teenla ica the late 1°25 = 8°55 Be
4th a Se OPS a
10°69
inches.
The length of the head . aikedy ie aa TS Ba eS
From the tip of the nose to the commencement
of the! Givitas maritin ! 0P 2281.20 P82 22 2 2°10
Height of the skull at the commencement of
(heveavitds udtiunrs > occ soe ae ere ee ee
Length of the femur..............0...0.0. 1°34
Leneth ofthe) tibia) sy. 082. Fen Bo. 1-90
Smallest diameter of the radius near the distal
exisemivy IFoo Pe 2. OO ee 0°14
By these measurements it is apparent that the tibia, radius and
ulna and Ist phalange are equal in length. The humerus and 3rd
phalange are also equal to each other, and so likewise are the meta-
carpus and femur equal to each other. If we also compare the small-
est diameter of the radius, 0°14 inch, with its length, 1°90 inch, we
find that the bone is 13,8, diameters long, and in P. Macronyz (Buck-
landi) it is 134. We may therefore be enabled, by keeping these
comparative measurements in view, to predict with a tolerable degree
of certainty the spread of wing of any Pterodactyl of which we may
find one or more of the principal bones of the wing, and especially if
No. CCXX.—PRoceEDINGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.
18
we take into consideration the comparative length of each bone with
regard to its total extension, as exhibited in the table of the dimen-
sions of P. longirostris. In the case of the great specimens of radius
we may arrive at their length in many cases, although the bone may
be imperfect at even both terminations. Thus the diameter of the
smallest portion of the bone formerly in the possession of the Karl of
Enniskillen and figured by Prof. Owen, is ‘81 inch at the smallest
portion of the shaft: this bone therefore, on the scale of 135 diame-
ters to its length, should be 10°93 inches in length. The measure-
ment of the smallest portion of the bone belonging to Mrs. Smith
(Geol. Journ. vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1@) is*77 inch: we may therefore, by
the same rule, conclude that its length was 10°39 inches when per-
fect. The length of the imperfect ulna beside it is 9°25 inches in the
specimen. The diameter of the smallest portion of the bone (Geol.
Journ. vol. ii. pl. 1. fig. 6) is ‘45 inch, which, in the proportion of 133
diameters to its length, will give 6°07 inches for its length. The
width of the corresponding bone in the possession of Mr. Charles of
Maidstone is 1°25 inch at the smallest diameter: by the same rule,
therefore, the approximate length should be 16°87. The remains of
the bone alongside of it is, although imperfect at both ends, actually
12°25 inches in length.
Upon these grounds therefore, in every case derived as much as
possible from direct measurements from the skeletons of the respective
species, I have given the following table of the dimensions of a series
of species of Pterodactyls, the most interesting either from the state
of perfection in which their remains have been found, or from the
gigantic proportions which they present ; and thus have endeavoured
to realize to the mind an idea, as nearly as possible correct, of the di-
mensions of the animals when alive.
Table of the relative proportions of known species of Pterodactylus,
with the length of each of the wing-bones and half of the width of
the body.
3 2 3 5 | 1 9,80
: 21 EB] 2| P| Ble. [ees
BolSala lb Bi) 2 lob log) glee F8s
rr) a8 5 g a wy a a Fo|_& Sy
Ea 5 Neel es [es mg (on eyt | Som ile aes
Be Jems, lh Os je dod aié6 | 3 |= ledge
in. in. fin. in. in. in. in in. ft. in.
P. brevirostris ...} 0°48 | 0°75 0:06] 0°52) 0°82] 0°76] 0°48] 0°35/0°19| 0 9
P. longirostris ...} 1°25 | 1°90 0°13} 1°34] 1°90] 1:75] 1:25} 1:17 |0°47| 1 10
P. crassirostris...| 2°08 | 4°42 0°34 1:32 | 2°83] 2°53] 2°08} 2°32|1°10| 3 2
P. Bucklandi.....} 3°25} 4°25 0°40] 3°75] 3°91] 4°83] 3°25] 3°00/1:06| 4 7
P. grandis ........ 3°75 | 5°70 0°39] 4°02) 5°70) 5°50) 2°75) 3°51|142) 5 5
P. giganteus...... 4:43) 6°74 0°46 | 4:75| 6°74] 6:21] 4:43] 4:14|1°68| 6 7
P. (Mrs. Snitiia 6°76 |10°39 0°70 | 7:26 |10°39 | 9°49} 6°76] 6°33 |2°59 |10 2
P. Cuvieri .. .{10°99 |16°87 |1°14 |11°79 |16°87 |15°56 |10-99 |10°29 |4°:22 |16 6
In the above table I have presumed that the largest bones should
be associated with the snout described as the type of P. Cuvieri, but
the truth of this assignment of the bones belonging to Mr. Charles
19
can alone be determined by the acquisition of more complete speci-
mens of the animal than those at present known.
In the construction of this table I have taken the proportions of
P. longirostris as the foundation, as it is the only species from which
I could get the measurements of all the bones of the wing from the
same animal; but it must not be supposed that the restorations
effected in the table will be absolutely correct at all times in its appli-
cation, for we see that in P. longirostris the radius and first pha-
lange are equal, but in ecrassirostris and Bucklandi this is not the
case: the greatest discrepancy rests with crassirostris, while Buck-
landi and brevirostris accord much more nearly with the proportions
of longirostris; and if we may judge by the comparative difference
between those bones in longirostris on the one part, and Bucklandi
and crassirostris on the other, it may perhaps be fairly surmised that
the greater length of wing would be found to exist in the long-nosed
species, and consequently that Buchklandi will prove to belong to the
short-nosed ones; and this also would seem to be indicated by what
remains of the cervical vertebree in the original specimen in the Bri-
tish Museum.
Prof. Owen, in treating of these animals in my late friend Mr.
Dixon’s work ‘On the Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cre-
taceous Formations of Sussex,’ has thought proper to re-name P. gi-
ganteus, and designate it P. conirostris, Owen. I certainly did not
lend my specimens to my late friend Mr. Dixon for the illustration
of his work, with a view of having the name which I had assigned to
this new and gigantic species subverted, and without in the slightest
degree being consulted on the subject. Nor can I concur with the
reasons given by Prof. Owen for thus re-naming it, as the name gi-
ganteus was not given, as stated by the learned Professor, “because
certain bones of another and larger animal, of a different species, have
been erroneously referred to it ;” but, in truth, from its being the
largest distinct species at that time known, exceeding P. Buchlandi
(or Macronyx) by two feet in the spread of its wings, and P. grandis
of Cuvier by above a foot. The beautiful specimen of radius and
ulna in the possession of Mrs. Smith, and subsequently figured in my
second paper, was at that time unknown to me, and the bone then in
the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen was claimed by the Professor
as that ofabird. I had therefore no other material than that in my
own possession on which to base my name of giganteus.
If the learned Professor’s reason for the proposed change of name
is to hold good, that of exclusive fitness in specific nomenclature, then
the one he proposes is also inappropriate, as it might be with equal
propriety given to either crassirostris or brevirostris ; or if specific
names, based on comparisons of size, are to be extinguished, and new
names given on the discovery of new species, there would be no end
of the confusion generated; thus, as P. brevirostris is thicker in its
proportions than crassirostris, they would require to exchange names,
or the latter at least to be re-named ; medius would no longer be me-
dius, with the addition of our new species, and grandis would no longer
be grand in comparison. Into what an unenviable state of confusion
20
should we not plunge nomenclature if we were to adopt the practice
of the learned Professor, instead of the precepts so judiciously laid
down by himself and others of the Committee of Nomenclature of the
British Association, and which I quote as a justification on my part
for my refusal to adopt the learned Professor’s exchange of my name
for the one he has proposed !
In page 4 of the Report, under the head of “ Law of Priority the
only effectual and just one,” we find the following passages :—“ It
being admitted on all hands that words are only the conventional
signs of ideas, it is evident that language can only attain its end
effectually by being permanently established and generally recog-
nized. This consideration ought, it would seem, to have checked
those who are continually attempting to subvert the established lan-
guage by substituting terms of their own coinage.” ...... “Now in
zoology no one person can subsequently claim an authority equal to
that possessed by the person who is the first to define a new genus
or describe a new species; and hence it is that the name originally
given, even though it be inferior in point of elegance or expressive-
ness to those subsequently proposed, ought, as a general principle, to
be permanently retained. To this consideration we ought to add the
injustice of erasing the name originally selected by the person to whose
labours we owe our first knowledge of the object.” To these excel-
lent principles the learned Professor has given the sanction of his
signature. Prof. Owen, in the article on Péerodactylus in Mr. Dixon’s
work, has not quoted my observations on those Reptiles so fully as I
could have wished; inasmuch as he has adverted to the strongly-
marked peculiarities of the bone-cells, which are the principal cha-
racters in the question at issue, in so slight a manner, as almost to
induce me to imagine that he must have forgotten them entirely. I
shall simply content myself in challenging Prof. Owen to produce
any such general structure and proportions of the bone-cells from the
skeleton of any recent or extinct bird as those existing in the long bone
described as Cimoliornis, or to produce any such radius and ulna of a
bird containing similar bone-cells as those in the possession of Mrs.
Smith, and figured by me in my paper in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of
the Geological Society for February 1848,’ vol. iv. pl. 2.
On the subject of the strictures with which Prof. Owen has fa-
voured me at the conclusion of his observations in Mr. Dixon’s work,
and how far I have been ‘“‘ wanting in a due comprehension of the
subject, and have been a hindrance instead of a furtherance of true
knowledge,” I am content to leave to the judgement of those who
may feel a sufficient degree of interest to induce them to peruse what
I have written in my former papers on the Pterodactyles of the Chalk.
21
January 28, 1851.
R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. ON A NEW SPECIES OF PrERODACTYLE (PTERODACTYLUS COM-
PRESSIROSTRIS, OWEN) FROM THE CHALK; WITH SOME Re-
MARKS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE PREVIOUSLY DE-
SCRIBED SPECIES. By Pror. Owen, F.R.S.
(Reptilia, Pl. V.)
The honour of having first made known the existence of remains
of the Pterodactyle in the Chalk deposits belongs to James Scott
Bowerbank, Esq., F.R.S. This indefatigable collector had the good
fortune to receive in 1845, from the Kentish Chalk, the characteristic
jaws and teeth, with part of the scapular arch and a few other bones,
of a well-marked species of Pterodactyle, and the discovery was briefly
recorded in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of Lon-
don,’ and in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for May 14, 1845, with
an illustrative plate (pl. 1).
Mr. Bowerbank concludes his notice by referring to a large fossil
wing-bone from the chalk, previously described and figured by me in
the ‘ Geological Transactions,’ and remarks that, “if it should prove
to belong to a Pterodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings
would reach to at least eight or nine feet. Under these circum-
stances,’ he says, ‘‘I propose that the species described above shall
be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.” (loc. cit. p.8.) Subsequent
discoveries and observations have inclined the balance of probability in
favour of the Pterodactylian nature of the fossils to which Mr. Bower-
bank refers, but have shown them to belong to distinct species.
These fossils are not, indeed, amongst the characteristic parts of
the flying reptile: one of them is the shaft of a long bone exhibiting
those peculiarities of structure which are common to birds and ptero-
dactyles ; the other shows an articular extremity, which, in our pre-
sent ignorance of those of the different bones of the Pterodactyle, has
its nearest analogue in the distal trochlea of the bird’s tibia. These
two specimens, which are figured in the sixth volume of the Second
Series of the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society,’ 1840, pl. 39.
figs. 1 & 2, were transmitted to me by the Karl of Enniskillen and
Dr. Buckland, as being “‘the bones of a bird” (p. 411), and my com-
parisons of them were limited to that class.
The idea of their possibly belonging to a Pterodactyle did occur to
me, but it was dispelled by the following considerations. The act of
flight—the most energetic mode of locomotion—demands a special
modification of the Vertebrate organization, in that subkingdom, for
its exertion. But in the class 4ves, in which every system is more or
less adapted and co-adjusted for this end, the laws of gravitation seem
to forbid the successful exercise of the volant powers in species beyond
a certain bulk ; and when this exceeds that of the Condor or Albatros,
22
as, for example, in the Cassowary, the Emeu, or the Ostrich, although
the organization is essentially that of the Vertebrate animal modified
for flight, flight is impossible ; and its immediate instruments, to the
exercise of which all the rest of the system is more or less subordi-
nated, are checked in their development ; and, being unfitted for
flight, they are not modified for any other use. There is not, per-
haps, a more anomalous or suggestive phenomenon in nature than
a bird which cannot fly! A small section of the Mammalia is modi-
fied for flight ; but the plan of the organization of that warm-blooded
class being less directly adapted for flight than that of birds, the
weight and bulk of the body which may be raised and transported
through the air are restricted to a lower range, and the largest frugi-
vorous Bat (Pteropus) does not exceed the Raven in size. The Rep-
tilian modification of the Vertebrate type would seem to be still less
fitted for any special adjustment to aérial locomotion ; and in the pre-
sent day we know of no species of the class that can sustain itself in
the air which equals a Sparrow in size. And the species in question—
the little Draco volans—sails rather than flies, upborne by its out-
stretched costal parachute in its oblique leaps from bough to bough.
Of the remarkable reptiles now extinct, which, like the Bats, had
their anterior members modified for plying a broad membranous wing,
no species had been discovered prior to 1840 which surpassed the
largest of the Pteropi, or Flying-Foxes, in the spread of those wings,
and there was, @ priori, a physiological improbability that the cold-
blooded organization of a Reptile should by any secondary modifica-
tion be made to effect more in the way of flight, or be able to raise a
larger mass into the air, than could be done by the warm-blooded
Mammal under an analogous special adaptation. When, therefore,
the supposed bird’s bone (Geol. Trans. 1840, pl. 39. fig. 1) was first
submitted to me by Dr. Buckland, which on the Pterodactyle hypo-
thesis could not be the humerus, but must have been one of the
smaller bones of the wing, its size seemed decisive against its reference
to an animal of flight having a cold-blooded organization. The sub-
sequent discovery of the portion of the skull of the Pterodactyle, de-
scribed by Mr. Bowerbank at the last meeting of the Society (Jan.
14), shows that the resources of Creative power in past time surpass
the calculations that are founded upon actual nature.
It is only the practised Comparative Anatomist that can fully realize
the difficulty of the attempt to resolve a paleeontological problem from
such data as the two fragments of long bones first submitted to me in
1840. He alone can adequately appreciate the amount of research
involved in such a generalization as that “there is no bird now known,
north of the equator, with which the fossils can be compared ;”’ and
when, after a wearying progress through an extensive class, the spe-
cies is at length found to which the nearest resemblance is made by
the fragmentary fossil, and the differences are conscientiously pointed
out—as when, in reference to the humerus of the Albatros, I stated
that ‘‘it differs therefrom in the more marked angles which bound
the three sides ’””—the genuine worker and searcher after truth may
conceive the feelings with which I find myself misrepresented as
23
having regarded the specimens “as belonging to an extinct species
of Albatros.” My reference of the bones even to the longipennate
tribe of natatorial birds is stated hypothetically and with due caution :
“*On the supposition that this fragment of bone is the shaft of the
humerus, its length and comparative straightness would prove it to
have belonged to one of the longipennate natatorial birds equalling in
size the Albatros.” (doc. cit. p. 411.)
Since the discovery has been made of the manifestly characteristic
parts of the genus Pterodactylus in the Burham chalk-pit, it has been
objected that the bones first discovered there, and described by me
as resembling birds of flight, ‘‘are so extremely thin, as to render it
most improbable that they could ever have sustained such an instru-
ment of flight as the powerful wing of the Albatros, or of any other
bird: their tenuity is in fact such,” says the ex post facto Objector,
‘as to point out their adaptation to support an expanded membrane,
but not pinions *.”
The reply to this assertion need only be a simple reference to na-
ture: sections of the wing-bones of birds may be seen in the Museum
of the Royal College of Surgeons, and have been exposed to view,
since the discovery of their structure by the Founder of that Collec-
tion, in every Museum of Comparative Anatomy worthy to be so
called.
To expose the gratuitous character of the objection above cited, I
have placed on the table a section of the very bone that directly sus-
tains the large quill-feathers in the Pelican ; its parietes are only half
as thin as those of the antibrachial bone of the great Pterodactyle
which is figured in my ‘ History of British Fossil Reptiles,’ pl. 4, and
is not thicker than those of the bone figured in the Geological Trans-
actions, 1840, above cited.
Hunter, who had obtained some of the long bones with thin
walls and a wide cavity from the Stonesfield slate, has entered them
in his MS. Catalogue of Fossils as the “ Bones of Birds,’’ and per-
haps no practical anatomist had had greater experience in the degree
of tenuity presented by the compact walls of the large air-cavities of
the bones in that class. Of all the modifications of the dermal system
for combining extent of surface with lightness of material, the ex-
panded feather has been generally deemed the consummation. Well
might the eloquent Paley exclaim, ‘‘ Every feather is a mechanical
wonder: their disposition all inclined backwards, the down about the
stem, the overlapping of their tips, their different configuration in dif-
ferent parts, not to mention the variety of their colours, constitute a
vestment for the body so beautiful and so appropriate to the life
which the animal is to lead, as that, I think, we should have had
no conception of anything equally perfect, if we had never seen it, or
can imagine anything more so.” It was reserved for the author of
the ‘ Wonders of Geology’ to prefer the leathern wing of the Bat and
Pterodactyle as the lighter form, and to discover that such a structure
as is displayed in the bone described and figured in the ‘ Geol. Trans.’
* Mantell, ‘ Wonders of Geology,’ 1848, vol. i. p. 441.
24
vol. vi. pl. 39, was a most improbable one to have sustained a power-
ful wing of any bird!* Let me not be supposed, however, to be
concerned in excusing my own mistake; [ am only reducing the
unamiable exaggeration of it. Above all things, in our attempt to
gain a prospect of an unknown world by the difficult ascent of the
fragmentary ruins of a former temple of life, we ought to note the
successful efforts, as well as the occasional deviations from the right
track, with an equal glance, and record them with a strict regard to
truth. The existence of a species of Albatros, or of any other actual
genus of bird during the period of the Middle Chalk, would be truly
a wonder of Geology ; not so the existence of a bird of the longipen-
nate family.
I still think it for the interest of science, in the present limited
extent of induction from microscopic observation, to offer a warning
against a too hasty and implicit confidence in the forms and propor-
tions of the Purkingean or radiated corpuscles of bone, as demon-
strative of such minor groups of a class as that of the genus Ptero-
dactylus. Such a statement as that ‘these cells in Birds have a
breadth in proportion to their length of from one to four or five ;
while in Reptiles the length exceeds the breadth ten or twelve times,”’
only betrays the limited experience of the assertor. In the dermal
plates of the Tortoise, e. g., the average breadth of the bone-cell to
its length is as one to six, and single ones might be selected of greater
breadth.
With the exception of one restricted family of Ruminants, every
Mammal, the blood-dises of which have been submitted to examina-
tion, has been found to possess those particles of a circular form: in
the Camelide they are elliptical, as in birds and reptiles. The bone-
cells have already shown a greater range of variety in the Vertebrate
series than the blood-dises. Is it then a too scrupulous reticence to
require the evidence of microscopic structure of a bone to be corrobo-
rated by other testimony of a plainer kind, before hastening to an
absolute determination of its nature, as has been done with regard to
the Wealden bone, figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. v.
pl. 13. fig. 6¢? As a matter of fact, the existence of Pterodactylian
remains in the chalk was not surmised through any observation of the
microscopic structure of bones that are liable to be mistaken for those
of birds, but was first plainly proved by the characteristic portions of
the Pterodactyle defined by Mr. Bowerbank, as follows, in his original
communication of this discovery to the Geological Society of London,
May 14, 1845 :—
“I have recently obtained from the Upper Chalk ¢ of Kent some
* Mantell, ‘Wonders,’ &c. ed. 1848, vol. i. p. 441.
+ Compare, for example, two of the longest of the cells figured by Mr. Bower-
bank in pl.1. fig. 9, ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. as those of
a bird, with two of the widest of the cells figured in fig. 1 of the same plate as those
of the Pterodactyle; and contrast the want of parallelism in the bone-cells of the
Wealden bone, fig. 9, with the parallelism of the long axes of the cells in that of
the Albatros, fig. 3.
¢ Mr. Toulmin Smith, in an able paper “On the Formation of the Flints of the
25
remains of a large species of Pterodactylus. The bones consist of—
“1. The fore part of the head as far as about the middle of the
cavitas narium, with a corresponding portion of the under jaws,
many of the teeth remaining in their sockets.
“2. A fragment of the bone of the same animal, apparently a part
of the coracoid.
«3. A portion of what appears to be one of the bones of the auri-
cular digit, from a chalk-pit at Halling.
«<4. A portion of a similar bone, from the same locality as No. 1.
**5. The head of a long bone, probably the tibia, belonging to the
same animal as the head, No. 1.
«*6. A more perfect bone of the same description, not from the
same animal, but found at Halling.”
In a subsequent communication, dated December 1845, Mr. Bower-
bank states with regard to the specimens Nos. 5 and 6, which he
supposed to be parts of a tibia, that “‘on a more careful comparison
with the figures of Pterodactylus by Goldfuss, 1 am inclined to be-
lieve they are more likely to be portions of the ulna.”
With respect to the long bone, No. 6 in the above list, comparing
it with that figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39.
fig. 1, and referred by me to Cimoliornis diomedeus, Mr. Bowerbank
writes :—
“Although the two specimens differ greatly in size, there is so
strong a resemblance between them in the form and regularity of the
shaft, and in the comparative substance of the bony structure, as to
render it exceedingly probable that they belong to the same class of
animals ;”” and he concludes by remarking, that “If the part of the
head in my possession (see fig. 1) be supposed similar in its propor-
tions to that of Pterodactylus crassirostris,—and there appears but
little difference in that respect,—it would indicate an animal of com-
paratively enormous size. The length of the head, from the tip of
the nose to the basal extremity of the skull, of Pt. crassirostris is
about 4% inches, while my specimen would be, as nearly as can be
estimated, 91 inches. According to the restoration of the animal by
Goldfuss, Pt. crassirostris would measure as nearly as possible three
feet from tip to tip of the wings, and it is probable that the species
now described would measure at least six feet from one extremity of
the expanded wings to the other; but if it should hereafter prove
that the bone described and figured by Prof. Owen belongs to a Pte-
rodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings would reach to at least
eight or nine feet. Under these circumstances I propose that the spe-
cies described above shall be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.”’
(Quarterly Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 8.)
In a subsequent memoir, read June 9, 1847, and published in the
‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. February 1848,
Mr. Bowerbank gives figures of the ‘bone-cells’ from the jaw of a
Upper Chalk,” in the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ vol. xx. p. 295, affirms that no
upper chalk exists in the localities whence the above-defined specimens came.
They are from the “ Middle Chalk.”
26
Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 1), from the shaft of the bone in question
(0b. fig. 2), and from the femur of a recent Albatros (id. fig. 3), in
corroboration of the required proof: and he adds, “Fortunately the
two fine specimens from the rich collection of Mrs. Smith of Ton-
bridge Wells, represented by fig. 1. pl. 2, in a great measure justify
this conclusion; and in the bone a, which is apparently the corre-
sponding bone to the one represented by fig. 1 in Prof. Owen’s paper,
the head is very nearly in a perfect state of preservation.” (op. cit.
p. 5.) Mr. Bowerbank, in his explanation of plate 2, describes the
two fine specimens above mentioned as “Fig. 1. Radius and ulna of
Pterodactylus giganteus, in the cabinet of Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge
Wells.” (tom. cit. p. 10.) He proceeds to state, ‘There are two
other similar bones, imbedded side by side, in the collection of Mr.
Charles of Maidstone, of still greater dimensions than those from the
cabinet of Mrs. Smith ;”’ and he assigns his grounds for the conclu-
sion, that ‘the animal to which such bones belonged could, therefore,
have scarcely measured less than fifteen or sixteen feet from tip to tip
of its expanded wings.”
The Committee of the British Association for the Reform and Re-
gulation of Zoological Nomenclature, amongst other excellent rules,
have decided that, “A name which is glaringly false shall be changed”
(Report, p. 113). I submit that this is the case when the name gi-
ganteus is proposed for a species less than half the size of others pre-
viously discovered. Now, although those remains of the truly gigantic
Pterodactyles had not been demonstrated to be such, yet they were
suspected so to be by Mr. Bowerbank when he proposed the name
giganteus ; and the name is in fact proposed, subject to the condition
of that demonstration, and under the evident belief that they be-
longed to the same species as the obvious Pterodactyle remains he
was describing. He says, ‘‘ Under these circumstances I propose that
the species shall be designated ‘giganteus’,”’ and the circumstances
referred to are the probable case that the bones, which from their large
size I had supposed to belong to a bird, should prove to belong to a
Pterodactyle. :
The Committee for the Reform of Zoological Nomenclature next
proceed to determine that, “Names not clearly defined may be
changed. Unless a species or group is intelligibly defined when the
name is given, it cannot be recognised by others, and the signification
of the name is consequently lost. Two things are necessary before a
zoological term can acquire any authority, viz. definition and publi-
cation. Definition properly implies a distinct exposition of essential
characters, and in all cases we conceive this to be indispensable.”
(Report, pp.113,114.) Now with regard to the Pterodactylus gigan-
teus, Mr. Bowerbank had unreservedly applied the term to the species
to which the long wing-bone first described by me might appertain,
under the circumstances of its beg proved to belong to a Pterodac-
tyle ; inasmuch as he had figured two similar and equal-sized bones
in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1
(Proceedings of the Society for June 9, 1847), as the “radius and ulna
27
of Pterodactylus giganteus.” So far as a species can be intelligibly
defined by figures, that to which the term giganteus was in 1845 pro-
visionally, and in 1847 absolutely applied, seemed to be clearly enough
pointed out by the plate 2 in the work above cited. But, with the
large bones appropriately designated by the term giganteus, some
parts of a smaller Pterodactyle, including the portions of jaws first
announcing the genus in the Chalk, had been associated under the
same name. Supposing those bones to have belonged to a young
individual of the Pterodactylus giganteus, no difficulty or confusion
would arise. After instituting, however, a rigid comparison of these
specimens, when drawing up my Descriptions for Mr. Dixon’s work,
I was compelled to arrive at the conclusion that the parts figured by
Mr. Bowerbank in plate 2, figs. 1 & 2, of vol. 11. of the ‘Quarterly Geo-
logical Journal,’ and the parts figured in plate 2, figs. 1 a & 4, of vol. iv.
of the same Journal, both assigned by Mr. Bowerbank to the Ptero-
dactylus giganteus, belonged to two distinct species. The portions
of the scapula and coracoid of the Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 2, tom. cit.)
indicated by their complete anchylosis that they had not been part
of a young individual of the species to which the large antibrachial
bones (pl. 2. fig. 1 a & 6, tom. cit.) belonged; although they might
well appertain to the species to which the jaws (pl. 1. fig. 1) belonged.
Two species of Pterodactyle were plainly indicated, as I have shown
in the above-cited work, by my lamented friend Mr. Dixon, ‘On the
Tertiary and Cretaceous Deposits of Sussex,’ 4to, p. 402. The same
name could not be retained for both, and it was in obedience to this
necessity, and not with any idea of detracting an iota from the merit
of Mr. Bowerbank’s original announcement of the existence of a Pte-
rodactyle in the chalk, that I proposed the name of conirostris for
the smaller species, then for the first time distinctly defined and di-
stinguished from the larger remains to which the name giganteus had
also been given by Mr. Bowerbank. I proposed the name, more-
over, provisionally and with submission to the ‘Committee for the
Reform of Zoological Nomenclature,’ according to whose rules I be-
lieved myself to be guided.
My conclusions as to the specific distinction of the remains of the
smaller Pterodactyle (pl. 1, tom. cit. 1845) from those figured in
plate 2. tom. cit. 1848, have received full confirmation by the va-
luable discovery of the portion of the cranium of the truly gigantic
Pterodactyle, about to be described, to which they belonged ; and it
is certainly to be wished that, in determining to assign to Mrs. Smith’s
specimens the name of ‘ giganteus,’ Mr. Bowerbank should have con-
formed to the following equitable rule of the ‘Committee of Nomen-
clature’ :—‘‘ The author who jist describes and names a species,
which forms the groundwork of later generalizations, possesses a
higher claim to have his name recorded than he who afterwards de-
fines a genus which is found to embrace that species. ...... By
giving the authority for the specific name in preference to all others,
the inquirer is referred directly to the original description, habitat,
&c. of the species, and is at the same time reminded of the date of
its discovery.”’ (Reports of the British Association, 1842, p. 120.)
28
Now the species which I originally described under the name of
Cimoliornis diomedeus comes precisely under this category: it has
formed the groundwork of later generalizations, which have led to its
being embraced by another genus. In this case the Committee of
Nomenclature, whilst determining that the specific name should be
retained, recommend that the describer should “append to the ori-
ginal authority for the species, when not applying to the genus also,
some distinctive mark, such as (sp.), implying an exclusive reference
to the specific name.”” In conformity with the above recommenda-
tion, the gigantic species of Pterodactyle, of which parts have been
described by Mr. Bowerbank, and parts previously by myself, would
be entered into the Zoological Catalogues as follows :—
Pterodactylus diomedeus, Owen (sp.), Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society, January 1851.
Cimoliornis diomedeus, Ybid., British Fossil Mammals and Birds,
p. 545, cuts 230, 231 (1843-1846).
Osteornis diomedaus, Gervais, Thése sur les Oiseaux Fossiles, 8vo,
p- 38 (1844).
Pterodactylus giganteus, Bowerbank, Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society, vol. iv. p. 10. pl. 2. figs. 1 & 4 (1848).
Leaving, however, the question of names, regarding which I have
no personal feeling except that they should indicate their objects
without ambiguity or obvious impropriety, I proceed to lay before
the same Society to which Mr. Bowerbank has communicated his last
interesting and important discovery, similar evidence of a third spe-
cies of Pterodactyle from the chalk, intermediate im size between the
species of which the jaws were figured as the Pterodactylus giganteus
in 1845, and the truly gigantic species which he has named Ptero-
dactylus Cuvieri.
The specimens, which consist of two portions of the upper jaw,
form part of that gentleman’s collection, and were in fact exhibited
on the table, but unnoticed, at our last meeting, their true nature not
having been recognised. The chief portion might well indeed be mis-
taken, at first sight, for a crushed portion of an ordinary long bone ;
and it was not until after a close comparison of several specimens of
these rare and interesting remains of Pterodactyles, kindly confided
to me by Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge Wells, Mr. Toulmin Smith of
Highgate, Mr. Charles of Maidstone, and by Mr. Bowerbank him-
self, for description in my forthcoming ‘ Monograph on the Fossil
Reptiles of the Chalk,’ that I discovered them to be parts of a skull
of an undescribed species of Pterodactyle.
In order to make this understood, it will be necessary to premise a
few words on the Pterodactyles in general, and on some of the cha-
racters of the jaw of the Pterodactylus Cuvieri in particular.
The Order Péerosauria includes species of flying reptiles so modi-
fied in regard to the structure and proportions of the skull, the dis-
position of the teeth, and the development of the tail, as to be refer-
able even according to the partial knowledge we now possess of this
once extensive group, to different genera.
29
M. Von Meyer e. g. primarily divides the Order into—
A. DIARTHRI, with a two-jointed wing-finger.
Ex. Pterodactylus (Ornithopterus) Lavateri.
B. TETRARTHRI, with a four-jointed wing-finger.
Ex. All the other known species of the order.
These again are subdivided into—
1. Dentirostres. Jaws armed with teeth to their ends; a bony
sclerotic ring; scapula and coracoid not confluent with one an-
other * ; a short moveable tail.
Ex. Pterodactylus proper.
2. Subulirostres. Jaws with their ends produced into an edentu-
lous point, probably sheathed with bone; no bony sclerotic ;
scapula and coracoid confluent; a long and stiff tail.
Ex. Pterodactylus (Ramphorhynchus) Gemmingi +.
The extremity of the upper jaw of the Péerodactylus Cuvieri is
sufficiently perfect to demonstrate that it had a pair of approximated
alveoli close to its termination, and we may therefore refer it to the
Dentirostral division.
In this division, however, there are species which present such dif-
ferent proportions of the beak, accompanied by differences in the rela-
tive extent of the dental series, as would without doubt lead to their
allocation in distinct genera, were they the living or recent subjects
of the modern Erpetologist. In the Pterodactylus longirostris, the
first species discovered and made known by Collini in 1784 f, the
jaws are of extreme length and tenuity, and the alveoli of the upper
jaw do not extend so far back as the nostril. In the Péerodactylus
erassirostris, Goldfuss §, on the other hand, the jaws are short, thick,
and obtusely terminated, and the alveoli of the upper jaw reach as
far back as the middle of the vacuity which intervenes between the
nostril and the orbit, and which Goldfuss terms the ‘ cavitas inter-
media.’
In the solid or imperforate part of the upper jaw anterior to the
nostril, the Pterodactylus longirostris has twelve long, subcompressed
teeth, followed by a few of smaller size: the same part of the jaw
in the Pt. crassirostris has but six teeth, of which the first four are
close together at the end of the jaw, and the first three shorter than
the rest. The cavitas intermedia in Pt. longirostris is much smaller
than the nostril; in the Pt. crassirostris it is larger than the nostril.
Were these two species of dentirostral Pterosauria to be taken, as
by the modern Erpetologist they assuredly would, to be types of two
* The condition of the scapular arch in the Pt. giganteus, Bow., Pt. conirostris
mihi, demonstrates the fallacy of this character.
+ Palzontographia, Heft 1, 4to. 1846, p. 19.
t+ Acta Academie Theodoro-Palatine, V. p. 58, tab. 5.
§ Beitrage zur Kenntniss verschiedener Reptilien der Vorwelt, 4to. 1831, sec. 1.
tab. 7, 8, 9.
30
distinct genera, the name Pterodactylus should be retained for the
longirostral species, as including the first-discovered specimen and
type of the genus; and the crassirostral species should be grouped
together under some other generic name.
The specimen of gigantic Pterodactyle described by Mr. Bower-
bank at the last meeting of the Society consists of the solid anterior
end, 7. e. of the imperforate continuous bony walls, of a jaw, com-
pressed and decreasing in depth, at first rapidly, then more gradually,
to an obtusely-pointed extremity. As the symphysis of the lower
jaw is long and the original joint obliterated, and its depth somewhat
rapidly increases by the development of its lower and back part into
a kind of ridge in some smaller Pterodactyles, the present specimen,
so far as these characters go, might be referred to the lower jaw, and
its relatively inferior depth to the upper jaw in the Pt. conirostris
would seem to lead to that conclusion. But the present is plainly a
species which has a longer and more slender snout in proportion to its
size, and the convex curve formed by the alveolar border, slight as it
is, decides it to be part of the upper jaw. The lower jaw, moreover,
might be expected, by the analogy of the smaller Pterodactyles, to be
flatter or less acute below the end of the symphysis.
The specimen of Pt. Cuvieri consists of the anterior extremity of
the upper jaw, of seven inches in extent, without any trace of the
nasal or any other natural perforation of its upper or lateral parietes,
and corresponds with the parts marked a, 4, in figs. 10&11. From
the number of teeth contained in this part, the Pt. Cuvieri presents
a much closer resemblance to the Pt. longirostris than to the Pé.
erassirostris ; and if the entire skull were restored according to the
proportions of the Pt. longirostris, it would be twenty-eight inches
in length.
But nature seems never to retain the same proportions in species
that differ materially in bulk. The great Diprotodon, with the den-
tal and cranial characters of a Kangaroo, does not retain the same
length of hinder limbs as its living homologue ; the laws of gravity
forbid the saltatory mode of locomotion to a Herbivore of the bulk of
a Rhinoceros; and accordingly, whilst the hind-legs are shortened
the fore-limbs are lengthened, and both are made more robust in the
Diprotodon than in the Kangaroo. The change of proportions of
the limbs of the Sloths is equally striking in those extinct species
which were too bulky to climb, e. g. the Megatherium and Mylodon.
We may therefore infer, with a high degree of probability, when a
longirostral Pterodactyle much surpassed in bulk the species so called
‘par excellence,’ that the same proportions were not maintained in
the length of the jaws; and that the species to which the fine frag-
ment belonged, far as it has exceeded our previous ideas of the bulk
of a flying reptile, did not sustain and carry through the air a head of
oe feet four inches in length, or nearly double the size of that of the
elican.
Although the fractured hinder part of the jaw of the Pt. Cuvieri
shows no trace of the commencement of the wide nasal aperture, there
is a plain indication that the jaws were less prolonged than in the P¢.
31
longirostris, in the more rapid increase of the vertical breadth of the
jaw. Opposite the ninth tooth, e. g., the depth of the jaw equals two-
fifths of the length in advance of that tooth, whilst in the Pt. longi-
rostris it is only two-sevenths. The contour of the upper border of
the jaw in the Pt. Cuviert differs from that in both the Pt. long:-
rostris, Pt. crassirostris, and Pt. Gemmingi, in sinking more sud-
denly opposite the ninth, eighth and seventh teeth, than it does along
the more advanced part of the jaw; a character which, while it affords
a good specific distinction from any of those species, indicates the
hinder parts of the head that are wanting in the present specimen to
have been shorter and deeper than in the Pt. longirostris.
The first pair of alveoli almost meet at the anterior extremity of
the jaw, and their outlet is directed obliquely forwards and down-
wards ; the obtuse end of the premaxillary above these alveoli is about
two lines across. The palate quickly expands to a width of three
lines between the second alveoli, then to a width of four lines between
the fourth alveoli, and more gradually, after the ninth alveoli, to a
width of six lines between the eleventh alveoli: here the palate ap-
pears to have been slightly crushed; but in the rest of its extent it
presents its natural form, being traversed longitudinally by a mode-
rate median ridge, on each side of which it is slightly concave trans-
versely. It is perforated by a few small irregular vascular foramina.
There are no orifices on the inner side of the alveoli; the successional
teeth emerge, as in the Crocodiles, from the old sockets, and not, as
in certain Mammalia and Fishes, by foramina distinct from them.
The second and third alveoli are the largest; the fourth, fifth and
sixth the smallest, yet they are more than half the size of the fore-
going, with which the rest are nearly equal. The outlets of the alveoli
are elliptical, and they form prominences at the side of the jaw, or
rather the jaw sinks gently in between the alveoli, and is’ continued
into the bony palate without any ridge, the vertical wall bending round
to form the horizontal plate. The greatest breadth of the under sur-
face of the jaw, taken from the outside of the alveoli, varies only from
seven lines across the third pair to nine lines across the eleventh pair
of alveoli; and from the narrow base the sides of the jaw converge
with a slight convexity outwards at the anterior half of the fragment,
but are almost plane at the deeper posterior half, where they seem to
have met at one acute superior ridge; indeed such a ridge is con-
tinued to within an inch of the fore part of the jaw, where the upper
border becomes more obtuse.
The whole portion of the jaw appears to consist of one uninter-
rupted bone—the premaxillary; the delicate crust of osseous sub-
stance, as thin as paper, is traversed by many irregular cracks and
fissures, but there is no recognizable suture marking off the limits of
a maxillary or nasal bone. ‘he bone offers to the naked eye a fine
fibrous structure, so fine as to produce almost a silken aspect, the
fibres or strize being longitudinal, and impressed at intervals of from
two to six lines by small vascular foramina.
Having premised so much with reference to the characters of the
32
Pt. Curerz, I proceed to the description of the distinct species, for
which I propose the name of Pterodactylus compressirostris.
PTERODACTYLUS COMPRESSIROSTRIS, Owen.
(Reptilia, Pl. V. figs. 1, 2 & 3.)
This species is represented by two portions of the upper jaw, ob-
tained from the Middle Chalk of Kent, the hinder and larger of which
includes the beginning of the external nostril (figs. 1 & 2,7). The
depth of the jaw at this part is fourteen lines, whence it gradually de-
creases to a depth of ten lines at a distance of three inches in advance
of this, indicating a jaw as long and slender as in the Pt. longirostris,
supposing the same degree of convergence of the straight outlines of
the upper and alveolar borders of the jaw to have been preserved to
its anterior end: that this was actually the case is rendered most pro-
bable by the proportions of the smaller anterior part of the jaw (figs.
1', 2', 3’), obtained from the same pit, if not from the same block of
chalk, and which, with a vertical depth of seven lines at its hinder
part, decreases to one of six lines in an extent of one inch and a half
im advance of that part. The sides of the jaw as they rise from the
alveolar border incline a little outwards before they converge to meet
at the upper border. This gives a very narrow ovoid section at the
fore part of the larger fragment (fig. 2), the greatest diameter at its
lower half being four lines, and the sides meeting above at a slightly
obtuse ridge. This very gradually widens as the jaw recedes back-
wards, where the entireness of the walls of the smoothly convex upper
part of the jaw proves that the narrowness of that part is not due to
accidental crushing. Had that been the case, the thin parietes arch-
ing above from one side to the other would have been cracked. The
only evidence of the compression to which the deep sides of the jaw
have been subject is seen in the bending in of the wall above the
alveoli, close to the upper ridge at the fore part of the fragment.
In an extent of alveolar border of three and a half inches there are
eleven sockets, the anterior one on the right side retaining the frac-
tured base of a tooth: the alveoli are separated by intervals of about
one and a half times their own diameter ; their outlets are elliptical,
and indicate the compressed form of the teeth: they are about two
lines in long diameter at the fore part of this fragment, but diminish
as they are placed more backwards, the last two being developed be-
neath the external nostril. The bony palate is extremely narrow, and
presents in the larger portion (fig. 3) a median smooth convex rising
between two longitudinal channels, which are bounded externally by
the inner wall of the alveolar border. There is no trace of a median
suture in the longitudinal convexity. The breadth of the palate at the
back part of the fragment is eight lines; at the fore part it has gra-
dually contracted to less than three lines, but it is somewhat crushed
here. The naso-palatine aperture, p, commences about half a line in
advance of the external nostril, three inches behind the fore part of
the larger portion (fig. 3) of the upper jaw; which exemplifies the
characteristic extent of the imperforate bony palate formed by the
33
long single premaxillary bone in the genus Pterodactylus. The frag-
ment from the more advanced part of the jaw (fig. 3’) contains five
pairs of alveoli in an extent of two inches, these alveoli being rather
larger and closer together than in the hinder part of the jaw. Owing
to the compression which the present portion has undergone, the ori-
fices of the alveoli are turned outwards, the bony palate being pressed
down between the two rows, and showing, as the probable result of
this pressure, a median groove between two longitudinal convex ridges ;
but the bone is entire and imperforate.
The form of the upper jaw in the present remarkable species differs
widely from that of the two previously known species from the chalk,
in its much greater elongation and its greater narrowness ; and from
the Pt. Cuvieri, in the straight course of the upper border of the jaw,
as it gradually converges towards the straight lower border in advanc-
ing to the anterior end of the jaw. The alveoli, and consequently the
teeth, are relatively smaller in proportion to the depth of the jaw than
in the P¢. Cuviert, and are more numerous than in the Pt. gigan-
teus ; they are probably also more numerous than in the Pt. Cuvier? ;
although, as the whole extent of the jaw anterior to the nostril is not
yet known in that species, it would be premature to express a decided
Opinion on that point. As we may reasonably calculate from the frag-
ments preserved (Pl. II. figs. 1, 2, 3), that the jaw of the Pt. com-
pressirostris extended seven inches in front of the nostril, it could not
have contained less than twenty pairs of alveoli, according to the num-
ber and arrangement of those in the two portions preserved.
The osseous walls in both portions present the characteristic com-
pactness and extreme thinness of the bones of the skull of the genus:
the fine longitudinal strize of the outer surface are more continuous
than in the Pz. Cuvieri, in which they seem to be produced by a suc-
cession of fine vascular orifices produced into grooves. ‘The conspi-
cuous vascular orifices are almost all confined to the vicinity of the
alveoli in the Pt. compressirostris. This species belongs, more de-
cidedly than the Pt. Cuvieri, to the ‘longirostral’ section of the Pte-
rosauria: whether it had an edentulous prolongation of the fore part
of the upper and lower jaw remains to be proved.
In attempting to form a conception of the total length of the head
of the very remarkable species of Pterodactyle represented by the
portions of jaw above described, we should be more justified by their
form in adopting the proportions of that of the Pt. longirostris than
in the case of the Pt. Cuvieri: but allowing that the external nostril
may have been of somewhat less extent than in the Pt. longirostris,
we may still assign a length of from fourteen to sixteen inches to the
skull of the Pterodactyle in question.
It could not have been anticipated that the first three portions of
Pterodactylian skull—almost the only portions that have yet been
discovered in the cretaceous formations—should have presented such
well-marked distinctive characters, one from the other, as are de-
scribed and illustrated in Mr. Bowerbank’s Memoirs and in the present
communication. Such, nevertheless, are the facts: and, however im-
probable it may appear, on the doctrine of chances, to those not con-
No. CCX XI.—ProcrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
34
versant with the fixed relations of osteological and dental characters,
that the three corresponding parts of three Pterodactyles for the first
time discovered, should be appropriated to three distinct species, I
have no other alternative, in obedience to the indications of nature,
than to adopt such determination *.
2. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW GENERA AND SOME NEW SPECIES
or ScutELLIDZ AND ECHINOLAMPIDZ IN THE COLLEC-
TION OF THE British Museum. By Jonn Epwarp Gray,
Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. ere.
The collection of the British Museum is extremely rich in species
of recent Echinoids, and fortunate in possessing long series of different
ages of several of the species.
Having been recently occupied in arranging and forming a cata-
logue of these animals, I transmitted to the ‘Annals of Natural Hi-
story’ for February a description of several genera and species of
Spatangide.
MM. Agassiz and Desor having recently published, in the Mono-
graph of Echini and other papers on these animals, all the species of
these two families then known to them, and as they had every facility
for examining the British Museum specimens, the species now to be
described are but few in number.
Fam. 1. ScuTELLIDZ.
Genus ECHINANTHUS.
Among the species which have the base concave, of which £. ro-
saceus may be considered the type, are to be added—
1. Ecurnantuus AUSTRALASIA.
Vent beneath, at a little distance from the edge ; back very convex
* The same criticism or objection may be offered to the conclusions in the text,
as the following one, which was called forth by my determinations of the species
of Balenodon found in the red crag. ‘The specimens exhibited by Prof. Hens-
low were only eleven in number; so that, without allowing anything for the cir-
cumstance of each whale having ¢wo tympanic bones, and the probability of some
of the above being in pairs, we have the first twelve determinable cetaceous bones
discovered in the red crag appropriated to no less than five species. I have no pre-
tensions to call in question the decision of Prof. Owen upon osteological grounds,
but I must own that I am disposed, upon the doctrine of chances, to consider it
hardly probable that these determinations are accurate.”—Scarles V. Wood, Feb.
16, 1844, London Geol. Journal, p. 35. The fifth species is a gratuitous addition
to the four described by me, the determinate characters of which have been con-
firmed by numerous additional discoveries. Mr. Wood should have remembered,
before he attempted to discredit the determinations from anatomy, and to substi-
tute the numerical test, that the second mammalian fossil from the oolite, although
a lower jaw, like the first, was of a different species, and that of five subsequently
discovered unequivocal mammalian remains from Stonesfield, a// are parts of the
lower jaw, whilst two of them demonstrate a ¢hird species. Very improbable this
to him, on the doctrine of chances; but only showing, as Sir Charles Lyell has
remarked, “the fragmentary manner in which the memorials of an ancient terres-
trial fauna are handed down to us.”
35
in the middle ; upper margin rather flattened, with a slight concavity
at the end of the ambulacra; under side flat near the margin, deeply
concave in the middle ; spines of the under side near mouth very fine.
Hab. Australia; N.S.W., Brisbane Water.
2. ECHINANTHUS TESTUDINARIUS.
Vent beneath a little within the edge, depressed; back slightly
raised, evenly convex ; under surface rather concave from the edge.
Hab. Indian Ocean; Borneo.
3. EcCHINANTHUS OBLONGUS.
Ovate-oblong, elongate, rounded at the end; sides thick, rounded;
back depressed round the end of the ambulacra ; crown rather convex;
ambulacra ovate, lanceolate, broad, and closed at the end; under
side concave nearly to the edge; ambulacral grooves indistinct ; vent
near the margin.
fab. Philippines ; Siquijor.
4. ECHINANTHUS PRODUCTUS.
Shell ovate, elongate, the hinder end produced and flattened, the
edge rather thick, thinner behind; the ambulacral petal broad, the
bands not quite united at the end; under side concave to the margin ;
vent near the margin.
Hab. ie
5. Ecuinantuus CoLe.
Shell ovate, subpentagonal, depressed; margin thick, rounded; back
depressed as far as the end of the ambulacra, and then rather convex
in the middle, the under side concave nearly to the edge; ambulacral
petal ovate lanceolate, closed at the end; vent near the margin.
Hab. Mauritius. Lady Mary Cole.
To those which have a flat base may be added—
6. ECHINANTHUS EXPLANATUS.
Depressed, much expanded, centre of the back rather convex ;
ambulacra occupying rather more than half the space between the
vertex and margin, the lines of pores of the anterior pair and posterior
odd one far apart at the end; cavity with thin concentric lines of
short compressed columns near the margin ; jaws depressed.
Hab. Mauritius ?
Genus Roruta.
The British Museum series induces me to believe that Rotula digi-
tata of Agassiz is not distinct from R. Rumphit, as M. Agassiz first
considered it to be.
Genus Ecurnopiscuvs.
I cannot find any permanent difference to distinguish Lobophora
bifissa from L. aurita ; they are found together in the same habitat
in the Red Sea.
36
Genus MELuiTA.
The larger spines on the back of this, the former, and succeeding
genus are short, equal in size, and furnished with a more or less sphe-
rical head.
The Museum series of specimens show a very gradual passage
between the Hchini which have been called Mellita testudinaria and
M. quinquefora by Agassiz.
The species which have six slits on the dise are found on the coast
of Tropical America, and others on the shores of the Red Sea ; I be-
lieve they form two species, which appear to have been confounded
under one name.
The American Mellita hexapora has only narrow linear bands of
larger tubercles (bearing the larger spines) between the branched
lines radiating from the mouth on the under surface, and these lines
are very much branched.
Mellita similis and M. lobata of Agassiz, also from the West
Indies ; the first appears to be only a variety, and the latter a mon-
strosity of this species.
The Red Sea species I have named
MELLITA ERYTHRZA.
Shell depressed, with five ambulacra and one posterior interambu-
lacral slit; inferior oral grooves branched, branches very slightly
divided ; the larger spines and tubercles in a broad band, occupying
nearly the whole interambulacral space between the inferior oral
grooves.
Hab. Red Sea. Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson.
There is a new genus which has the edge of the disk perforated
and the vent near the mouth, as in Kehinoglyphus, but differs in the
oral grooves being more simple and only branched near the edge, in
the lanceolate form of the ambulacra, and in the square form of the
tesserze of the ambulacral zones beyond the tip of the ambulacra.
Genus Lropta.
Body depressed, with a posterior slit and five perforations between
the end of the ambulacra and edge ; the marginal ambulacral tesserze
squarish, like the interambulacral ones; ambulacra lanceolate, acute
at the tip, the anterior one most narrow and longest ; pores united by
a groove ; ovarial plate pentangular ; ovarial pores three ; oral grooves
simple, slightly impressed, converging towards the margin in front
of the ambulacral perforations ; vent near the mouth, in front of the
anal perforation, with a group of three or four larger spines between
it and the mouth.
1. Leop1a RicHARDSONII.
Body suborbicular, slightly depressed, five-lobed, hinder edge trans-
verse ; ambulacra lanceolate, not reaching to the discal perforations ;
37
discal perforations ovate, small, the anterior smaller, the hinder largest,
with two pairs of rather large tesserze between the ends of the ambu-
lacra and the foramen, the upper pair subtrigonal ; oral grooves simply
forked near the edge.
Hab. West Indies.
The single specimen I have seen of this species was presented by
Sir John Richardson. It is rather deformed and sinuous on the right
side, the hinder lateral perforation being nearly obliterated on that side.
In Echinoglyphus the tesseree of the ambulacral bands are broad
and band-like between the ambulacra and the ambulacral slits.
Genus EcuinoGiypuvs, Van Phelsum. The Encore of Agassiz.
The large Brazilian species of this genus appear to be very va-
riable. The young specimens have large notches on the edge of the
shell, and as the animal increases in size, the marginal edges of these
notches more or less approximate together, and sometimes even be-
come united, so as to transform the notch into a perforation. M.
Agassiz on these variations has formed several species; but the
Museum series, from the Brazils and other parts of the east coast of
Tropical America, show that they are all mere variations of the spe-
cies which Van Phelsum called Lchinoglyphus frondosus, and La-
marck Scutella emarginata. I am induced to believe that Scutella
quinqueloba of Eschscholtz, Encope Valenciennesii, Encope subclausa,
Encope oblonga, and Encope Michelini, are only varieties of this spe-
cies : they are all remarkable for the large size and longly-rayed star-
like form of the madreporiform plate.
Genus FipuvaRia.
The following species is peculiar as having an oblong, longitudinal
vent.
1. FrpuLARIA OBLONGA.
Shell ovate, elongate, ventricose; vent oblong, longitudinal, ac-
cording to the axis of the shell.
Hab. N. Australia.
Fam. 2. EcHINOLAMPID.
Genus EcHiINoLAMPAS.
The species of this genus may be divided into two sections, accord-
ing to the form of the ambulacra.
Echinolampas oviformis and its allies have the porous bands of the
anterior and other pair of ambulacra equal; the lower side of the
shell flat ; the mouth oblong, transverse, with (5) tubercles between
the oral ambulacra.
The other species have the anterior porous band of the anterior
pair of ambulacra shortest ; under side rounded, convex ; mouth ob-
long, transverse, large, marked with no tubercles, and only very rudi-
mentary oral ambulacra.
38
1. EcCHINOLAMPAS DEPRESSUS.
Ovate, depressed, subpentangular ; back regularly convex.
Hab.
Genus Morrontia.
Shell ovate, thin, rather produced in front, rounded behind, co-
vered with small tubercles; vertex central, convex; internal cavity
quite simple ; ambulacra petaloid, narrow, open at the end; bands
rather diverging ; pores rather crowded, united by an oblong groove ;
beneath concave, especially near the mouth and vent ; mouth rather
large, roundish oblong, transverse, without any ambulacral star ; vent
large, transverse, oblong, in the middle of the space between the
mouth and hinder edge ; ovarial pores four; madreporiform plate
small, central.
? Echinocyamus, sp., Desmoulin.
Mortonia, Gray, Cat. Echinoida in Brit. Mus.
This genus differs from Echinocyanus in the thinness of the shell,
and especially in the ambulacra being larger, more perfect, and in the
pores of the ambulacra being united in pairs by a cross groove. It
differs from the fossil genus Pygaulus in the vent being inferior, in-
termediate between the mouth and edge, and transverse.
This genus is named after Dr. Morton, the historian of Northamp-
tonshire, who first attempted to arrange the fossil Echini into generic
groups.
MorrToniA AUSTRALIS.
Elliptical, depressed, rather acute in front, rounded. behind, under
side concave near the mouth and vent; vent large, oblong, trans-
verse, in the centre between the mouth and hinder margin.
Fibularia australis, Desm. Tab. Syn. 240.
Echinocyamus australis, Agassiz et Desor, /.c. 140.
Hab. South Sea. Mallet.
February 11, 1851.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. DescRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND FAMILY OF CyCLOSAU-
RIAN Lizarps, FROM Para. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R-S.,
P.BSS.
(Reptilia, Pl. VI.)
This interesting Lizard has lately been purchased by the Museum,
from a collection of Saurians recently made by Messrs. Wallace and
A id during their excursion within a circuit of about 300 miles of
ara.
Proc.Z.S.Reptilia, VI
i
\
i]
i
£
‘
eo?’
Seen SHEe
=En oe!
1 ANADIA OCELLATA. 2.EMMINIA OLIVACEA. 3.IPHISA ELEGANS
4, Hattom Garden.
5
Ford & West, Iathographers,
2
j
ay
vy a a
sh! i
iy
Por als Tae
mm
Proc Z.5.Aves. XX
J Wolf, lith M & N Hanhart Jmp*
SAUROPHAGUS DERBIANUS. Aaxzp
39
It is exceedingly interesting as presenting an entirely new form,
different in many particulars from any before observed ; so much so,
that I am induced to form for it a new family, to be placed near dina-
diade and Cherviolide, which may be thus characterized :—
1. IpHisaD&.
Scales of the back, belly, nape and throat smooth, broad, six-sided,
transverse, forming a single series’ on each side of the tail, narrow,
lanceolate, elongate, regularly keeled, in rings alternating with each
other; head shielded; chin shielded; ear open, circular; femoral
pores distinct.
IpHisa.
Head depressed, shielded; anterior frontal single, broad, four-
sided; posterior frontals two, small, subtrigonal; vertebral single,
rather elongate ; posterior vertebral two, small, five-sided ; occipital
three, larger, middle one narrow, longitudinal; superciliary shield
3-3, hinder smaller, anterior smallest; temple with small shields ;
labial shields moderate ; rostral and mental broad; chin entirely
shielded ; anterior single, transverse, first pair very large, triangular,
covering nearly the whole of the chin, second pair small, at the outer
hinder angle of the former ; nostrils lateral, in the lower edge of the
nasal shield, between it and the labial shield ; eyes large, lateral ; eye-
lids scaly?; ears circular, open; nape, back, throat and belly covered
with two series of broad, smooth scales; sides rounded, covered with
three or four series of six-sided, smooth scales, placed in oblique series ;
chest with a collar of five scales, the central one elongate, triangular,
the lateral ones four-sided, the outer pair very narrow; preanal
shields three, the central one elongate, narrow, subtriangular ; limbs
short, weak, covered with broad smooth shields above, the hinder
shield beneath ; femoral pores 10-10, distinct, the series nearly
united in front of the preanal plates; toes 5-5, unequal, the inner
very short, the outer hinder separated from the other by a space like
a thumb ; tail elongate, cylindrical, tapering, covered above and below
with whorls of narrow, elongate, regular, lanceolate, strongly keeled
pointed scales, those of each series alternating with those that suc-
ceed and follow it.
1. IpHisa ELEGANS. (Reptilia, Pl. VI. fig. 3.)
Olive-brown black marbled; sides darker, white varied ; chin and
beneath yellowish white,
Hab. Para.
2. DescripTIoNns oF somME New Birps in THE Museum
OF THE EARL oF DersBy. By Dr. Kavp.
(Aves, Pl. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.)
During my visit to London last year I had the honour to receive
an invitation from the Earl of Derby, to visit his collection at Knows-
ley Hall, with permission to use the materials I might find there for
40
the monography of Muscicapide on which J was engaged. Of that
collection I had already formed very high expectations; but I was
agreeably surprised by finding them all surpassed, so great is the rich-
ness of this noble collection. It contains more than 14,000 speci-
mens of stuffed birds, besides skins, which are not yet numbered.
What adds still greater interest to this collection is, that it contains
a large number of the original specimens described by Latham and
other English authors, of whose writings these specimens are the only
explanation. To the pleasure of working in so rich a collection must
be added the command of a colossal library, to which not one work
of importance is wanting. All this, with the aviaries of magnificent
living birds, from every zone of the world, must have the greatest
charm for the naturalist, and make Knowsley Hall for him a perfect
Eden, which once seen shall never be forgotten.
The new birds described here include only one portion of my re-
searches, because I could not finish so many genera. The materials
of the very rich family of Muscicapid@ are too extensive, for a com-
plete elucidation during the limited period of my visit from a foreign
country ; I wish my descriptions therefore to be considered only as
fragments.
The object of my visit to England was to collect materials for a
complete monography of the Muscicapide ; but notwithstanding the
many favours I received, and the extreme liberality with which my
labours were facilitated in every English collection, I must confess
with sorrow that I shall never be able to make a complete whole (per-
fectly free from objection), with materials collected in different mu-
seums. A perfect arrangement can only be achieved by the study of
the materials present together, so that at every moment a compari-
son may be made between any two or any number of the species.
Were it my good fortune to assemble the whole materials of one
family in my rooms at Darmstadt, one winter only would be neces-
sary to finish each family in such a manner as to satisfy the require-
ments of modern science.
Were any one museum willing to accord me the whole materials in
its possession, it is probable that all the supplementary species not
contained in that collection would be readily furnished by other mu-
seums, as the absence of a few species for a short period would be of
little or no importance.
That we can only climb to the summit of our science by means of
well-made monographies, there can be no possible doubt ; and I attach
a higher value to a monography constructed on philosophical prin-
ciples, than to the best fauna of any single part of the world: for
only by a strict comparison of the birds of the five parts of the globe
can we know what is a family, a subfamily, genus, species and sub-
species. Only in this way—a difficult way no doubt—can we learn
the true harmony of nature; and thus shall we be filled with admi-
ration, when we see that every species, genus, family or order repre-
sents a certain type, and must receive its place in a scheme of classi-
fication according to fixed laws, which man must discover, but over
which he has no control.
4]
This charm can never belong to merely descriptive ornithology,
because even the best descriptions are only like mosaic stones, which,
when placed without rules, or arranged according to false principles,
give us only a scattered mass of heterogeneous materials, or a picture
destitute of truth.
These claims I have urged over and over again in my dissertations,
but hitherto without effect. When shall the time arrive when a
catholic spirit shall guide the destinies of science, and lead onward to
that triumph of true knowledge, in which every director of a mu-
seum, and every student of the works of nature, may take his part ?
At present it is impossible that a naturalist can without help
arrange the whole materials of one class in his museum. Our mu-
seums are little more than great exhibitions for the people, who look
too often only to colour, instead of being stores of nature’s trea-
sures, ready to be communicated to every naturalist who has proved
himself worthy of the name. Every museum ought to accord freely
and liberally the wished-for materials, for this is the cheapest way in
which a family can be properly named and accurately classed. The
common excuse that the lent materials might come to harm, is little
more than an excuse. Time and destructive insects will do the harm,
without the slightest advantage to science.
Nisus (seu ACCIPITER) CHIONOGASTER, Kaup.
Diagnosis.—Above dark blue grey, beneath pure white.
Description.—The male is less than the Nis. fringillarius. Above
dark blue grey, the crown, lorum, and a stripe over the eye- and ear-
cover feathers more approaching to black; ear-covering, cheek and
crop with fine black quill lines; tail with three black bands and a
broader band at the end, which is white bordered ; the underside of
the tail has the bands more silver-grey ; the first tail-feather with five
bands before the large end-band; the wings on the inner side with
four bands before the large end-band. Before the emarginations the
bands are grey, and after them whiter.
The larger female with a white eye-stripe, and broader black quill
stripe on the crop; the cover feathers of the tibia with a fine rufous tint.
According to the ticket of M. de Lattre, the iris of the female is
orange, and that of the male dark brown, like burnt sienna.
These two specimens were procured by M. de Lattre in Coban, in
the year 1843.
Dimensions in millimetres.— 3 Q
IGA eset ehcke Joho cxtetesea>' AO’ pice. aerate
LEG eee Senet elder LG we <Page 19
AOS pets ce aso ion D7 Omer eae 206
DS bets Whe ete, eed el TAO oy: eteas = 160
NPD actetene: A heel ce csek eae AST ars aA 56
Middle toe without nail... 32 ...... 37
We possess several species in the genus Nisus, Cuv., seu Accipiter
of the English authors. Most of these are very near to the common
Sparrow-Hawk ; and I think some of them, like the North American
42
fuscus seu velox, the African rufiventris, the madagascariensis, and
perhaps the erythrocnemius of G. Gray, are not true species, but that
they are subspecies of the common European Misus fringillarius,
forming a group amongst themselves, and exhibiting by no means
the decided differences apparent between fringillarius and pileatus,
or pileatus and tachiro.
In the same near relation to the chiquera of Western Africa do I
consider the true chiquera, Vaill. 30, from India; and this opinion I
found on the following characteristics.
The West African chiquera has the body above darker cinereous,
with very distinct narrow black lines, and the stripe beneath the eye,
and the black stripe over the eye and ear-covers, are more distinct ;
the rufous head with darker fine stripes.
The Indian chiquera has the head without stripes; the body above
lighter grey, with very few traces of black bands ; and the black semi-
circle round the eye is shorter and not so complete.
But these slight differences will not justify us in considering the
West African chiquera as a true species distinct from the Indian true
chiquera ; it is only a subspecies of the latter true species. As such
we must make a distinction, and as such it must be accorded a place
in the system. I think the best way is to give a description of the
oldest known subspecies, and arrange all the other subspecies with
different names, distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, a, 4, ¢,
&c., amongst the true species. In this way it would only be neces-
sary to give a very short description of the subspecies, consisting of
the few marks by which it differs from the old known subspecies.
Until we have discovered all the species contained in one and the
same subgenus, we can never say with certainty whether a given speci-
men represents a true species, or only a subspecies; I must there-
fore confess that in the following descriptions of the family Musci-
capide, it is very probable that I have described as species some spe-
cimens which hereafter will be arranged as subspecies, when the whole
species composing the subgenus are completely known.
One of the most interesting birds in the collection of Lord Derby
is a little Falcon, belonging to the subfamily Falconine, which en-
abled me to correct the characters of the genus Harpagus.
The characters must be changed as follows :—Bill large, with two
teeth, slender and indistinct, or strong and distinct ; wings short, and
in the proportions of the quills very like Nisus seu Accipiter ; toes
short, and the inner and outer toes of the same length.
The genus Harpagus must be divided into two subgenera.
The older subgenus Harpagus must be distinguished by the follow-
ing characters :—Two strong and distinct teeth; the nostrils placed
near the end of a soft membrane covering a large cavity; tibia with
scales not divided.
Two species, diodon and bidentatus.
The other subgenus, in which this new species must be placed,
must be characterized :—Two slender indistinct teeth; the nostrils
round, very small, and bored in the nasal bones; the first wing-
43
feathers with very distinct emarginations, the fourth the longest ;
tibia with whole and divided scales (fig. 3).
I give this subgenus the name of Spiziapteryx, and the species I
have named
HARPAGUS CIRCUMCINCTUS.
Diag.—Size of the Kestril, with white stripe over the eye, which
encircles the whole head and is connected with a white collar; the
tail-covers, above and beneath, white.
Descr.—Rufous ash-grey, beneath lighter, with dark brown shaft-
stripes; the white stripe over the eye, and the collar black marginated ;
tibia-covers white; the arm and hand wings white at the roots, and
like the stronger cover-feathers, with white spots and bands on the
inner and outer webs ; the first wing-feather without spots on the ex-
terior web, and with fine white spots on the interior web ; tail black-
brown; beneath with white roots and three small white bands and
an end band; the fifth without spots on the exterior web; the
fourth with only traces; the third exhibits round white spots ;
and the two exterior feathers are white-banded. From this very
irregular distribution of spots, the tail, seen from above, exhibits a
very irregular drawing. Cere, naked eye region and feet yellow;
nails dark brown.
I apprehend that this specimen, the only one in England, is not a
very old bird. Lord Derby received this bird from Chili, by Mr.
Bridges.
Dimen.—Head, 49; bill, from the cere, 16; from the gape, 22;
height, 13; breadth, 20; over wing, 123; tip of the wing, 56; middle
tail-feather, 148 ; outer tail-feather, 115; tarsus, 45 ; middle-toe, 26 ;
nail, 11; outer-toe, 174; nail, 10; inner-toe, 16; nail, 12; after-toe,
13; nail, 13.
A new species of the subgenus SauropHacus, Swains.
In the little subgenus Sawrophagus, Swains., we had, till now, only
three species. These are, lictor, sulphuratus, and flavus. I received
by Mr. Wollweber from Zacatecas in Mexico an only specimen of a
fourth species; but I found in the collection of Lord Derby, and in
the British Museum, a great number of the same species.
To this species I have given the name of Derbyanus, as a mark of
my respect for that distinguished patron of ornithological science, the
Earl of Derby, President of the Zoological Society.
All the species of this little subgenus have the same general colour-
ing, and are distinguished only by very few characters taken from the
colouring of the wings and from the dimensions. The young ones
have, like the young birds of Scaphorhynchus, the bill shorter and
bigger, and the head is black, without the beautiful crest of the old
birds. The old birds have a white front, connected with a white
band over the eyes and over the black ear-covers, and surrounding
the black head, which in the middle is ornamented with a yellow
crest; the chin and underpart of the neck white; breast, belly,
44
under-wings and tail-covers yellow; back olive-coloured ; wings and
tail brown, with red margins.
SaAuROPHAGUS LICTOR, Gray & Mitch. Genera of Birds, t. 62.
Lanius lictor, Licht.—Saurophagus pusillus, Swains.—Swainsonii,
Gould.
Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ;
wings 86 mm. long. It shows the finest bill, a more graduated tail,
and the smallest dimensions.
Hab. Brazil, Para.
SAUROPHAGUS SULPHURATUS.
Lanius, Gmel.—Tyrannus, Vieill. Enl. 296.
Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ;
wings 110--114 mm. long.
Hab. Amer. meridional.
SAUROPHAGUS FLAVUS, Gray.
Corvus, Gmel.
Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ;
wings 126-130 mm. long.
Hab. Brazil meridional. Bolivia.
Sauropuacus Dersianus, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVI.)
Diag.—The wing-feathers from the second to the sixteenth have
the whole outer webs on the greatest part of the length rufous ;
wings 128 mm. long.
Hab. Zacatecas, in Mexico.
Comparison of the dimensions.—
Saur. Saur. Saur. Saur.Der-
lictor. sulphuratus. JSlavus. byanus.
ead Freee ke dhs gained b .. 53-58 .. 60-62 .. 60
Bill, from the forehead... 22 .. 29-30 .. 35 .. 32
—— from the gape...... 26 .. 32-36 .. 4042 .. 38
Wings WER PL SS, OS 86 .. 110-114... 130 .. 128
Tath.. tA 3814. oe Be ae 74 .. 82-86 .. 100 .. 92
Tarsus «akg? Qor re oat LOR E25 =27 2 SPB! Cet tO
Middle-toe with the nail... — .. 21 pe HOBOS ME DE
In these dimensions Saurophagus Derbianus is very near to Saur.
flavus.
In what relation with the subgenus Seaphorhynchus, Pr. Max., this
little subgenus Sawrophagus is to be placed, I shall determine in my
next monography, Muscicapide.
Of the subgenus Scaphorhynchus, Ch. Bonaparte, in his very use-
ful Conspectus, has given five species :—pitangua, flaviceps, atriceps,
audazx, and chrysocephalus.
The species flaviceps and atriceps must go down, because flaviceps,
Sw., is a female, and atriceps a young bird of pitangua; audax does
45
not belong to this subgenus, and is to be placed in the neighbourhood
of rufinus, Spix, and cireumeinctus, Sw., which have the same bill
and similar covering.
We have only two species, pitangua and chrysocephalus, Tchudi,
in the section of Scaphorhynchus.
Scaphorhynchus, with its broad bill, shorter and feebler tarsi and
toes, represents more the Swallow type, and must be placed in the
second rank of his genus.
Before I finish I may allow myself the observation, that, till now,
the whole family of Muscicapide has been in a condition of the great-
est confusion, and that the greatest number of genera must go down,
or must be considered as subgenera of some larger genera. As an
example of the way in which this is to be effected, I give for instance
the genus Psaris, into which I transplant three genera of the new
authors.
Some remarks on the genus Psaris, Cuv.
The genus Psaris, which is synonymous with Tityra, Vieill., is a
true genus, which cannot be considered as the only type of a sub-
family, and which cannot be divided into several genera. It is an
indivisible genus, which I have separated into some little subgenera
only. I prefer, from well-known reasons, the name Psaris.
The characters of this genus are :—Thick, strong, slightly com-
pressed bill, without strong bristle-feathers on the mouth gape ; tarsi
moderately high, with broad scales on the front; on the sides and
behind with small scales. The old males have the second hand wing-
Seather abnormously short and of an unusual formation. The females
and young birds have the wings regular.
The species of this large genus are limited to the southern parts of
America.
a. Subgenus CHLoRopsaRIs.
They have the bill and the feathered lorum of the Pachyrhamphus,
but the wings are shorter and the tail more graduated. Size of a
Sparrow, colouring more variegated and greenish on the back.
1. Psaris Cuvrert, Swains. Spix, tab. 45. 2.
2. Ps. arRicaPILLus. Muscicapa, Gmel. Enl. C. 871g. 8319.
3. Ps. verRsicoLtor. Vireo, Hartlaub.
6. Subgenus Pacuyruampuus, G. Gray.
The bill unicolor black, shorter than the head, not compressed on
the sides ; the bristle-feathers moderately long ; the abnormous hand-
feather like Chloropsaris, with broader inner webs and emarginated
only on the tip; tail unicolor, very little graduated. Size of a Lanius
colurio. The colouring is dark and not so variegated.
We can give by the diagnosis the colouring of the abnormous hand-
feather of the males.
46
4. Ps. vauipus. Lanius validus, Licht.
The second hand wing-feather with a long white spot on the inner
web, which reaches to the third part of its length.
5. Ps. nigrescens. Pach. nigrescens, Cab.
The second hand wing-feather black, with white margin on the ex-
terior web.
6. Ps. pecrorauis. Pach. pectoralis, Swains.
The second hand wing-feather black, with white spot near the root,
and fine white exterior margin.
7. Ps. Acuatm. Pach. Aglaia, Laft.
The second hand wing-feather with an oval white spot near the
root, and without white exterior margin.
ec. Subgenus Psaris.
The red and black bill on the anterior part more compressed, and
like Cassicus, with broad root, surrounded by the frontal feathers ;
lorum and eye region naked ; the bristle-feathers over the gape very
indistinct ; the second hand wing-feather extremely narrow, formed
like a sword, without an emargination on the tip. The colouring is
silver-grey, like Zanius excubitor, with more or less black head, face,
wings and tail. Size of Lanius excubitor.
8. Ps. cayanus, Cuv.
The black colour covers the whole head, and extends to the tip of
the ear-feathers ; the bill two-thirds red-coloured ; tail black, on the
root only white or silver-grey ; the wings 116-122, and the abnormous
second hand-feather 40 mm. long.
9. Ps. BRASILIENSIS, Swains.
The black of the ear-feathers extends further than the black of the
head; the bill one-third red-coloured ; the inner webs of the wings
white-bordered ; the wings 129, and the abnormous second hand-
feather 41 mm. long.
This species is probably a subspecies of cayanus.
10. Ps. semirasciatus. Pach. semifasciatus, Spix, t. 442.
The black on the head covers only the front to the eye, and de-
scends to the anterior ear-feathers round the eye to the chin; tail
black, with a silver-grey or white band under the tail-covers, and a
white band on the tip; the wings 127-134, and the abnormous
second hand-feather 46 mm. long; it is on the exterior web black,
and on the interior white.
The female with dirty brown head and a greyish brown back, with
a tinge of red.
1]. Ps. maximus, Kp.
In the collection of Lord Derby I found a young bird of very large
Proc. 4.5.Aves. XXXVII
J Wolf, ith
M & N. Hanhact, i
PSARIS FRASERI.Kaup.é.
J.Wolf hth.
~
2
SARIS
FRASERII.Aaup.?
Proc. %.S.Aves XXXVIII.
M&N Hanhart, Imp*
o\
47
dimensions, which does not belong to any of the preceding species.
The bill is reddish on the root; the under parts are lighter than on
the young cayanus; the stripes are more obsolete, and are reduced
on the side as black shaft-stripes; shafts of the tail reddish brown ;
under tail and interior wing-covers white, without spots.
Ps. cayanus. Ps. maximus.
Dice HEA teat te te) OL eae em OD
Gape. . x ed 35
Wier e.. 129 129
Aare are ee, 2 ed Dee ee 73
Height of the bill ..... 11 13
readthes oes so. 12 134
It would be very interesting to discover the old bird of this species.
d. Subgenus Eraror.
It unites the size, colouring and formation of the second hand-
feather of the true Psaris with the bill and feathered lorum and eye
region of the other subgenera.
This little subgenus, with its mixed characters, gives the clearest
proof that Psaris, Pachyrhamphus and Bathmidurus cannot be con-
sidered as true genera.
12. Ps. rnquisiror, Orb. Lanius inquisitor, Olf.
Diag.—Tail black.
Descr.—The male with black head and white ear-covers, connected
with a white collar, which divides the black head from the silver-grey
body ; tail black, at the root white, which extends to the margins of
the inner webs ; end of the tail without white band ; the second hand-
feather on the inner web white.
The female (Jardinii, erythrogenys, Selbyi, and Nattereri, Sw.)
with white front and rufous ear-covers.
13. Ps. Fraseru, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVIT. XXXVIII.)
Diag.—Tail two-thirds white, with black white-bordered end.
Descr.—The head to the ear-covers black; ear-covers and under
the posterior part of the eye white; the second hand wing-feather
light ash-grey, with white root.
The dimensions of these two species are nearly the same :—head,
52; gape, 32; height of the bill, 10; breadth, 14-15; wing, 105-
113; tail, 63-70.
I give to this very distinct species the name of a very able zoolo-
gist, who is going a second time to Western Africa. From this jour-
ney we may anticipate the greatest benefit to our science, and we wish
Mr. Fraser the best success. For all his kind assistance in the col-
lection of Lord Derby I give him my best thanks.
e. Subgenus BarumipuRvus, Cab.
They have the bill like Chloropsaris, Pachyrhamphus and Erator,
but the tail in most of the species is more graduated. The colouring
48
of it is black, with white or yellow end spots. Size of a Finch. The
predominating colour of the males is black, white and grey.
In this little subgenus we have different type-species, about which
the different subspecies arrange themselves. One of these is
Ps. MARGINATUS.
Head-feathers black, on the tip with steel-blue; wings black ;
shoulder-covers, wing-covers and arm-wings white marginated ; tail
graduated, black with broad white tip.
The female has all the margins and the under parts rufous yellow,
the back greenish, and the head darker coloured.
a. Ps. MARGINATUS MINOR.
Lorum and a small line on the front whitish ; ear-covers, back part
of the neck, lower part of the back light grey; upper part of the
back black ; all the under parts white with grey tint ; the abnormous
second hand-feather white, on the exterior web on the root with a black
spot, and from this spot till the end; along the shaft on the interior
web a small long black stripe.
6. Ps. MARGINATUS MAJOR. Bathmidurus major, Cab.
Lorum and a small line on the front whitish ; before the eye a
black spot of bristle-feathers; the shoulder-covers all white; over-
back black ; the abnormous second hand-feather longer, white, with
a small stripe along the shafts on both sides.
c. Ps. MARGINATUS TRISTIS, Kp.
Without a small white line on the front; lorum and the whole
head black ; the feathers on this part are more massive on the tip,
and have more lustre; the shoulder-covers only on the tip white ;
the whole neck and upper part of the back black ; lower part of the
back, ear-covers and all the under parts dark grey, mixed with black ;
the tail has not so much white on the tip ; the under side of the wings
with smaller white margins ; the second abnormous hand wing-feather
on the inner web whitish with grey spots, on the outside black, with a
grey margin on two-thirds of the upper part ; the emargination on the
tip very distinct.
Mus. Derb.
. Ps.marg. Ps. marg. Ps.marq.
Comparison.— picnare aber pit ms
] 3
EGaghgeee ns. We ees scone eee A OO. 55 SOUTSOM Jd 37
From the gape to the tip of the bill 18 .. 19 19 .. 20
Wing 2 as 08 : . and Aceon .ck. eG hires 8400 FB ai ale
Tail ono: cepneeortion ob SRO fens DO! ohh o64'oH56 vere 262
A new species in the collection of Lord Derby and in the British
Museum, forming a second type-species, I have called
Ps. PARINUS, Kaup.
Size of Parus major ; head-feathers black, with a soft violet lustre,
and not imitating the form of scales; lorum, ear-covers and all the
49
under parts dirty white; the whole back and shoulder-covers grey ;
the little plumage of the wings black or grey, with whitish margins ;
hand-wings black, arm-wings dark grey, marginated with whitish
yellow ; the inner webs of the wings broadly marginated with whitish
yellow ; tail-feathers grey, along the shafts black and on the margin
narrowly bordered with yellowish white ; the second abnormous hand-
feather with broader inner web black, with white margin from the
emargination to the end, and with a large long white spot from the
root to two-thirds of the feather.
The female rufous with darker head ; wings black-brown, with pre-
dominating rufous yellow margins ; belly and under tail-covers lighter-
coloured.
This species comes from Para.
Very near to this species must be placed the Psaris surinamus
(Muscicapa, Gmel.), which is characterized with the following dia-
gnosis :—Caudd rotundatd, apice albd ; corpore nigro, subtus albo.
I have not hitherto seen this species, nor Ps. niger variegatus and
melanoleucus.
Dimensions of Ps. parinus :—head, 34; gape, 17; wing, 68; tail, 49.
Genus SetopHaGa, Swains.
This genus is one of the finest of the whole family of Muscicapide.
Tt is found only in America. Only one species inhabits the northern
part, namely the very distinct species, Set. ruticilla, with its yellow
or red-banded wings and tail. The tail-feathers are pointed.
The greater part inhabit the southern parts. They form various
little subgenera, distinguished by their very different colourmg. One
of these, and I think the most beautiful, is the little section to which
the following species belong. They have much yellow on the head
and under side; on the over parts dark cinereous.
SETOPHAGA RUFICORONATA, Kp.
Diag.—With red head-spot ; the first tail-feather all white.
Descr.—The hind ear-feathers black ; front, lorum and eye-region
yellow ; the first tail-feather all white; the second white, with black
spot on the outer web, and black margin on the inner web; under
tail-covers black-spotted,
Mus. Derbyanum.
Very near to this species is
SET. RUFICAPILLA, Cab.,
of which Bonaparte gives the diagnosis in the following manner :—
Fusco-plumbea, subtus omnino flava, lateribus fuscis ; pileo castaneo,
rectricibus extimis apice albis. Guiana.
SET. LEUCOMPHOMMA, Kp.
Diag.—Lorum, eye-region and chin white.
Descr.—FKar-covers black, the yellow colour reaching only to the
after part of the eye; tail and under tail-covers like ruficoronata.
Hab. Bogota. Mus. Derb.
No. CCXXII.—Procrepineés OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
50
Set. ORNATA, Boss.
Diag.—The whole head beautiful yellow.
Descr.—The head-feathers longer (10 mm.) ; the face and chin
white ; the anterior ear-feathers on the tip black, the hind ear-feathers
all white ; the first tail-feather all white, the second only on the basal
inner web black ; under tail-covers black-spotted.
Hab. Andes. Mus. Derb.
Ser. FLAVEOLA, Lafr.
Diag.—The hind ear-feathers with black stripes.
Descr.—The face orange ; the anterior ear-feathers black, the hind
ear-feathers yellow, black-striped ; under tail-covers white ; the first
to the third tail-feather with white shaft and shaft-spot, which is en-
larged on the tip.
Hab. Columbia. Mus. Derb.
A third type-species is vULNERATA, Wagl.
The species belonging to this type-species have the breast and
belly beautiful red.
They are natives of Mexico.
Set. vULNERATA, Wagl.
Above cinereous, with black front, throat and rufous spot on the
head ; first to third tail-feather with white spots on the tip.
Set. prcra, Swains. Zool. Ill. t. 3. tricolor, Licht.
Above, throat and sides of the lower parts black; margins of the
first hand-wing and the three least arm-wings white, like the cover-
feathers of the wings; the first and second tail-feather nearly all
white, the third white, with broad black margin on the inner web.
SET. MULTICOLOR, Bonap.
Black ; front, small band over the wing-covers, belly and the tips
of the tail-feathers white.
A fourth type-species is
Set. VERTICALIS, Lafr.
Cinereous, head rufous; breast and belly yellow; the first tail-
feather three-fourths, the second half, and the third only on the tip
white.
Hab. Bogota. Mus. Derb.
Set. FLAMMEA, Kp.
Breast and belly orange; the first to the third tail-feathers only on
the tips white.
Hab. Guatimala. Mus. Derb.
SET. MELANOCEPHALA, Tchudi, p. 192. t. 12. 1.
A small line of the front, lorum, eye-region, like all the lower parts,
yellow ; the four exterior tail-feathers white.
Hab. Peru. Mus. Derb.
51
Genus TYRANNULA, Swains.
The genus Tyrannula, as Prince Ch. Bonaparte has apprehended
it, is too large, and the forty species must be divided into some natu-
ral genera and different subgenera.
The manner of arranging these species in geographical sections is
very simple, but very often the wrongest way, although so very clear
that it can be understood by everybody. It is true that some genera
are limited to a certain part of the world; but there are also many
genera which are composed of species from all parts of the world, or
from different zones of the same part of the earth.
A very natural section is formed by the species which Bonaparte
called “ Ultimi Tyrannorum sive Tyrannularum prime.”
The bill of the length of the head; over the nostrils as high as
broad ; the back rounded off; the gape bristle-feathers of moderate
length ; the wings moderately long, reaching to the tail-cover feathers ;
the tip of the wing short ; the first wing-feather as long as the eighth,
third and fourth the longest ; the long tail of the length of the body ;
the head unicolor, without yellow crest, but the feathers can be erected ;
above dirty olive, with darker-coloured head; gorge and over breast
ash-grey ; the belly yellowish; the margins of the wings and tail ru-
fous.
1. Tyr. Coorrrt. Muscicapa, Nuttall.
With shorter wings than mexicanus, but with longer bill, like erz-
nita; throat and over breast light grey, not so dark as crinita; the
black stripe along the inner webs of the tail-feathers is broader, like
stolida.
Hab. Northern America and Chili. Brit. Mus.
2. Tyr. crinira. Muscicapa, Linn. ; irritadilis, Viel.
With longer wings; throat and over breast darker grey; all the
wing-feathers, except the first, black-brown with rufous margins.
Hab. North America. In every museum.
3. Tyr. Gosst1, Bonap.
With longer wings ; the anterior part of the outer webs of the first
and second hand-wing whole rufous ; the head darker, and the ash-
grey dark, like crinita.
Hab. Jamaica. Brit. Mus.
4, Tyr. mexicana, Kaup.
With short wings; all the wing-feathers, except the first, with ru-
fous margins ; breast light ash-grey ; above lighter.
Mr. Wollweber sent me this species, which I found also in the
British Museum.
5. Tyr. stottpa. Myobius, Gosse.
With short wings; the rufous margins on the wing-feathers very
fine ; the black stripe along the shafts of the inner webs of the tail-
52
feathers reaching only to the middle of the feathers; the inner webs
of the exterior tail-feathers with extinguished bands.
Hab. Jamaica. Brit. Mus.
Comparison of the dimensions.—
Tyr. Tyr. Tyr. Tyr. Tyr.
Cooperi. crinita. Gossit. mexicana. stolida.
Headisuit teil niin 46°, tnec4burs 7) AB ahd oa as
Bill from the gape 28 .. 28 .. 31 .. 24 .. 24
Wings 8 2 et 9400, 2002105 Joe] 04on $098, BE
Pails SP ALM 88 .. 89-94 .. 95 ..86-90.. 82
Parsus). 2h ee 22a dys), DUO west eZ 4oow, M220 GrewD
It is possible that all these species are subspecies of one or two type-
species. This point, however, can only be determined by future re-
searches.
Genus TopIRHAMPHUS.
I found in the collection of Lord Derby two new species belonging
to this genus.
Top. PECTORALIS.
Green, with a white spot before the eye; throat and chin dark ash-
grey; next this with white on the crop; breast light ash-grey ; the
inner margins of the wing-feathers and the inner wing-covers yellow ;
outer margins of the wing-feathers and tail olive ; belly and sides white.
Head, 28; gape, 14; wing, 45; tail, 42; tarsus, 15 mm. long.
Hab. ? Mexico.
ToD. RUFICEPS.
With red head and dark ash-grey occipital feathers; next this an
ash-grey collar; over part of the wings black, with two light yellow
bands ; wing- and tail-feathers with olive margins, which on the arm-
wings are more white; lorum black ; ear-covers brownish; chin and
throat white, with brownish tint, and divided from the yellow under
parts with a black striped band; the tibial feathers black.
Head, 26; gape, 13; wing, 46; tail, 36; tarsus, 17 mm. long.
Hab. * Mexico.
PHRYNORHAMPHUS, Kaup. Smithornis, Ch. Bonap.
The bill very broad, half as high as broad, with sharp culmen ; the
wings short ; the first wing-feather long, nearly as long as the seventh,
the second as long as the third and fourth ; outer toe at the base con-
nected with the middle toe.
I am strongly inclined to believe that this section does not possess
the song-muscles.
PHRYNORHAMPHUS CAPENSIS. Platyrhynchus capensis, A. Sm.
Deser.—Upper mandible black, lower mandible yellow; front and
lorum rufous yellow; head black; the bristle-feathers with white
53
roots ; ear-covers ash-grey, with whitish shafts and shaft-spots ; back
olive-grey, with black spots ; the roots of all the feathers on the back
pure white ; wing-covers with rufous yellow margins, which form two
small bands; lower parts white, on the sides tinted with brownish
rufous, and with broad black shaft-spots ; the middle of the throat,
belly and under tail-covers white; tail black-brown, with olive
margins.
Head, 40; gape, 22; height of the bill, 7 ; breadth, 12; wing, 72;
tail, 55; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 15 mm. long.
Lord Derby’s collection. Brit. Mus.
A communication was received from Dr. G. R. Bonyan, of British
Guiana, on the Raptorial Birds of that country, of which the follow-
ing is an abstract :—
3. Nores oN THE RaproriAu Birps or British Guiana.
By Dr. G. R. Bonyan.
There are, I believe, only three species of Vulture in British Gui-
ana. The first is the well-known
KING OF THE VULTURES.
Sarcorhamphus Papa of Dumeril.—Irubicha, Azara.—Vultur
Papa, Linn.—Le Roi des Vautours, Cuv.—Carrion Crow Governor
of negroes.
There is a very good drawing of this bird in Latham’s ‘General Hi-
story of Birds.’ It is by no means common in Demerara, but young
birds are occasionally brought from the upper rivers, particularly
the upper parts of the Mahaica and Mahaicony creeks, where they
abound, to the town. They are easily tamed and eat any sort of
meat, not showing a particular predilection to putrid meat. Although
I have seen this bird in its wild state, I have never witnessed it alight-
ing upon a carcase ; the common Carrion Crows, it is said, cede place
until the king has fed. Mr. Waterton witnessed this singular fact,
and I have heard it corroborated by more than one person of veracity.
I know nothing of its habits or nidification. The colours about the
head and neck are remarkably beautiful and varied, and have a downy
bloom as it were, which it is impossible to imitate by painting the
preserved specimen.
The Common Carrion Crow. Cathartes iota.
If this bird be the same as ‘“‘ Vultur iota” of Charles Bonaparte,
it is imperfectly described by Cuvier as having only the head naked ;
whereas it has the head and the neck more than half way down,
naked, warty and black ; nor is its plumage of a shining black, but
dull and inky. The Carrion Crow is seen over the whole surface of
the country, either soaring on dry sunny days at an immense height
in the air, or swooping down in wide gyrations towards the ground.
If a carcase be thrown out on a dam, no Carrion Crow being within
the range of vision, after a short time one will be seen in a distant
od
part of the horizon; presently another will appear ; then another and
another, until they will be observed coming from all quarters; not,
however, in a direct line towards the object, but in more or less ex-
tensive gyrations. ‘There can be no doubt that the first Carrion Crow
that sees the object, by an increased energetic quickness of its flight,
gives notice to those which are within its sphere of vision that there
is game in view, which accounts satisfactorily enough for the vast
number of these birds which are collected from every quarter of the
horizon in so short a time after a dead body is exposed. Indeed, to
the eye of the common observer, the difference of motion of a Vultur
cota on the look-out, and after it has sighted its quarry, is very re-
markable. The former is a slow, steady and gentle soar, in small
gyrations, at an equal height ; the head of the bird, if it be examined
with a glass, being seen turning from side to side. The latter is a
rapid and energetic advance, every hundred yards or so the speed
being increased by several vigorous flaps of the wings. It appears to
me to be quite unnecessary to enter into the discussion, as to whether
this bird hunts by sight or scent, as it is quite sufficiently established
that it is assisted by both senses. The instant a snake is killed, the
Carrion Crow will, if in the neighbourhood, sight the object, and
speedily descend and commence his attacks upon the dead animal.
Or if a negro lets fall a calabash with eggs, and they are broken, the
Carrion Crow will soon be seen feasting on the unwonted luxury. If,
on the other hand, a body be imperfectly interred, this bird will, so
soon as putrefaction has commenced, be seen in the neighbourhood
perched upon a tree or tombstone, and apparently much puzzled to
know where the piece of mortality can lie concealed which evolves
the, to him, delicious fragrancy. If the body be that of a tough-
skinned animal, such as an ox or horse, the Crows will wait, perched
on trees in the neighbourbood, until putrefaction has softened it suffi-
ciently for them to feed on it. Their bills and feet are remarkably
weak. They build in very high trees nests of broken sticks. The
eggs when broken have a semi-putrid odour. It is worthy of remark
that the Carrion Crow is common about the streets of New Amster-
dam, scarcely getting out of the way of the passengers; while in George-
town, not more than sixty miles distance, this bird is never seen in
the streets. The former town is said to be much more cleanly and
well-kept than the latter.
The YELLOW-NECKED CARRION Crow.
This bird is smaller and more slender than the common Carrion
Crow. It is found principally about the creeks of Mahaica and Ma-
haicony. It is less numerous than the Black-headed Carrion Crow.
It is not either so gregarious a feeder, and appears to search for
smaller carcases, such as the putrid fish on the dried savannahs bor-
dering the creeks. There is certainly, with the exception of the
colour of the head and neck, the absence of warts, and the slender
form of the body, but a very slight specific difference between this
bird and the former. The colour is black, with blue and greenish
iridescence.
595
The Fisninc-Hawk. Pandion.
A very handsome little fishing Eagle. I do not think this is the
same species as Le Balbusard of Cuvier. It enlivens very much the
scene about the flat swampy lands of the sea-coast, when the trenches
are full with the mixed tide and bush water. It hovers for a length
of time in one spot at a considerable height, and then suddenly de-
scends vertically on its finny prey, or it alters its position to another
part of the trench. When it makes a capture it flies off to a neigh-
bouring tree to devour it.
The Larce Buus Hawk or THE CaTARACTs.
This bird I shot with a single bullet while descending the long and
swift rapid of Twansinki, lat. 5°, on the Essequibo. It is very rarely
seen on the lower parts of the rivers. The manner of its death was
as follows, as I find on referring to my journal of the trip:—10th
November. An exciting day’s journey in the descent of the rapids
between Twansinki and Waraputa. Some of these we did not ven-
ture to shoot, as it is called, but had to let the boat down, by means
of the tow-line, most ignominiously, stern foremost. We had, how-
ever, the satisfaction of being very nearly swamped in descending a
long rapid in the lower Twansinki range, which made up somewhat
for the slight we considered had been put upon our courage by our
coxswain, Hermanus, refusing to shoot down those rapids he con-
sidered to be dangerous. Our indignation against the noble captain
was considerably cooled. The great danger in the descent of these
long rapids is from the boat being carried down by the rush of the
torrent, and the bow being at the same time more or less submerged
by the curling back of the water, when it meets the resistance of the
rocks in its passage. Thus the descent, although very swift, is ina
succession of violent plunges, at each of which the boat, if not
built with a sufficient spring in the bow, which was unfortunately the
case with us, takes in a large quantity of water, and is in great dan-
ger of being swamped before it reaches the foot of the rapid. Every-
thing depends of course on the way the boat has on it, and our crew,
on this occasion, urged by the frantic gestures and shouting of the
steersman and bowman, pulled with amazing vigour and energy. In
the very midst of the hurly-burly of this descent, a Large Blue Hawk
flew rapidly across our bow and alighted on a high dry tree. My
soul had long yearned after a “‘ Blue Hawk” of the Cataracts. Be-
fore I could fairly cover it, the bird was eighty yards behind us. The
report of the gun was scarcely audible in the tremendous noise, and
the Hawk for a second remained immoveable and apparently unhurt,
when his head sunk, his body swung forward, and the powerful grasp
of his talons relaxing in death, he fell plumb down.
There are three species of Iéycter, or “Carracarra Hawks,”’ as
they are called by the creoles. These are very numerous on the
banks of the rivers and creeks, and appear to be continually on the
alert, flying from tree to tree, alighting and scratching on the sands,
and indeed being the only specimens of the bird kind on the higher
56
rivers which are always to be met with during the whole day. The
first is
The Lavcuine Hawk.
A well-known bird, which has been described by Waterton, Schom-
burgk and others. It is remarkably noisy, and is generally seen in
company with three or four others of the same species flying about
and perching on the high trees on the borders of creeks, uttering
almost constantly a discordant loud gabbling, from whence it has got
the name of the ‘Laughing Hawk.” This bird feeds on eggs, young
birds, insects, and does not despise certain sorts of fruit. It is, in
fact, omnivorous.
The YeLLow-HEADED CarracaRRA Hawk.
Smaller than the preceding. Three or four are generally seen to-
gether. They frequent chiefly in the months of September, October,
and November, when the guana and river turtle lay their eggs, the
extensive sand-banks on the river Essequibo, beyond the first rapids
in latitude 6° 10’. I have seen them in companies of from three to
five, assiduously scratching up the sand in which the guana or turtle
had laid ; and as these reptiles deposit their eggs at least eight inches
beneath the surface, their rasorial powers are very considerable. The
sands on this part of the Essequibo extend in every direction, lying
on the beautiful bosom of the placid river, among finely wooded islands
of all sizes, with most inviting sand beaches, enticing you to land at
every turn. If you do land, you will probably see on the hard fine
sand the scrambling track of a guana, which, if petrified, would set
a paleontologist frantic with delight. Close by, the steadier and
more decided footstep of the cayman, clearly showing that he is made
of somewhat sterner stuff than his herbivorous friend, and still further
off, a camoude has dragged his slow length along. There are tracks
of turtle, ducks, snipes, lizards, and all sorts of Coprie; in fact, a
first-rate piece of interesting geology, only not baked or compressed
yet. Edging the bank is the eternal forest.
The RED-HEADED CARRACARRA.
This bird is of the same size as the preceding, but its habits are
somewhat different, as its food appears to be principally confined to
insects and small reptiles. I found the stomach of one I dissected
full of fragments of beetles. Mr. Swainson places these birds at the
head of the Kites, where they are certainly more naturally situated
than among the Eagles, where they are placed by Cuvier.
The next birds are the Awl-beaked Fish-Hawks. I only know
two, and they are very near one another.
The Lancer AWL-BEAKED FisH-Hawk
Is remarkable for the great length of the curve of the upper man-
dible, and is somewhat larger than the next. Both are savannah
birds, feeding on freshwater fish. They are often seen in large flocks,
particularly on an extensive savannah, through a part of which is dug
57
the freshwater canal called the ‘‘ Lamaha,’’ which was intended to
supply the city of Georgetown with water. They prey particularly
on the Hassar (Callichthys, Schomb.). This curious fish, which
builds a nest in or under which it lays its eggs, is found in abundance
in the small pools and water-holes of the savannahs. It is a very do-
mestic fish. The female, when the time for spawning arrives, collects
a number of small pieces of stick, and places them together, across
one another; it then, descending beneath this structure, which is
about a foot in diameter, exspumates a quantity of viscid matter,
which, being mingled with air, causes the nest to float. In this viscid
exspumation the eggs are laid, and both the male and female remain
near the nest, making furious strokes at any intruder; and as they
are provided with a very sharp bony first ray to the dorsal fin, if a
wound be inflicted it is generally a severe one. The form of the beak
of the Fish-Hawk is admirably adapted for separating the plates of
mail in which the Hassar is enveloped. It is when the water in the
pools and water-holes is reduced in the first part of the dry season to
soft mud, that flocks of these birds are seen on the savannahs, feast-
ing on Hassar.
The SMALLER AWL-BEAKED FisH-HAwK.
Habits the same as the former. From the habits of this group of
birds of scouring the savannahs in search of prey, the length of their
wings, and the strength of their claws, they approach near to the
Harriers.
The Scissors-TaiLeD Kite. Nauclerus furcatus.
This is a very graceful bird, and is generally seen soaring, with
widely-forked tail, above the lower parts of creeks, or over rivers when
the water is fresh. They are, when perched, generally in companies
of from five to six. They strike at small birds, creepers and such
like, when feeding. I do not think that they strike at birds on the
wing, and I never saw the Nauclerus pounce on a fish, although they
appear to prefer to soar over the broad parts of creeks and fresh rivers.
In fact, they are scarcely ever seen elsewhere. The Camouni creek,
a few hours’ sail up the Demerary river, is a favourite haunt of the
Scissors-tail. Here they may be seen by the now rare traveller in
this once thickly populated and very beautiful creek, either soaring
high up in the brilliant sunshine, with a gentle undulatory motion,
moving the head from side to side, and alternately opening and shut-
ting the fork of the tail, whence their name of “ Scissors-tail’’ ; or
perched in a small company upon some high creek-side tree, attracted
probably by a flock of creepers or manakins. In coming down the
Camouni one morning with a pleasant company of sportsmen—we
had bivouacked near the source of the river the night before—I was
much struck with the remarkable gracefulness and beauty of the Nau-
clerus. A company of six had selected a high tree close to the water’s
edge, at a wide and graceful bend. The approach of our boat alarmed
them, and they flew up and around the tree as if inclined to settle
again after we had passed on; but on one of our party firing, the
58
birds, finding the danger impending, sought for safety in the higher
regions of the atmosphere, and it was in their gyrations to obtain a
suitable elevation that their gracefulness and beauty were particu-
larly remarkable. I am not acquainted with any Hawk which soars
to such a height as the Nauclerus. I have seen them over the river
Pomeroon, at an elevation so great as to be scarcely visible.
The whole of the next group, nine in number, with the exception
of three, are birds which frequent the extensive abandoned fields near
the sea and the courida trees (Avicenna nitida et tomentosa), which
form a narrow belt of vegetation along the coast, between the sea and
the high roads. These fields, which were for the most part formerly
in cotton, are often inundated, either from imperfect drainage of bush-
water, or the incursion of the sea, which, since the British people
commenced to make us pay the penalty of having had slaves, is fast
resuming its ancient dominion, from whence it was dammed out by
our Dutch predecessors. Over these fields may be seen hunting with
indefatigable industry the first two of the group; viz.
The Brown-BACKED Harrier, and
The Lone AND SLENDER-LEGGED BuZZARD.
They search every bush, destroying old and young alike, snatch
up the little grass-finches, and im fact are a most dreadful scourge
to the feathered inhabitants of these woe-begone and miserable look-
ing swamps, remembrances of our former glory and shame. The
next is
The Curstnut Harrier.
A very rare bird, which was shot while flying over the Mahaica
creek. Nothing whatever is known of its habits, but from its struc-
ture they must be similar to those of the two former.
The Larce SrA-FisH1nG Hawk.
The coasts of Demerara, it may not be unnecessary to inform the
English reader, are bound by vast mud-flats, which at high tide are
covered by the sea. At dead low tide the water-mark is, at many
parts of the coast, not visible. It is on the courida trees which bor-
der the coast landward that the Large Sea-fisher may be seen waiting
patiently for the influx of the tide, which brings with it his food. At
about half-tide he begins to bestir himself, and as there is always an
abundance of fish brought up by the water, he soon captures as much
mullet and other such-like coast-fish as gratifies his hunger. The
Sea-fisher fishes on the hover from a considerable height, pouncmg
down vertically on its prey. The next is
The Birp Hawk,
With striated chestnut belly, which does not hunt on the wing, but
sights its prey, small birds, from the perch, generally a courida tree.
It builds a nest of dry sticks upon these trees. The next is
59
The PARROT-BEAKED BuzzarRp.
A rare bird, and was shot in a cocoa-nut tree in the Mahaicony.
It sights its prey, small birds, from the perch. Another species,
The LonG-LeGGED SNAKE-EATER,
Leads us back to the abandoned fields. This bird, a large, brown,
dirty and ruffianly-looking animal, is very often seen, particularly on
the east sea-coast, undergoing the punishment peculiarly appropriated
to bullies, namely, being severely thrashed by fellows much smaller
than himself. The Kiskadee, a tyrant shrike, is the little champion
who thrashes the Snake-eater. Sometimes two or three of these
birds will be seen, always keeping above it, pecking the Hawk most
unmercifully, and they seldom fail in bringing it to the ground, when
the sight of its powerful talons I presume, reminding them that the
better part of valour is discretion, causes them to fly off to some
neighbouring tree and set up a glorious “Io Pan” of Kiskadee,
Kis-kis-kiskadee over their victory. I have seen this Hawk capture
snakes more than once and fly off to its perch to devour the prey.
Another species,
The Cras-EATER,
Frequents the courida trees, from whence it sights its prey on the
mud-flat, namely crabs. It pounces upon any unwary crab that quits
its hole, and, unlike the Snake-eater, consumes it on the spot where
it takes it, and then returns to its look-out. They build a nest of
sticks in the courida bush. Another species,
The INSECT-EATER,
Is the most ignoble of all our Hawks. Its feet and claws are sin-
gularly weak, and it feeds almost exclusively on beetles and other
insects, which it captures on the courida bush, which it frequents, I
have opened them and taken a large quantity of the fragments of in-
sects out of the stomach.
The CresteD AND Bootrep EaGue.
A live specimen of this beautiful bird was brought to me as a
present by an old servant who had left me a long time, and had been
living far up the Demerary river. He unfortunately knew nothing
of its habits, and told me that it was the only one he had seen. I
have never seen one in the wild state. This bird lived for some days,
but would not eat. Apparently, the beautiful semicircular crest of
black feathers with a white central star was only elevated when the
bird was excited. This however was almost constantly the case,
from extreme wildness. The cry was a loud, plaintive, diminishing
ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha. This bird certainly has most of the characters
of a true Eagle. It is heavy and robust, with a beak somewhat
straight at base; tarsi plumed to the toes ; wings moderately long,
with the fourth feather the longest ; and the general air is that of an
Eagle.
60
There are only three Falcons that I have seen here ; the first two
true Falcons, with the typical characters and habits marked, and the
third with all the typical characters (excepting the two-toothed beak)
and the habits wanting. The first two are little Falcons, namely,
The CHESTNUT-BELLIED Fatcon, and
The WHITE MOTTLE-BELLIED FALCcon.
They are both birds that strike their prey on the wing, and are
capable of killing birds nearly as large as themselves. The yellow-
bellied species may be seen very busy at dusk, hunting bats with
amazing swiftness. I have never been able to find either of their
nests.
The Two-rooTHED Barip1.
A bird with precisely similar habits to the next three birds. Like
them, the Baridi never strikes, but confines himself to pillaging
nests and destroying young birds. He is a sneaking marauder and
burglar, and not audacious enough to commit highway robbery and
murder, like the true Falcons. His wings are very short, and the
characteristic formula of the quill-feathers is wanting. Consequently,
I have placed this bird at the head of the succeeding group.
The PLAIp-cCHESTED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.
The BRowNn-BACKED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.
The YELLOW-CERED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.
They are characterized by the same habits as the Baridi, stealing
eggs and murdering unfledged birds.
The two next Hawks are large and powerful. The first is a large
Black Hawk. It is a very fierce and destructive bird. It will kill
rats and other small quadrupeds, as the Adouri (Cavia agouti), &c.,
and will strike at and kill so large a bird as a Currycurry (Ibis rubra).
My huntsman Benjamin tells me that some time ago he shot a Curry-
curry, and before the bird fell to the ground, a large Black Hawk
seized it and bore it away. It is very destructive to hen-roosts. The
next species is found far up the river Demerary, and is by no means
common. Mr. John King, a very respectable bird-stuffer and an
observant naturalist, tells me that in a period of many years, con-
stantly occupied in procuring species of birds and animals, he has
only seen a few specimens of this bird. I have ascertained from the
same authority, that its habits are very similar to the Large Black
Hawk of the coasts.
I only know of five Owls in this country ; of four I have procured
specimens. The first two, Booted Owls without ears, are common
enough, and I have not been able to ascertain anything in their habits
differing from the well-known and frequently described habits of their
European congeners.
61
The SMALL-BOOTED Brown OwL.
This is seen frequently at dusk in company with the Little Bat-
falcon, hunting bats. The larger one, or Large-booted Black and
White Owl, is strictly a night bird, and found principally in the
forests. The next two are likewise strictly night birds.
The LarcEe LonG-LEGGED Strix, or JumsBi Birp,
Inhabits hollow cabbage-trees or old and dilapidated houses, un-
fortunately that style of habitation in Georgetown, and over the whole
country, being at this time the rule, and not the exception. They
make a great noise at night, a sort of clack, clack, clack, &c., termi-
nating with a harsh, disagreeable and ominous scream. They are
held here, as elsewhere, to be birds of ill omen, portending death,
wherefore they are called “‘ Jumbi,”’ or Ghost Birds, by the negroes.
The Litrte LoNG-LEGGED STRIx
Is a very handsome little mouse-coloured Owl, which preys upon
moths and other night insects as well as small bats. They are mostly
seen on the savannahs and in the courida bushes, and are strictly
nocturnal.
It will be perceived that I have not described the Harpya de-
structor. This is in consequence of my not having had an oppor-
tunity of examining a dead specimen ; a living specimen which I have
access to, in the possession of Governor Barkly, being altogether too
fierce to take liberties with. It has a very owlish appearance, both
in its facial disk and soft plumage. I have seen another imperfect
skin of a very large Eagle feathered to the toes, with tremendous
talons; both this and the Harpy I hope to be able to describe in a
subsequent communication.
February 25, 1851.
R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
Mr. Gould directed the attention of the Meeting to two Hybrid
Birds, concerning which he read the following letter, which had been
addressed to Mr. B. Leadbeater, F.Z.S.
“ Cottimore, Walton-on-Thames, December 17, 1850.
“‘Srr,—With reference to the bird which you now have of mine
to preserve, I will tell you all which I have ascertained concerning it.
It was shot at Henley Park, in the county of Surrey, by the keeper
of H. Halsey, Esq., on a part of his property called the Peat Moor,
and not far from the Frimley ridges; a wild tract of country, with a
good many black-game upon it. The keeper was shooting pheasants
for the supply of the house, and this bird rose on the opposite side
62
of the hedge to that on which he was, on the outside of a large covert :
he did not see it distinctly ; but as in rising it made the sort of ery
or crowing which a cock-pheasant is apt to do when disturbed, he
shot it. I found it hung up m the larder, but was just in time to
rescue it from the cook, and Mr. Halsey allowed me to take posses-
sion of it to be preserved. There is no doubt of its being a hybrid
between the black-cock and hen-pheasant, as it appears that a black-
cock has for the last two years frequented this particular covert and
fed with the pheasants. The keeper, after feeding his pheasants, has
frequently hid himself, to count his stock of those beautiful birds,
and always saw this black-cock come to feed with them; and so it
lasted for two years or more. I have no doubt that this bird is the
produce of his intimacy with a hen-pheasant. The old black-cock
used to play like a cock-turkey, the keeper tells me, dragging his
wings, and could drive all the cock-pheasants, being completely master
over them; which I wonder at, as the pheasant has spurs and he
has none. The hybrid was shot on the 26th of October, and had he
lived another month, would have been a beautiful bird. You will
observe that he crowed on rising as a cock-pheasant does, which I
believe a black-cock does not do. As far as I can ascertain in the
number of instances of hybrids mentioned in Yarrell’s ‘British Birds,’
they seem all to be the produce of cock-pheasants and grey-hens,
whereas there is no doubt this is the reverse.
“IT may mention while on this subject, that in another wood on
Mr. Halsey’s property two Hybrids were produced between the cock-
pheasant and hen golden pheasant; this took place about thirteen
years ago. A hen golden pheasant had escaped from confinement,
and it was known that she was alive in the coverts ; and in one par-
ticular wood it was remarked that the pheasants were always disturbed
and driven out of it, and it was not known for some time by what ;
till at last, by watching at the feeding-places, it was discovered that
this golden hen-pheasant and two other curious-looking birds were
so pugnacious, that they drove every thing from the place. They
were all three shot, when the other two proved to be cock-birds, and
there is no doubt whatever of their parentage, both from their shape
and plumage. They are small birds and not handsome, partaking
of the plumage of both sorts of pheasants, without any of the beauty
of either. I believe this to be the first instance on record of their
ever breeding in a wild state; and you must remember that they were
not in a Norfolk covert, full of half-tame pheasants, but in one of the
wildest parts of England, as the presence of black-game will tell you.
They were shot in the month of November, and therefore had pro-
bably got as good plumage as they ever would have. They are now
in my possession through the kindness of Mr. Halsey.
«| think it a very curious circumstance that these birds should have
been produced in a wild state, as I find in the ‘Gardens and Mena-
gerie of the Zoological Society,’ vol. ii. Birds, under the head of
Golden Pheasant, that in China, where the two sorts are wild, they
have never been known to produce a mixed breed, and that in confine-
ment it is sometimes obtained, but with the greatest difficulty. Also,
63
in the ‘ Natural History of Ireland,’ vol. ii. Birds, by W. Thompson,
it is stated, as a reason for the Golden Pheasant not doing well in a
wild state in this country if introduced where the common pheasant
is now abundant, that they are such a shy, timid bird, and would be
easily driven off by the other species. This fear is evidently ground-
less, as not only the half-bred birds, but the golden hen drove all
the other pheasants, as was seen frequently by the keeper ; and they
were so cunning, and so well able to take care of themselves, that
after it was known they were there, and the mischief they did, the
covert was beat in the usual way for pheasants, in the hopes of being
able to destroy these birds, but without meeting with them, and the
keeper was obliged to watch for them and shoot them at feed.
*«T remain, your obedient servant,
* Joun W. G. Spicer.”
The following papers were also read :—
1. On THE ANATOMY oF THE Wart-Hoc (Paacocuerus Patzasn,
VAN DER HOEVEN).
By Pror. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. etc.
The female Phacocherus died, without previous symptoms of ail-
ment, on Wednesday, February 5th, having lived in the Menagerie
of the Society ten months, durmg which it throve, like the male, and
grew rapidly ; its weight at the time of its death was 195 lbs.
The length of the body from the extremity of the jaws to the root
of the tail was 3 feet 6 inches; the length of the head 1 foot; that
of the tail 1 foot: this part is naked, very slender, tapering towards
the end, which is subcompressed, a little dilated, and ornamented
with a tuft of long and slender black bristles, growing chiefly from
the opposite margins, as in the Elephant. A layer of lard or fat ad-
hered to the under surface of the corium, as in the Common Hog,
preventing the movement of the skin by a panniculus carnosus.
The hair is of one kind, coarse, scanty, and moderately long ; the
bulb of each is imbedded in a flattened whitish body, about 3 lines
broad. The cuticle is impressed by curved lines, giving it the ap-
pearance of being composed of imbricated scales from 3 to 4 lines in
breadth. There is a strong callosity in front of each carpus, formed
by, or connected with, the frequent habit of this animal of walking
on its fore-knees. The suborbital wart-like appendage, situated
14 inch below the eye, is composed of a mass of fibrous and adi-
pose tissue. A double row of strong cilia project from the upper
eyelid; but there are none on the lower lid. There is a broad
‘membrana nictitans.’ An arch of long black hairs forms an eye-
brow. The upper lip is bent upwards, or folded over the base of the
upper tusk, and many short hairs grow from the thickened margin
of this fold. There is a slightly curved callous ridge of the integu-
ment, 5 inches in length, parallel with the middle of the lower bor-
der of the lower jaw. ‘There are but four nipples, one pair abdomi-
nal, about an inch behind the umbilicus; the other pair inguinal.
64
The anus is situated about an inch below the base of the tail, is a
transverse crescentic aperture, with a thick upper border. The vulva
is situated about 10 lines below the anus; it is a little peaked
below, and the clitoris, like a small caruncle, projects 4 lines within
the margin.
There was no appearance of incisors in either jaw; but in the
substance of the alveolar border of the lower jaw were four rudi-
mental incisors, 9 lines long by 2 lines wide, which probably were never
destined to come through, and are smaller than those in the Caffra-
rian Phacocheere, called ‘ Harruja,’ in the British Museum. The
present specimen also differed from that species in having no incisor
in the upper jaw ; not even the rudiment of one could be found in the
substance of the premaxillary. Hence I conclude the species to be
that which Van der Hoeven has characterized by the absence of in-
cisors in both jaws, and has called Phacocherus Pallasii. The ex-
serted crown of the canine tusks was 23 inches long in the upper,
and 2 inches long in the lower jaw. Five molars were apparent on
each side the upper jaw, and four molars on each side the lower jaw.
The first in each jaw was a small, obtusely rounded premolar, with
three long diverging fangs above and two below, answering to p 3;
the second molar in the upper jaw was a much-worn milk-tooth, m 4 ;
the third grinder above and the second below were the first true mo-
lar, m 1, with the crown worn down nearly to the roots. The fourth
grinder above and the third below were the second true molar, m 2,
with a body or crown 14 of an inch in length before the giving off
of the short bent fangs. The last tooth in both jaws was the anterior
point of the third true molar just beginning to cut the gum*.
The absence of any incisors above the gum in this young animal,
and the presence of four rudimental ones hidden in the lower jaw,
just where they are occasionally found in old individuals of the Pha-
cocherus Pallasii, show that this hidden condition and small size are
not due to age, but are specific characters.
The roof of the mouth presented about twenty-two pairs of trans-
verse, arched, palatal ridges, with their convexities turned forwards ;
gradually decreasing as they were placed more backwards, and ter-
minating opposite the end of the molar series; beyond this part the
membrane of the palate was smooth and soft. The tongue is long
and narrow, with small, obtuse, well-defined papille below its mar-
gins, with a smooth dorsum, beset with very fine gustatory papillee
for two-thirds of its extent. At the base of the tongue, 6 inches from
the tip, are two large fossulate papille, on the same transverse line,
and behind these the dorsum of the tongue is beset with numerous
soft, moderately large, pointed and retroverted papille.
* The grinding surface of the teeth in place closely corresponded with those of
the Phacocherus Pallasii figured in my Memoir on the Teeth of the Wart-Hogs
(Philosophical Transactions, 1840, pl. 34. fig. 8, m1, m2 and m3). The pre-
sent specimen shows a stage anterior to the one there figured, the last milk-
tooth intervening between the first molar and the small premolar in the upper
jaw. There was no trace of the germ of a p4 above the crown of d4 in place,
whence it may be concluded that, at corresponding phases of dentition, the Phac.
Pallasii has fewer grinders than the Phac. Hliani.
65
Two mucous sacculi, about | inch in diameter and 14 inch in depth,
are produced from the upper and back part of the pharynx into the
pterygoid fossze, on each side the basisphenoid. Between the mouths
of these sacculi there projects from the back part of the pharynx a
glandular prominence or caruncle, about 7 lines long by 5 lines broad.
At the lower and back part of the pharynx a third median sacculus
is developed, just below the ‘ constrictores pharyngis’; m this re-
markable structure the Wart-Hog resembles the Babyrussa*. The
cesophagus commences between this sacculus behind and two large
post-arytenoid sacculi in front, and is divided from both by a trans-
verse membranous ridge or wall. The long ligamentous crura of the
epiglottis are continued from the sides and back part of the post-
arytenoid sacculi to that cartilage, which is unusually distant from
the larynx. The convex border of the broad epiglottis projects into
the posterior nostril. The cesophagus descends behind the trachea to
the thorax, and in the posterior mediastinum it is suspended by a fold
of the pleura, about 14 inch broad, which attaches the tube to the
descending aorta, after it has passed through the arch.
The stomach is of small size and simple shape; its length in a
straight line is 9 inches; following its greater curvature 1 foot
7 inches ; the lesser curvature, or the distance from the cardia to the
pylorus, being only 3 inches. The left end extends about 34 inches
beyond the cardia, and the right end projects about 2 inches to the
right of the pylorus. It presents the usual form of the simple sto-
mach, but the cardiac blind end is marked off by a slight constric-
tion, hardly, however, to the same degree as in the Common Hog ;
and far from presenting the complexity of the stomach in the Baby-
russa. The great omentum is continued from behind the great cur-
vature, and was folded or crumpled up behind and beneath the sto-
mach, enclosing the spleen, which was to the left and a little behind
the great end of the stomach. No part of the omentum was visible
when the abdominal cavity was exposed, and but little of the stomach
could be seen. Almost the only viscera that presented themselves
were the large spiral coils of the colon, closely united together by
mesocolic bands laden with fat, about an inch in breadth. The
czecum was in the left lumbar region. The stomach extended from
the left hypochondrium across the epigastric to the right hypochon-
driac regions. The liver extended from the right hypochondrium to
the left, but did not cover all the great end of the stomach. The
small intestines lay concealed behind the colon.
The cesophagus, which is 2 inches in circumference at its termi-
nation in the stomach, opens nearer the posterior than the ante-
rior surface of the lesser curvature, 33 inches from the left end,
which forms a prominence above the concavity leading to it from the
ullet.
* The cesophageal epithelium is continued a little way on the inner
surface of the stomach, forming a thin, narrow, oval patch, extend-
ing 1} inch to the left of the cardia, 2rds of an inch to the right and
* See Prof. Vrolik’s excellent memoir on that animal, ‘ Recherches d’Anatomie
comparée sur le Babyrussa,’ 4to, p. 30, pl. 3.
No. CCXXIII.—ProcerepinGs or THE ZooLoGicat Society.
66
back part of the cardia, and 3rd of an inch to the front of the cardia.
The rest of the stomach is lined by the usual gastric vascular mem-
brane, which in the distended state shows one or two short and very
narrow, straight rugze, and is smooth in the rest of its extent, except
near the commencement of the short and narrow canal leading to the
pylorus, where a number of longitudinal rugze converge. 'The mus-
cular coat of the stomach is 2 lines in thickness at the cardia, where
its texture is unusually firm ; it diminishes in thickness to 1 line after
a course of 2 inches from the cardia, and is less than half a line thick
over the great dilated portion of the stomach. It resumes its thick-
ness of 2 lines at the narrow pyloric portion. A few longitudinal
rug radiate from the cardia a little way upon the epithelial part, but
there is no valvular apparatus there.
The form of the pylorus is crescentic, bounded below by an arched
protuberance, receiving in its concavity a single longitudinal protube-
rance from the upper side.
The bile-tube (ductus choledochus) opens on a mammillary emi-
nence half an inch from the pylorus.
The duodenum, which is about 1 inch in diameter at its com-
mencement, where it receives the ductus choledochus and pancreatic
duct, contracts to a diameter of 2rds of an inch as it bends down in
front of the right kidney, suspended by a narrow mesentery ; it then
crosses the first lumbar vertebra, and becomes attached to the back
of the ascending colon ; there it ascends a little way, bending obliquely
round the colon, and becomes suspended, as jejunum, upon the
proper mesentery. The jejunum and ilium lie in close coils sus-
pended by the narrow mesentery, which is loaded with fat, termina-
ting next the intestine in lobes which project as a free border on
each side the junction of the mesentery to the gut. The mesenteric
vessels pass straight through this fat, without forming anastomotic
arches. The mesenteric glands are arranged in a semicircle about
the root of the mesentery. The small intestines preserve a pretty
uniform diameter until near the end of the ilium, which gradually
contracts to a diameter of about half an inch. The length of the
small intestine is from 18 to 20 feet, or about five times the length
of the body ; which is proportionally one-half the length of the small
intestines of the domestic Hog. The ilium passes near its termination
from the right to the left lumbar region, and ascends to terminate in
the cecum, to which it is attached by a duplicature of the perito-
neum. The ceecum was situated in the advanced part of the left
lumbar region. It was 34 inches in length, and about 24 in diame-
ter, with an obtuse rounded end ; its parietes were slightly puckered
or sacculated on two longitudinal bands, about 4 lines in breadth, a
third band commencing near the entry of the ilium; its circumfe-
rence is 7 inches. It is divided by a constricted neck, 35 inches in
circumference and 12 inch in length, from the colon, and this con-
tracted part was sacculated only on one side, the other side being
smooth, with a strong coat of longitudinal fibres external to the cir-
cular ones. At this part the ilium, cecum and beginning of the colon
are attached by a strong mesentery to the spine: the colon ascends
67
in front of the left kidney to the great curvature of the stomach, and
bends over to the right side in front of the epiploon, and descending
describes a large spiral curve, then a second, third and fourth, pro-
gressively diminishing in extent; the last and innermost is folded
upon itself, and repeats two spiral coils in the opposite direction,
the extent of these increasing; and the gut, quitting the mass of
closely connected coils, passes backwards, and bends round the root
of the mesentery, adhering to that part and to the pancreas above,
then descends in front of the duodenum, much diminished in size,
and getting to the back of the lumbar region becomes the rectum,
and is continued, tightly bound to the sacrum, behind the genital
organs and bladder to the vent. The coils of the colon, which are
the first viscera that present themselves, and conceal almost all the
others in the abdomen, are attached to one another by bands of meso-
colon of about an inch in breadth; and these were laden with lobes
of fat. There were many small, dark-coloured glands at the root of
the mesocolon, from which straight blood-vessels radiated in groups
of from four to eight or ten. The colon, where it forms the first
series of coils, is 10 inches in circumference, and is slightly sacculated
on two longitudinal bands. The sacculi subside with a slight dimi-
nution of diameter in the returning coils.
The length of the ‘large intestines’ was 13 feet 6 inches, or nearly
four times the length of the entire animal.
The mucous membrane of the small intestines is produced in the
duodenum into four or five narrow longitudinal folds, which in the
jejunum are six or seven in number, and are here or there connected
together by oblique folds. Towards the middle of the jejunum these
folds disappear, and then reappear at intervals progressively increa-
sing; and in the ilium the mucous lining is even and simply villous.
In the partial or interrupted extents of the plicated structure, the
rugee are more reticulate in their arrangement. The lining membrane
of the colon was smooth and even, but gorged with blood, and varied
in many parts from a deep vinous to an almost black colour. The
lining membrane of the rectum was disposed in numerous fine longi-
tudinal rugee. The small intestines contained only mucus ; the large
intestines a dark fluid matter of the usual feecal odour, with one or
two masses of hard feces, about the size and shape of a pullet’s egg.
The liver weighed 2 lbs. 4 oz. i consisted of three principal lobes,
viz. a right, middle and left ; the right is the largest, and is partially
subdivided at its free extremity, which is closely connected with the
right supra-renal body and the summit of the right kidney. The
middle lobe is bifid, a gall-bladder 4 inches long by 12 inch broad
being lodged in the cleft; a small ‘lobulus Spigelii’ projects near
the neck of the gall-bladder. The left lobe of the liver terminates
on the left side, about 3 inches from the cardiac end of the stomach.
The hepatic duct joins the cystic after a course of an inch; the
‘ductus communis’ is about the same length, and has a width of
3 lines at its termination, which is at the upper part of the beginning
of the duodenum.
The pancreas is a long flattened band, from an inch to an inch
68
and a half in breadth, extending in two directions from the begin-
ning of the duodenum, where its duct terminates. One portion fol-
lows the first part of the curvature of the duodenum to the extent of
6 inches; the other and chief part of the gland passes from the py-
lorus behind the stomach to the spleen, and is 7 inches in length.
The spleen is a long, flattened, ellipsoid body, about 11 inches in
length and 21 inches across its broadest part at the middle. It
weighed 3 oz.
The kidneys together weighed 63 oz. ; they are not cleft or lobu-
lated, and are situated symmetrically at the back of the hypochon-
dria. The supra-renal bodies are of an elongate, subcylindrical shape.
The heart is a somewhat flattened cone, with a produced pointed
apex formed by the left ventricle. The pericardium adheres to the
sternum ; it was covered with much fat. There is a large pleural sac
between the pericardium and the diaphragm, which contains the azy-
gous lobe of the lung, the long intra-thoracic inferior cava, the ceso-
phagus and descending aorta.
The right lung is divided into three lobes and the ‘lobulus azygos’;
the left lung into two lobes, the upper and smaller lobe being slightly
subdivided. The tracheal rings overlap each other behind. The
thymus gland extended from the fore-part of the pericardium into
the neck. The thyroid gland consists of one elongate, narrow lobe,
concave where it is applied to the fore-part of the trachea, convex
where it is covered by the ‘ sterno-thyroidei’; it is about 2 inches in
length and 8 lines wide. The thyroid cartilage is of unusual length,
shaped like the side or section of a vase, convex outwards at its lower
half, and concave above, by the bending outwards of its broad upper
margin ; its length is 2} inches, its breadth 1} inch. The arytenoid
cartilages are still more unusual in their conformation ; they are very
long, curved backwards, and confluent at their apices ; on each side of
this prolonged confluent point they are deeply cleft, so as to form two
lateral pointed processes or appendages. A fold of membrane is con-
tinued from each lateral appendix outwards to the ligamentous crura
of the epiglottis ; these folds form the outer walls of two large post-
arytenoid sacculi, which intervene between the larynx and pharynx.
A median fold of membrane is continued backwards from the middle
line and confluent apices of the arytenoids, and forms the septum
between the post-arytenoid sacculi. The mucous membrane of the
larynx is continued from the anterior and upper border of the thyroid
forwards and upwards into the concavity of the basihyal, forming a
wide but not very deep anterior sacculus.
The brain weighed 3} oz.
Female Organs.—The ovarium, 9 lines long, 6 broad and 4 thick,
is kidney-shaped, and is suspended by the middle of the concave bor-
der by a short, thick peduncle, to which is attached the commence-
ment of the ostium abdominale of the oviduct ; this orifice is not fim-
briated, but has some delicate wrinkled processes on its inner surface.
The peritoneal fold continued from this part to the end of the cornu
uteri, and which approximates it thereto, forms one side of the open-
ing of a wide ovarian pouch, upon the outer and fore-part of which
69
the oviduct describes its convolutions in its course towards the uterus.
The stroma ovarii contained at its periphery a few advancing ovisacs
about a line in diameter.
Each cornu uteri is about 1 foot 4 inches in length, and of a nearly
uniform circumference of 2 inches. It is beset with narrow, wrinkled,
oblique, irregular rugee, formimg longitudinal elevations as they ap-
proach the body of the uterus, and again becoming oblique—patches
of the rugous surfaces alternating with smooth patches.
The common uterus presents large, longitudinal, wrinkled rug
for the first inch of its extent, and then a spiral valve begins to be
formed, about 2 lines in thickness, which describes thirteen close
coils before subsiding in the common vagina; the length of the spiral
portion, which may be compared to the ‘ cervix uteri,’ is 33 inches ;
the length of the vagina is 4 inches. The rugz of the vagina are
longitudinal, and longer at its beginning and end, where they termi-
nate on a well-defined circular fold, dividing the vagina from the uro-
genital canal, and constricting the orifice; the free borders of the
spiral valve are beset by free, fine, longitudinal folds of the lining
membrane of the uterus.
The urethra is about 3 inches in length, and becomes closely con-
nected with the vagina 2 inches before it terminates. Its orifice is
defended by two longitudinal folds.
In comparison with the Common Hog, the Wart-Hog, as regards
its internal anatomy, differs in the more simple form of the stomach,
the relatively shorter small intestines, and the relatively longer large
ones ; but, like the Common Hog, the czecum is small, and the colon
disposed in spiral coils, in both which characters they resemble the
Ruminants ; the caecum is broader in proportion to its length than
in the Common Hog. In both the Common Hog and Wart-Hog
the intestinal canal is more tied down by the fat-laden processes of
peritoneum, and appears to have less motion allowed it, than in other
quadrupeds. The liver and gall-bladder, the kidneys and the tho-
racic viscera, much resemble those of the Common Hog. The inner
surface of the jejunum shows a reticulate disposition of rugze in the
Common Hog, but not the regular longitudinal folds in the duode-
num and beginning of the jejunum, as in the Wart-Hog.
The epiglottis passes into the posterior nares in both the Wart-Hog
and Common Hog, and has the hyo-epiglottidei muscles ; but the pha-
rynx in the Common Hog does not present the superadded sacculi,
nor the larynx those peculiarities which distinguish the Wart-Hogs.
These resemble the Babyrussa in the sacculated structure of the
pharynx, but differ in the more simple stomach. The Wart-Hog
differs from the Common Hog in the smaller size and more simple
form of the ovaria, and the fewer mammz. The most marked dif-
ference from all other Suide, and that which best justifies the generic
separation, is presented by the dentition of the Phacocherus ; the
modifications of the alimentary canal are not of the same degree.
70
2. An ENUMERATION OF SPECIES OF RECENT SHELLS, RECEIVED
By W. J. Hamitron, Ese., rrom Borneo, in NOVEMBER
1850, with DescRiIPTIONS OF THE NEW SpPEcIES. By W.
METCALFE.
1, Hexrx Brookes, Adams and Reeve, Zoology of the Voyage of
the Samarang, Mollusca, p. 60. pl. 15. fig. 4 a, 6.
2. Hexix virrata, Adams and Reeve, Zool. of the Samarang,
Mollusca, p. 60. pl. 15. fig. 7 a, 4, ¢.
This species, having been previously deseribed by Mr. Benson, in
the ‘Magazine of Natural History,’ under the name of H. reglis,
ought to retain that name.
In addition to the variety figured in the Mollusca of the Samarang,
Mr. Hamilton received two other varieties, in which the pale green
bands are wanting, the brown colour more or less predominating, with
bands of yellowish brown, and a brown circle surrounding the um-
bilicus.
3. Heiix ScHuMACHERIANA, Pfeiffer.
4. HeLIx RESPLENDENS, Philippi in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846,
p- 192.
5. Hexnix nasuta, nobis. H. testd subdiscoided, sinistrorsd,
carinatd, angusté perforatd, tenuissimd, lineis incrementi et
spiralibus confertis subtilissimé decussatd, pellucidd, hyalina ;
lined angustd pallidé brunned ad carinam ornatd; spird sub-
conicd ; anfractibus 53 planulatis, ultimo acutissimé carinato,
subtus nitescente; aperturd subrhomboided, ad angulum exte-
riorem valde productd et coarctatd; peristomate simplici, tenut,
margine superiore vie reflexo, basali antice reflexiore, umbili-
cum subtegente.
Long. 1,45; lat. 125; alt. $5 unc.
This elegant species is covered with a thin epidermis, of a pale
straw colour, under which the shell is milky white. It bears some
analogy to H. Tayloriana (Adams and Reeve, Zool. of the Sama-
rang, Mollusca, pl. 15. fig. 2 a, 6), but the projection at the extre-
mity of the aperture is much more acute, and the shell is of a more
gelatinous texture: it differs also in being sinistral.
6. Hexix GLutinosa, nobis. 4H. testd orbiculato-convexd, an-
guste perforatd, tenui, nitidissimd, diaphand, pallide brunned,
carinatd ; supra carinam fused, infraque lined angustd flaves-
cente, ornatd; spird conoided, obtusd; anfractibus 5 parum
convexis ; ad carinam supra infraque lined impressd circulari,
striisque numerosissimis transversis notatd; peristomate sim-
plicit, acuto, margine columellari viz reflexo.
Long. 1,; lat. 1; alt. ,& unc.
A bright shell, resembling a thin film of glue, with a keel of a
darker shade; slightly indented above and below the keel, the in-
71
dentation elegantly crossed with slight striz, the effect of which, as
well as the darker line, is partially visible throughout the sutures.
7. Hetrx conicorpes, nobis. HH. testd imperforatd, trochi-
Sormi, acute carinatd, tenui, pellucidd, luteo-corned ; spiraliter
leviter striatd, striis ad suturam majoribus, confertioribus ;
apice mamillari; anfractibus 7, superioribus subconvexis, duo-
bus ultimis planulatis, ultimo subtus convexo, nitido, ad eari-
nam et in medio depresso; aperturd trapeziformi, subtus arcu-
atd ; peristomate simplict, acuto, subtus flexuoso, marginibus
callo tenui junctis.
Long. +4; lat. =; alt. 4, une.
8. Butimus citrrinus, Bruguiére; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bul.
pl. 31. fig. 187 a.
9. Buximus cuxoris, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bul. pl. 37. fig. 223.
10. Cyctosroma Borneensis, nobis. C. testd suborbiculari,
depresso-conoided, acuminatd, albidd, fusco-variegatd, maculis
ad suturam, cinguloque infra medium fusco ornatd ; striis ob-
liquis minutis, aliisque circularibus minutissimis impressd ; an-
fractibus quinque planiusculis, carinatis; ultimo magno, margine
acute carinato, circa umbilicum obtuse angulato ; apertur dsub-
circulari ; peritremate albo, reflexo ; supra productiore, subtus
reflexo, ad columellam subsinuato ; umbilico magno, profundo ;
operculo corneo, tenur.
Long. 1,5; lat. 1,3,; alt. ,9, unc.
Varietas minor, magnitudine solum diversa.
Shell bearing some characters in common with both C. aquilum,
Sow., and C. acutimarginatum, Sow.; but having a more depressed
spire, and flatter whorls than either of those species.
11. CycLosroma, apparently C. parvum, Sow. Thes. Conch. Cyel.
fig. 254, 255.
12. CycLosroma unpDatuo, nobis. C. testd globoso-pyramidali,
tenui, pellucidd, alba, lineis hyalinis undatis decurrentibus or-
natd, tenuiter striatd ; anfractibus 6, parum rotundatis, pri-
mis conicis regulariter crescentibus ; ultimo magno, obtuse cari-
nato; aperturd circulari, superné angulatd ; peritremate lato,
expanso, vix nisi ad columellam reflexo ; suturis mediocribus ;
umbilico parvo.
Long. 58,; lat. 55; alt. & une.
This species belongs to the division of the genus of which C. deve,
Gray, may be considered the type.
13. CycLosTOMA TENUILABIATUM, nobis. C. testd discoided,
spird depressd, pland, colore pallido, superné castaneo-macu-
latd et undulatd ; epidermide luteo-castaned, indutd ; anfrac-
tibus 5 rotundatis, 4 primis levibus, ultimo lineis impressis
irregularibus ruguloso ; suturd impressd; aperturd circulari ;
peritremate duplici ; interno simplici, superné emarginato ; ex-
72
terno tenut, lato, planiusculo, supra ascendente, fornicato, dein —
compresso ; umbilico patulo ; anfractibus intus distinctis.
Long. 1,1,; lat. 3; alt. =3, une.
Belonging to the genus Pterocyclos of Benson.
14. CycLostoma BiIcILiATUM. Pterocyclos biciliatum, Mousson,
Land- und Siiss. Moll. von Java, p. 49. t. 20. fig. 9.
Several individuals of this species having been received, its locality
is thus fixed. It is observable that the complete shell, which was
not known to Mousson, exhibits a tubular spiracle near the aperture,
similar to that apparent in C. spiraculum, Sow. ; also, that the aper-
ture is circular, depressed, with the peritreme white, expanded,
slightly reflected, and at the upper part faintly undulated.
15. ScaraBus PLICATUS, Fer. var. major.
This variety, in place of the usual purple colour of the shell, ex-
hibits a deep yellow ground, with four broad bands of dark brown
colour.
16. Scarasus BorneeEnsis, A. Adams.
17. AuRicuLA suBNoDOSA, nobis. <A. testd ovato-oblongd,
crassd, albd, epidermide castaneo-fuscd, infra suturas decus-
satim granosd, medio levi, ad basim striis decussatd ; anfrac-
tibus convexiusculis, suturis distinctis, subcrenulatis ; anfractu
ultimo superne longitudinaliter plicato-subnodoso ; aperturd
medio paululum angustatd ; columelld biplicatd.
Long. 2,45; lat. 1,3; une.
A species distinguishable from 4. Mide by the convexity of the
upper whorls and the smoothness of their lower halves, the depth of
the sutures, and the longitudinal nodulous folds which surround the
upper part of the final whorl: the aperture is also proportionally
wider than in 4. Mide. In the single specimen received, the colu-
mellar lip has an interior protuberance above the upper fold.
18. AuricuLA pouiTA, nobis. A. testd ovato-oblongd, basi an-
gustiore, spird brevi ; epidermide castaneo-fuscd, nitidd ; striis
numerosis minutissime granulosis circumdatd, granis superius
distinctioribus ; aperturd medio coarctatd; columelld tripl-
catd, plicd infimd linear. ‘
Long. 1,8; lat. ;8 une.
Although the characters of the aperture resemble those of 4. Jude,
the form of the shell differs entirely in its greater breadth, and in the
shortness of the spire.
19. Auricuta FELIs, Lam.
20. AURICULA MUSTELINA, Desh.
21. Neritrna crepiputartia, Lam. Conch. Ill. fig. 25.
22. Neritina Beck, Reclus, Thes. Conch. fig. 13.
23. NERITINA PIrpERINA, Chemn. Thes. Conch. fig. 166, 167.
73
24. Neritina pusra, Chemn. Thes. Conch. fig. 81-88.
25. MeLANIA crrCcUMSTRIATA, nobis. M. testd elongatd, tur-
ritd, solidd, fusco-viridi ; anfractibus convexiusculis, infra su-
turam paululum constrictis ; superioribus stris 6 transversis
elevatis, plicisque 8 majoribus longitudinalibus ornatis ; ultimo
striis 13; aperturd ovali-oblongd, basi dilatatd, superius acuté
angulatd, et fere rimatd, intus albiddé; peritremate sinuato,
columelld callosd.
Long. 2,5,; lat. ,8 une.
26. MreLanra suBSUTURALIS, nobis. M. testd turritd, fusco-
viridi, lineis castaneis longitudinalibus obliquis variegatd ; an-
Sractibus fere planis, quorum superiores stris elevatis perpau-
cis validis, inferiores pluribus minoribus inequalibus ornati ;
ultimo ad basim crebristriato ; suturd distinctd, excavatd ;
aperturd ovali, superné angulatd, intus albido-cerulescente ;
peritremate acuto, sinuato, extus effuso.
Long. 1,45; lat. 58 une.
27. Pauupina Hamittont, nobis. P. testd ovato-conicd, tenut,
perforatd, viridi, concolore ; striis transversis undulatis, aliis-
que longitudinalibus tenuissime decussatd ; anfractibus 5 rotun-
datis, superioribus etate erosis; suturd impressd ; aperturd
ovali, supra angulatd, intus cerulescente, margine paululum
incrassato, albido ; peristomate acuto, lined tenui nigrd cir-
cumdato.
Long. -%,; lat. ;6 une.
The Bornean specimens being scarcely adult, the description is
drawn up from individuals in my cabinet, which have long been there
without any locality assigned.—W. M.
28. Lirrorina scaBRA. Helix sc., Linn.
29. LirrortnA MELANOsTOMA, Gray, Zool. of Beechey’s Voy.
30. Lirrorina ALBICANS, nobis. L. testd ovato-oblongd, acu-
minatd, tenut, albidd, apice levi, nitente ; anfractibus 7 vel 8,
quorum 5 ultimi striis numerosis paulatim ecrescentibus ornati ;
ultimus rotundatus, etate varicosus, strid unicd majore, quasi
carinatus, striis ad basim minoribus circumdatus ; apertura
rotundato-lunari, lacted ; peristomate subreflexo.
Long. 55; lat. ,4, unc.
A delicate species, of a milk-white hue, the older specimens having
many varices produced by the previous reflexions of the outer lip.
31. Ceriraium ostysum, Lam.; Zool. of the Samarang, Moll.
pl. 13. fig. 3.
32. CERITHIUM UNICARINATUM, nobis. C. testd turritd, tenui,
apice truncato, hinc inde varicosd, cinered, longitudinaliter pli-
catd, interstitiis longitudinaliter striato-rugosis ; suturd parum
impressd ; anfractibus viv rotundatis, regulariter crescentibus ;
ultimo acuté carinato, infra carinam crebristriato; apertura
74
mediocrt subfused ; columelld rectd; peritremate modiceé re-
frexo, albescente.
6. 5
Long. 1,5; lat. =, une.
33. AmpuLuLaARIA, probably 4. Celebensis, Quoy, Voy. de l Astr.
pl. 57. fig. 1-4.
34. Natica macutosa, Lam. pellis-tigrina, Chem.
35. NovAcuLINA oLIvacea, nobis. WN. testd oblongd, valde in-
equilaterali, epidermide olivaced, ad extremitates fuscescente,
indutd ; natibus erosis ; anterius rotundatd, posterius angulato-
rotundatd ; margine superiore fere recto, postice paululum de-
scendente, ventrali medio subcompresso ; intus albd, dentibus
lamellatis duobus recurvatis in utrdque valvd, posteriore bifido.
Long. 5%, ; lat. 3,3, unc.
A large example of this species, in the Collection of H. Cuming,
Esq., exhibits a character which will probably be found generic ;
namely, a shelly protuberance in each valve, attached to the interior
ligament at nearly its hinder extremity. These shelly substances
have not, that I am aware, hitherto been noticed. It is probable
that they become detached in most specimens by the removal of the
animal.
36. CyRENA TRIANGULARIS, nobis. C. testd trigond, solidius-
culd, epidermide fusco-virescente, transversim striatd, striis
marginalibus lateralibusque eminentioribus, sulco ab umbone
ad marginem posteriorem leviter impressd ; margine antico de-
scendente, vix excavato, angulo anteriore rotundato; margine
superiore subrotundato, postice fere biangulato, propter suleum
dorsalem subsinuato ; intus lacted, margine continuo nitentiore ;
dentibus cardinalibus in utrdque valvd tribus, duobus bifidis ;
dentibus lateralibus brevibus, tenuissimé rugosis, haud striatis.
Long. 3; lat. 3,; alt. 1,8, unc.
The characters of this shell bear some resemblance to C. Swma-
trensis, Sow. Gen.; but on comparison with the type of that species,
now in the Cabinet of Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., the present is found to
differ materially, in its triangular outline, as well as in the character-
istic furrow from the umbo to the posterior margin, affecting the
curvature of the posterior angle, and producing a slight sinuosity in
the margin.
37. Unto.
38. Unto.
I am unwilling to describe as new these*two species of the genus
Unio, from want of acquaintance with the great American collections
of the genus.
Although no letter accompanied this box of shells, Mr. Hamilton
presumes that they have been sent to him by his friend Sir J. Brooke,
Rajah of Sarawak. The remittance is undoubtedly from Borneo.
“I
or
March 11, 1851.
J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. A FEW WoRDS ON THE SYNONYMY OF DISTICHOCERA, A GENUS
or Loneicorn CoLeorpTERA FROM New Ho.Luanp, wiTH
CHARACTERS OF THREE SPECIES SUPPOSED TO BE UNDE-
SCRIBED. By Epwarp Newman, F.L.S. etc.
(Annulosa, Pl. XX.)
Among the invaluable labours of the late Mr. Kirby, none are more
useful to the general entomologist than his lucid and masterly de-
scriptions of new and remarkable forms of exotic Coleoptera; and of
these, none afford to myself so much instruction and pleasure as that
entitled ‘A Description of several New Insects collected in New
Holland by Robert Brown, Esq.,”’ and published in the twelfth vo-
lume of the ‘ Linnean Transactions.’ In this admirable paper is the
first description I can find of the extraordinary genus Distichocera,
although, as Mr. Kirby himself informs us, it was known long pre-
viously under the same name, and although he himself gives it as
“Distichocera of MacLeay,” a name which I am inclined to conclude
existed in manuscript only. Concerning the genus in question I lay
no claim to any additional knowledge of the structure, habits or affi-
nities of the insect described by Mr. Kirby; but the labours of col-
lectors, amid the seemingly inexhaustible riches of our Australian
colonies, have placed within my reach a greater number and greater
variety of specimens. Mr. Kirby has only made us acquainted with
a single species, and a single sex of that species. Mr. MacLeay has
added a second, which has also been described by Guérin, Boisduval
and myself under a variety of names. Three other forms of the
genus have occurred to me, making the number five in all. Of these,
three are certainly females, and two as certainly males. The object
of this communication is to express my views as to associating the
sexes, and to make known two supposed species which were pre-
viously uncharacterized.
Genus DisticHocera, MacLeay (MSS.?).
Distichocera, Kirby, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 471.
*‘Labrum transversum, tetragonum. Labium membranaceum apice
bilobum : lobis divaricatis. Mandibulee trigone, edentulee apice
incurvee acutze. Maxille basi trigone, apertee. Palpi filiformes.
Mentum transversum, trapeziforme. Antennze sensim crassiores,
disticho-ramosze.”’— Kirby, 1. ¢.
1. DisTICHOCERA MACULICOLLIS.
Mas. Distichocera maculicollis, Kirby, 1. c.
Distichocera maculicollis, Audinet Serville, Ann. Ent. Soe. Fr. ii. 59.
76
Distichocera maculicollis, Boisduval, Faune de I’ Océanie.
‘Corpus fere cuneiforme, subtus pilis argenteis nitidum, supra ni-
grum, obscurum. Caput subcordatum, pilosum, canaliculatum
utrinque ante antennas carinatum. Oculi brumnei. Antenne
breviores, nigree: articulis omnibus apice biramosis (duobus pri-
mis brevissime); ramis oppositis compressis vertice rotundatis
sinistris paulo longioribus, articulo extimo simplici clavato.
Thorax subcylindricus: maculis quatuor dorsalibus quadratim
ordinatis. Elytra cuneiformia: lineis tribus longitudinalibus
elevatis: striga apud scutellum et alia majori in medio apud
suturam piloso-argenteis, apice truncata. Femora brumnea.
Tibize bicalcaratee. Ale elytris longiores.” —Kirby, 1. c.
Fem. Distichocera rubripennis, MacLeay, App. King’s Voyage.
“ Rufo-testacea subtomentosa, capitis lateribus oreque nigris, ver-
tice canaliculato, antennis nigris, articulis vix biramosis, ramis
sinistris brevissimis ; thorace atro, vitta utrinque rufo-testacea,
scutello nigro, elytris rufo-testaceis tomentosis apice obtusis de-
hiscentibus ; corpore cuneiformi subtus villo argenteo micante,
abdomine utrinque nigro maculato, pedibus nigris.” —MacLeay,
L. e.
Distichocera ferruginea, Guérin, Voyage de la Coquille.
Distichocera ferruginea, Boisduval, Faune de l Océanie, 467.
“Nigra; capite macula frontali, thorace vittis duabus elytrisque
dense villoso-fulvis.””—Boisduval, 1. c.
Distichocera fulvipennis, Newman, Ent. Mag. v. 492.
« Antenne nigre; caput nigrum, fronte fulvo: prothorax niger,
lineis 2 dorsalibus, longitudinalibus, latis, fulvis: scutellum ni-
grum: elytra fulva: abdomen piceum, lanugine argentea vesti-
tum: pedes picei. (Corp. long. 9 unc. ; lat. 3 unc.)’”—New-
man, l. c.
I have cited entire the original specific characters in every instance,
in order to save the reader the trouble of making the references. I
will now proceed to give more detailed characters.
Male.—Head somewhat cordate, black, velvety, having a slight
epicranial sulcus, which is prolonged anteriorly between the bases of
the anteunze: face slightly inclined, rather long: eyes arcuate, reni-
form, pitchy brown, large, approaching on the epicranium, somewhat
dilated on the cheeks : antennze as long as the body, 12-jointed, black ;
the first jomt short, stout, somewhat obconical; the second very
short ; the following, to the eleventh inclusive, moderately short, still
much longer than the second, somewhat cyathiform as regards the
shaft, and emitting from its apex two long branches; these increase
in length from the first pair, and those on one side of each antenna
are uniformly longer than those on the other ; this discrepancy is par-
ticularly observable in the third (or first branched) joint ; the twelfth
joint is club-shaped and undivided; it is longer than either of the
others, yet scarcely exceeds in length the branches of the eleventh.
Prothorax subquadrate, its anterior and posterior margins nearly equal,
its lateral margins somewhat uneven, but not produced into a central
77
tooth ; pronotum somewhat uneven, black, with four greyish spots,
which are due to a grey velvety pilosity ; the two smaller of these
touch the anterior, the two larger the posterior margin, and appear
as though forming parts of two vittee, each of which is interrupted in
the middle ; prosternum produced between the procoxe and there
deeply notched, pitchy red, and clothed with a grey pilosity. Scu-
tellum rounded, black, and glabrous. Elytra black, broad at the
base, gradually tapering to the apex, where they are slightly divari-
cate, truncate, and furnished with a small obtuse and obscure tooth
in the middle as well as at each angle of the truncature: each elytron
has three carine ; the first is prominent, originates near the base, and
curves towards the suture but without reaching it, terminating in the
apical area; the second originates on the disk considerably below the
humeral angle, and running parallel with the first, unites therewith
in the apical area; the third is nearly obsolete; it is situate on the
apical half of the elytron, between the second carina and the costal
margin ; the costal margin is pitchy red, and clothed with a grey pu-
bescence: the wings are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra,
and unfolded: the legs are rather long; the metatibie slightly in-
curved, and furnished with two apical spines: the under surface of .
the thoracic and abdominal segments is of a pitchy red colour, clothed
with a sparse grey pubescence ; the legs are of a similar colour, but
the pubescence is scarcely observable.
Fem.—Head somewhat cordate, black, velvety, with a large ful-
vous spot occupying the face and extending to the epicranium be-
tween the eyes, but not reaching the anterior margin of the pro-
thorax ; a deep longitudinal epicranial sulcus extends forwards to
between the bases of the antennze: eyes arcuate, reniform, pitchy
black: antennze more than half the length of the body, 11-jointed ;
the first joint rather short, somewhat obconical ; the second very
short ; the third the longest, but still not disproportionately so, di-
lated at the apex ; the fourth and fifth of the same form, but shorter ;
the remainder, to the eleventh, slender at the base, but dilated and
somewhat cupshaped at the apex, receiving into the cup the base of
the next succeeding joint, and being produced into a strong obtuse
lobe, tooth, or serrature on one side; this is very conspicuous, and
gives the antenna a subserrated appearance ; on the opposite side is a
very slight, scarcely perceptible indication of a like lobe ; the eleventh
joint is sesquialterous. Prothorax nearly equal in length and breadth,
the anterior narrower than the posterior margin, the lateral margins
uneven and slightly lobed in the middle; pronotum uneven, with a
slightly impressed anterior and posterior submarginal transverse sul-
* cus, velvety black, with two broad irregular longitudinal vitte of a
bright fulvous orange colour ; prosternum produced between the pro-
cox, and the process notched. Scutellum short, rounded, black,
shining. Elytra at the base much wider than the prothorax, gra-
dually narrowing to the apex, where they are slightly dehiscent, trun-
cated, and the truncature produced in the middle into an obtuse,
scarcely perceptible tooth ; each elytron has three carine ; the first is
prominent, originating near the base, and curves very gradually to-
78
wards the suture without reaching it, terminating in the apical area ;
the second is indistinct, originates near the humeral angle, and run-
ning parallel with the first, ceases in the apical area ; the third is still
less distinct, and its limits are obscure ; at both extremities a junction
between the first and second carinze may be made out, but is not very
manifest : the wings are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra,
but scarcely so long as the abdomen; the entire under-surface is
pitchy red clothed with a silvery grey pubescence, but there is an
ovoid denuded space on each side of each abdominal segment. Legs
pitchy red; tarsi pitchy black ; metatibize with two apical spines.
Obs.—I believe that no author has hinted at the union of these
very dissimilar insects under one specific name, but I think such a pro-
ceeding will be borne out by the evidence. In the first place I would
observe that both forms are equally abundant ; that they occur in the
same situations and at the same season; that collectors have several
times reported them as only sexually different ; and finally, that all
the individuals of maculicollis are males, and all the individuals of ful-
vipennis females. Then, as regards structure, the cibarian organs of
the two forms closely approximate; so also does the direction and
- general figure of the head; the antennze indeed are remarkably dif-
ferent, but this discrepancy obtains equally in several genera of lon-
gicorns and in many other groups of Coleoptera, the males invariably
possessing in such instances the longer, more compound and more
ornate antenne. ‘The discrepancy in the prothorax, which at first is
very striking, will be found more in appearance than in fact, and more
in colour than in figure ; and even in colour an analogy exists that
would be likely to escape the superficial observer ; the two fulvous
vittee so conspicuous in fulvipennis appear divided, paler, and semi-
obsolete in maculicollis, and the difference in the figure of this part
is in simple accordance with the more robust habit in the supposed
female: the discrepancy in the elytra again is considerable as regards
width, and particularly striking as regards colour; but their struc-
ture is normally the same; the number, direction and comparative
length of the carinz being identical: the legs are precisely alike in
the two forms in structure, proportions, size and colouring. So that
the reasons for uniting the forms under one specific name are stronger
than any that can be urged for keeping them distinct ; and their not
having been united by Kirby, MacLeay, Guerin, or Boisduval, merely
implies that the idea did not occur to those distinguished entomolo-
gists: there is no evidence that they maturely weighed and then re-
jected the conclusion.
2. DisticHoceRA PAR. Sexuum amborum color par: testaceo-
fusca, maris capite prothoracisque disco saturatioribus ; om-
nind pilis cinereis obsita.
Maris long. corp. °525 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *2 unc.
Femine long. corp. *7 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *225 une.
Male.—Antennee, anterior margin of prothorax, elytra, legs, and
entire under-surface testaceous brown, the head and disk of the pro-
thorax being darker; a longitudinal, narrow, silvery spot, due to the
;
Proc. 7.8. Annulosa. x
W Wing, hth
ISTICHOCKRA KIRBIL. Newmans
79
presence of a velvety pilosity, is observable in the centre of each ely-
tron; every part of the body is more or less thickly beset with a grey
pilosity.
Female.—Almost exactly resembling the male, but the prothoracic
disk is not darker than the elytra, and there is no silvery mark in
their centre.
In both sexes the carination of the elytra follows that of D. ma-
culicollis, but is less pronounced.
Compared with D. maculicollis both sexes of this species are of
smaller size, and the discrepancy in breadth is rather more obvious
than in length; the antenne of the males are very similar, but the
apical joint is more clavate in par ; their colour is decidedly different,
in maculicollis being black, in par testaceous, with the apices of the
ramuli slightly darker ; the prothorax is more rounded at the sides in
par than in the older species ; but the plainness and purity of colour
in par are sufficient at once to distinguish it.
Male and female in the cabinet of Mr. Scott, to whom I am in-
debted for the opportunity of describing it.
3. Disticuocrera Kirsyt.
Mas. Caput nigrum, longitudinaliter sulcatum, antenne dimidio
corporis longiores, 11-articulate, articulis 3-10 biramosis, 110
sesquialtero: prothorax niger vittis 2 latis fulvis, dorso inequa-
lis lateribus medio \-dentatus : scutellum nigrum : elytra fulva,
5-carinata, apice dehiscentia, singulo truncato, truncaturd bi-
sinuatd : pedes nigri.
Corp. long. 1°15 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *3 unc.
Fem. Caput nigrum, longitudinaliter sulcatum, antenne dimidio
corporis viv longiores, 11-articulate articulis 4-8 apice emar-
ginatis: prothorax niger vittis 2 latis fulvis, lateribus medio
1-dentatus : seutellum nigrum lateribus fulvum: elytra fulva
5-carinata apice dehiscentia, singulo truncato, truncaturd bi-
sinuatd, pedes nigri.
Corp. long. 1°25 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. °375 unc.
Male.—Head black, with the exception of a scarcely perceptible
fulvescent tinge on the short velvety down of the epicranium ; a deep
epicranial longitudinal sulcus extends forwards between the antenne :
eyes arcuate, reniform, pitchy black, large, approaching on the epi-
cranium, dilated and gibbose on the cheeks: antennze more than
half the length of the body, 11-jointed ; the first joint rather short,
stout, somewhat in the common shape of a reversed cone; the second
joint very short ; the following, to the tenth inclusive, short, some-
what cup-shaped towards the base, and emitting at the apex two long
branches, which are slightly incrassated externally ; the eleventh
joint is much longer than either, slender towards the base, somewhat
club-shaped and very decidedly sesquialterous: prothorax uneven on
the back, somewhat restricted just behind the anterior margin ; lateral
margins produced in the middle into a decided strong but obtuse tooth;
the posterior half of each lateral margin concave, yet the anterior and
posterior margins are straight and nearly equal in breadth ; the colour
80
of the prothorax is black, with the exception of two broad fulvous
irregular vittee extending from the anterior to the posterior margin :
prosternum black, shining, projecting between the anterior coxze, and
the projection deeply emarginate : scutellum rather long, blunt at the
apex, perfectly black: elytra fulvous, slightly divaricating, conspi-
cuously carinated, truncate at the apex, and the truncature sinuate
carinated ; the carinz five discoidal, one costal and one sutural; the
first discoidal originates at the base, and nearly runs into the sutural
at about one-third of its length; the second unites with the first at
the base and runs into the apical area of the wing; the third omgi-
nates at the base and runs into the apical area; the fourth originates
in the humeral angle, dividing at one-third of its length, and the
two branches counting as two carine, there uniting with the two pre-
viously described in a confused manner in the apical area: the wings
are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra, and scarcely folded at
the tip: the abdomen and legs are black, the latter of moderate size
and proportion: the metatibize are armed with two spurs.
Fem.—Head black, with the exception of a fulvescent tinge on the
short velvety down of the epicranium: eyes reniform, or almost ar-
cuate, ferruginous (probably by accident): antennze rather more than
half as long as the body and moderately stout, 11-joimted ; the first
joint moderately long; the second very short ; the third about equal
in length to the first, and together with the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh
and eighth inclusive, deeply notched at the apex, and receiving the
base of the next preceding joint in the notch: prothorax uneven on
the back, somewhat curved anteriorly, and the anterior half of each
lateral margin uniting therewith in producing a somewhat semicir-
cular outline ; the posterior half of each lateral margin is concave,
and a strong but obtuse central tooth is produced on each side at the
point of union of the convex and concave portions of the margin ;
the posterior margin is nearly straight ; the colour is velvety black,
with two broad fulvous vitte, extending from the anterior to the
posterior margin: prosternum black, thickly sprinkled with a grey
pilosity, projecting somewhat between the procoxee, and the pro-
jection emarginate: scutellum rather long, rounded at the apex, vel-
vety black with fulvous margins: elytra bright fulvous, conspicuously
carinated, slightly divaricating, truncate at the apex, and the trunca-
tures sinuate: the carine on each elytron are five in number, and are
thus disposed ; the first is near the suture and parallel therewith for
rather more than a third of its length; it unites with the second at
the base, and this runs into the apical area and there joins the third ;
the third originates at the base, exceeds the second slightly in length,
and joins the fourth in the apical area ; the fourth originates near the
humeral angle and divides at about a third of its length ; both branches
proceed to the apical area, and there unite with the second and third :
wings fuliginous, exceeding the elytra in length, and scarcely folded
at the tip: legs black.
Hab. Australia. I have seen but a single specimen of the male,
which is in the Cabinet of the Zoological Society, and one of the fe-
male, in the Cabinet of the British Museum.
Sl
4. Disricuocrera MacLrayi.
Fem. Caput nigrum, fronte ferrugined, longitudinaliter sulcatum :
antenne desunt: prothorax ferrugineo-lanuginosus, lateribus bi-
tuberculatus, haud dentatus : scutellum ferrugineo-lanuginosum
lateribus nigrum, glabrum : elytra ferruginea 5-carinata apice
viz dehiscentia vix truncata: pedes nigri.
Corp. long. 1°35 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. 5 unc.
Fem.—Head, including the eyes, black ; the face clothed with fer-
ruginous down ; epicranium impressed with a longitudinal sulcus,
which is very deep between the eyes; the eyes are moderately large
and reniform, the lower or cheek lobe being the largest ; the face has
a large and deep depression occupying the basal or upper portion of
the clypeus; the first and second joints of the antennz alone are
present : prothorax black, clothed with ferruginous down, without
any trace of that central black velvety vitta which obtains in the
females of other described species ; the anterior portion of the pro-
thorax is smooth and somewhat ring-like ; the rest of the dorsal sur-
face uneven and tuberculated on each side; it has two obtuse tu-
bercles: prosternum produced between the procoxz into two short
incurved, backward-directed processes which approximate at their
apices, leaving an aperture through which the point of a needle may
be passed: scutellum semicircular, clothed with ferruginous, with
the exception of the margin, which is glabrous: elytra ferruginous
and clothed with ferruginous down, wide at the base, narrowing to
the apex and then truncate, the angles of the truncature being ob-
tuse ; the elytra are carinated, each haying five carine ; the first is
very short and nearly obtuse ; it commences near the scutellum and
ceases before it has reached a third of the length of the elytron; the
second and third commence near the base of the wing and unite in
the apical area; the third and fourth commence almost together just
below the humeral angle, and unite in the apical area; the two pairs
are also united, and below their union several other raised anasto-
mosing lines form a kind of network: the abdomen and legs are black,
with a short hairy pubescence ; metatibiee with two distinct apical
spines.
Pag. Australia. A single specimen of the female, taken by Mr.
Ince, R.N., in that gentleman’s cabinet. y
Perhaps I may be permitted to avail myself of the opportunity of
stating that I am assiduously engaged in the preparation of a de-
seriptive list of the longicorn Coleoptera of our Australian colonies,
and that I shall feel deeply indebted to any members of the Zoological
Society who would kindly assist me by the communication of speci-
mens. As the extent and value of her colonies have always been a
distinguishing character of Great Britain, so I think should the in-
dustry of her sons take precedence of other nations in making known
to the world the abundant riches of those colonies in the field of
Natural History.
No. CCXXIV.—ProcerepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
82
2. A CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF EMARGINULA, A GENUS OF
GASTEROPODOUS MOLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY
FissuRELLIDZ; IN THE COLLECTION or H. Cumine, Esa.
By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
Genus EmMarGinuta, Lamarck.
Head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on tuber-
cles at their external bases; foot with a range of cirrhi round the
sides; mantle-margin simple; branchial plumes two; anal siphon
with its angulated membranous sides projecting from the edges of the
fissure ; tongue with a central laminar subquadrate tooth and nume-
rous lateral teeth.
Shell conical, with an elevated slightly recurved entire vertex turned
towards the posterior end ; surface cancellated ; aperture emarginated
in front by a slit, which runs for some distance up the shell; interior
without a partition; muscular impression crescentic, interrupted in
front.
Emarginulus, Montf.—Patella, sp. Linn.
1. EMARGINULA FISSURA, Linn.
Patella fissura, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p.1261.—Emarg. fissura,
Flem.—Zmarg. levis, Recluz.—Emarg. curvirostris, Macgil.
Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.
2. EMARGINULA RETICULATA, Chemn.
Emarg. reticulata, Chemn.; Sowerby, Genera (Emarg.), f. 5.
Hab. Malta, on stones. Mus. Cuming.
3. EMARGINULA CANCELLATA, Philippi.
Emarg. cancellata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. pl. 7. fig. 15.—? Patella
erystallina, Wood.
Hab. Sicily, and island of Paros. Mus. Cuming.
4. EMARGINULA FISssuRATA, Chemn.
Patella fissurata, Chemn.11.1929-30; Sowerby, Genera(Emarg.),
fig. 3.—Hmarg. rubra, Lam. Hist.
Hub. Seas of Europe. Mus. Cuming.
5. EMARGINULA CURVIROSTRIS, Deshayes.
Emarg. conica, Blainville, Man. pl. 48. fig. 4.
Hab. 2
6. EMARGINULA ROSEA, Bell.
Emarg. rosea, Bell, Zool. Journ. vol. i. 1824.—Emarg. pileolus,
Michaud.—Emarg. capuliformis, Philippi.
Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.
7. EMARGINULA CRasSA, J. Sowerby.
Emarg. crassa, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch. pl. 33; Forbes and Han-
ley, Brit. Moll. pl. 63. fig. 2.
Hab. Norwegian Seas. Mus. Cuming.
85
8. Emareinuta Huzaropit, Payrandeau.
Emarg. Huzardii, Payr.
Hab. ?
9. EMARGINULA SOLIDULA, Costa.
Emarg. solidula, Costa.
Hab. Catania. Mus. Cuming.
10. EMARGINULA ELONGATA, Philippi.
Emarg. elongata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. pl. 110. fig. 2.
Hab. Mediterranean. Mus. Cuming.
11. Emareinuta VANICORENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarg. Vancorensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de !’Astrol. pl. 68.
fig. 19, 20.
Hab. Vanicoro. Mus. Cuming.
12. EMARGINULA STRIATULA, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarg. striatula, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de lAstrol. pl. 68.
fig. 21, 22.
Hab.
13. Emareinuta Cuviert, Savigny.
Emarg. Cuvieri, Savigny, Egypt, tab. 3. fig. 2.
Hab. Egypt. Mus. Cuming.
? Mus. Cuming.
14. EMarGinuta CLiypeus, A.Adams. JL. testd elongato-ellip-
tied, valde depressd, testaced, maculd luteold in medio dorsi, ver-
tice subcentrali, postice inclinato ; costis confertis, equalibus,
radiantibus, imbricato-asperis, ornatd ; basi arcuato ; aperture
margine crenulato, anticé valde fissurato ; fissurd magna ; aper-
turd intus bimaculosd.
Hab. Isle of Burias, Philippines, on dead shells, 7 fathoms, sandy
mud. Mus. Cuming.
15. EMARGINULA ScaBRIuSCULA, A. Adams. LE. testd elongato-
elliptied, depresso-conicd, testaced, vertice subpostico, retror-
sum inclinato ; costis inequalibus, radiantibus, imbricato-sub-
aculeatis, asperis, et lineis elevatis, concentricis, cancellatd ;
aperturd anticée angustatd, basi arcuatd, margine ereno-denti-
culato.
Hab.
16. EMaAreGinoza opovata, A. Adams. Z. testa elongatd, ob-
ovatd, depresso-conicd, testaced, vertice subcentrali, retrorsum
inclinato, costellis radiantibus, imbricato-asperis, et liris ele-
vatis, concentricis, cancellatd ; aperturd posticé rotundatd, an-
tice angustatd, margine creno-denticulato, antice profunde in-
ciso.
Hab. Catbalonga, isle of Samaar, on stones, 4 fathoms. Mus.
Cuming.
? Mus. Cuming.
84
17. EmMARGINULA INCIsuRA, A. Adams, J. testd elongato-
ovali, planulatd, pallide fulvd, vertice antico retrorsum incli-
nato, costellis inequalibus, radiantibus, longitudinalibus, im-
bricato-asperis, et lineis elevatis, concentricis, decussatd, basi
arcuato, aperture margine crenulato, anticé declinato, valdé
jissurato, incisurd magnd, longd, haud usque ad verticem pro-
ductd, marginibus intus callosis.
Hab. ——? Mus. Cuming.
18. EmMarernuta micans, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-ovali,
pallide fused, nitidd, vertice postice declinato, costellis radian-
tibus et lineis elevatis transversis, regulariter cancellatd, can-
celli quadrati ; aperture margine denticulato, incisurd magna
et longd.
Hab. Rains Island, North Australia (Lieut. Ince). Mus. Cuming.
19. EMARGINULA PuNCTATA, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-conicd,
albido-grised, pulcherrimeé viridi punctatd, vertice subcentrali,
posticé inclinato ; costis longitudinalibus (majoribus cum mi-
noribus alternatis) concinné granulatis ; aperture margine cre-
nulato, excurvato, antice valde fissurato.
Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, under stones, low water.
Mus. Cuming.
20. EMARGINULA VARIEGATA, A. Adams. . testd ovato-conicd,
albidd, rufo-fusco variegatd, vertice acuto, subcentrali, posticé
inclinato, costellis radiantibus, equalibus, imbricato-asperis,
ornatd ; aperture margine denticulato, antice fissurato, fissurd
brevi subquadratd.
Hab. Isle of Camaguan, Philippines, on exposed rocks, low water.
Mus. Cuming.
21. EMARGINULA PUNCTICULATA, A. Adams. £. testd elevato-
conicd, capuliformi, albd, fusco punctulatd, costellis planulatis,
crebris, longitudinalibus, radiantibus, ornatd ; apertura ovali,
margine crenulato, antice profunde fissurato ; fissurd magnd et
longd.
Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, Philippines, on stones, 12 fa-
thoms. Mus. Cuming.
22. EMARGINULA FuULIGINEA, A. Adams. J. testd elliptied,
valde depressd, fuligined, apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato,
costellis equalibus, radiantibus, granulosis, confertis, et lineis
imerementi concentricis, ornatd ; aperturd ovali, intus viridi,
margine crenulato, anticé fissurato, incisurd ‘intus in canalem
productd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
23. EMARGINULA GALERICULATA, A. Adams. . testd obliqué
conicd, capuliformi, vertice valde curvato, ultra marginem poste-
riorem decumbente, costellis angustis, crenulatis, radiantibus,
interstitiis lineis elevatis, transversis, concinné clathratis ;
85
costd anticd, supra incisuram, granulato-punctatd ; aperture
margine crenulato, anticé profunde inciso.
Hab. Calapan, isle of Mindoro, on stones, 12 fathoms. Mus.
Cuming.
24. EmMarcinuta putcura, A. Adams. JF. testd depresso-
conicd, viridi, albo pulcherrimé radiatim pictd, vertice subcen-
trali, posticé inclinato, costis radiantibus, inequalibus, acu-
leato-asperis, interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis clathratis ;
aperture margine denticulato, anticée inciso, fissurd brevi sub-
quadratd.
Hab. Isle of Camaguan, Philippines, on exposed rocks, low water.
Mus. Cuming.
25. EMARGINULA CONCINNA, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-de-
pressd, albidd, vertice postico, ad marginem declinato, costis
sulcosis, distantibus, radiantibus (circa 12), interstitiis liners
longitudinalibus, et transversis, concinne decussatis ; aperture
margine dentato, anticé profunde inciso.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
26. EMARGINULA VIMINEA, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-conicd,
albidd, vertice centrali, retrorsum inclinato, costellis radianti-
bus, nodulosis, subequalibus, et lineis crassis, transversis, regu-
lariter cancellatd ; cancelli profundi, punctiformes ; aperture
margine crenato, anticée profunde inciso.
Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.
27. Emarcinuta excurvata, A. Adams. JL. testd elongato-
ellipticd, depresso-conicd, testaced, apice acuto, subpostico, re-
trorsum inclinato, costis radiantibus, et liris concentricis, ele-
vatis, cancellatd, liris ad costas nodulosis, basi arcuato ; aper-
ture margine excurvato, crenulato, anticée profunde inciso.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
28. EmMAarGINnuLA piLecrAé, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-ovali,
subquadrangulari, albd, valdé depressd, vertice subpostico, re-
trorsum declinato, costis subdistantibus, radiantibus, asperu-
latis, et liris elevatis, concentricis, pulcherrimé cancellatd ; bast
arcuatd ; aperture margine denticulato, anticeé valde fissurato.
Hab. King George’s Sound, South Australia. Mus. Cuming.
29. EMARGINULA scABRICOSTATA, A. Adams. JF. ftestd ovali,
valde depressd, albidd, fasciis tribus, lutescentibus, radiantibus,
antice ornatd; vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato, costis radi-
antibus, distantibus, corrugatis, interstitiis valdé clathratis et
corrugatis ; aperture margine dentato et denticulato, anticé
valde inciso.
Hab. Isle of Corrigidor, Bay of Manila, on dead shells, sandy mud,
12 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
30. EMARGINULA CANDIDA, A. Adams. J. testd ellipticd, de-
presso-conicd, obliqud, albd, vertice subpostico, retrorsum decli-
86
nato, costis radiantibus, imbricato-asperis (majoribus cum mi-
noribus alternatis), interstitiis clathratis ; aperture margine
denticulato, anticé profunde inciso.
Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia, on the sands. Mus. Cuming.
31. EMARGINULA BELLULA, A. Adams. L. testd elongato-ellip-
tied, subdepressd, albidd, vertice subpostico, declinato, costis
distantibus prominentibus, lineisque transversis concinné scul-
ptis; carind, supra incisuram, puncturatd ; aperture margine
denticulato, intus sulcato, anticé profunde inciso.
Hab, Catanuan, province of Toyabos, island of Luzon, on dead
shells, 10 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
32. EMARGINULA RETECOSA, A. Adams. J. ftestd elevato-
conicd, ellipticd, albidd, vertice subcentrali, posticé inelinato,
costis radiantibus, equalibus, subnodosis, ornatd ; interstitis
regulariter cancellatis, cancelli in serie unico dispositi ; aper-
ture margine crenulato, incisurd profundd.
Hab. Bolinao, province of Tambalas, island of Luzon, sandy mud,
10 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
33. EmMarGInuLA EximtA, A. Adams. Z£. testd elongato-ovali,
valde depressd, albd, subpellucidd, vertice postico retrorsum
inclinato, costis radiantibus, distantibus, prominentibus, im-
bricato-nodosis, interstitiis liris transversis et longitudinalibus
late cancellatd ; totd superficie lineolis radiantibus et concen-
tricis pulcherrimée decussatd ; aperture margine denticulato,
antice profunde inciso.
Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, under stones, low water. Mus.
Cuming.
34. EmMareinuta pLanutata, A. Adams. LE. testd elongato-
ovali, complanatd, vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, albidd,
costellis radiantibus, equalibus, imbricato-asperis, lineisque
concentricis incrementi decussatd, basi arcuato ; aperture mar-
gine antice valde ineiso ; incisurd latd et profundd.
Hab, Singapore, coarse sand and shells, 7 fathoms. Mus.Cuming.
35. EMARGINULA CucULLATA, A. Adams. LE. testd obovali, ob-
lique conicd, albd, vertice producto, subpostico, intorto ; costis
prominentibus, nodulosis, radiantibus, interstitiis cancellatis ;
aperture lateribus anticé angustatis, margine denticulato,
posticé rotundato, antice profunde fissurato, incisurd longa et
latd.
Hab. Singapore, on shells, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
36. EMARGINULA ACULEATA, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-
ovali, depressd, rufescente, vertice subpostico, retrorsum in-
clinato ; costis radiantibus, aculeato-asperis, prominentibus,
interstitiis valdé clathratis ; aperture einisine? denticulato,
antice fissurato, fissurd profundd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
87
37. Emarcrnuta Lavicostata, A. Adams. J. testd parvd,
elliptied, valde depressd, apice subpostico, retrorsum inclinato,
costis levibus, radiantibus (circa 14), interstitiis costellis lon-
gitudinalibus, et lineis transversis laté clathratis ; aperture
margine denticulato, lateribus anticé angustatis, antice valde
inciso.
Hab.
? Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus Ciyprpina, Gray.
Shell ovate, conical, surface with radiated ribs; vertex acute, cen-
tral, not recurved; aperture with the margin crenulated ; muscular
impression fungiform, anal groove and emargination inclining towards
the right anterior margin (in the natural position of shell).
1. Cuypipina norata, Linn.
Patella notata, Linn. Chemn. Conch. vol. x. p. 321. Vign. 25.
fig. C. D.
Hab. West Indies. Mus. Cuming.
2. CLYPIDINA RUGOSA, Quoy and Gaimard.
Emarginula rugosa, Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. p. fig.
Emarg. conoida, Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 160. fig. 7.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
3. CLYPIDINA ASPERA, Gould.
Emarginula aspera, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 12.
Hab. Sydney, New South Wales. Mus. Cuming.
4, CLypipina FUNGINA, Gould.
Emarginula fungina, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 12.
Hab. Upolu. Maus. Cuming.
5. Ciyprpina suLcirerA, A. Adams. C. testd ovali, depresso-
conicd, viridescenti, vertice obtuso, ad partem posteriorem po-
sito; costellis radiantibus, interstitiis haud equantibus, et striis
incrementi ornatis ; basi arcuatd ; aperture margine crenulato,
incisurd haud profundd, sublaterali, intus in canalem productd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
6. Ciypriptna rupis, A. Adams. C. testd crassd, rudi, albidd,
depresso-conicd, costis octo angulatis radiantibus, interstitiis
costellis longitudinalibus et lineis concentricis decussatis ; apice
subcentrali; basi arcuato; aperture margine crenato, anticée
sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
7. CLYPIDINA STELLATA, A. Adams. C. testd soliduld, albidé,
ellipticd, depresso-conicd, apice subcentrali, costis elevatis, sub-
spinulosis, radiantibus ; interstitiis costellis et striis crebris
decussantibus, exwasperatis ; aperture margine dentato, sinu
sublaterali, intus in canalem apicem versus producto.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
88
8. Ciyprpr1Nna scABRICULA, A. Adams. C. testd elongato-ovali,
oblique conicd, costis radiantibus, elevatis, distantibus, asperu-
latis, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus et lineis scabriusculis
valde cancellatd ; vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato ; aper-
ture margine dentato-crenulato ; incisurd profundd, intus in
canalem productd.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
9. Ciypriprna ANNULATA, A. Adams. C. testd crassd, ellipticd,
albidd, annulo luteo-fusco circumcinctd ; costis elevatis asperis
radiantibus distantibus, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus et
lineis transversis elevatis concinné clathratis ; aperture mar-
gine duplicato, incrassato, pulcherrimeé fimbriato, sinu quadrato
intus in canalem producto; aperturd intus annuld albidd.
Had. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
10. Cuyprpina AcuminaTA, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-conicd,
albidd, viridi annulatd, costis longitudinalibus radiantibus, un-
bricato-asperis, interstitiis tricostulatis, costellis imbricato-
asperis ; sulcis transversis concentricis, distantibus, impressd ;
vertice acuminato, acuto, subcentrali ; aperture margine valde
crenulato, sinu subquadrato, intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
11. Cuyprprna canpipa, A. Adams. C. testd elliptied, soliduld,
conicd, candidd, costellis asperulatis inequalibus, radiantibus,
et striis elevatis transversis, concentricis, decussatd ; vertice
subcentrali ; aperture margine crenulato, sinu brevi, intus in
canalem producto.
Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia. Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus Tueaui, Gray.
Shell oblong, narrow anteriorly, back elevated, cancellated ; apex
posterior and recurved; aperture with the margin crenulated, and
deeply sinuated anteriorly.
1, TuUGALI ELEGANS, Gray.
Tugali elegans, Gray, Cat. Moll. New Zealand.
Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming.
2. TUGALI INTERMEDIA, Reeve.
Parmophorus intermedius, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842 ; Conch.
Syst. pl. 139. fig. 5, 6.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
3. TuGALI ossEA, Gould.
Emarginula ossea, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 13.
Hab. Feejee Islands. Mus. Cuming.
4. TUGALI CINEREA, Gould.
Emarginula cinerea, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 13.
Fab. ? Mus. Cuming.
89
5. TUGALI PARMOPHOROIDEA, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarginula parmophoroidea, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de |’ Astrol.
pl. 68. fig. 15, 16.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
6. Tueaur carinata, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovali, dorso
carinatd, costis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, confertis, et striis
transversis, concentricis, decussatd ; apice posticée declinato ;
basi arcuatd ; aperture margine crenulato, extremitate ante-
riori sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
7. Tugaui cicatricosa, A. Adams. 7’. testd elongato-ovali, alba,
dorso valdé depressd, costellis radiantibus et lineis concentricis
elevatis decussatd, vertice subpostico depresso excavato quasi
cicatricoso, subpellucido ; basi arcuato ; aperture margine cre-
nulato, extremitate anteriori sinuato, sinu intus in canalem
producto.
Hab. Philippmes. Mus. Cuming.
8. TuGaLi scuTELLARIS, A. Adams. TZ. testd elongato-ovali,
virido-fuscd, tenui, dorso planulatd, vertice postico, acuto, vix
elevato, costellis radiantibus subdistantibus, et striis concen-
tricis incrementi, decussatd ; extremitate anteriori vix sinuato;
apertura intus fuscd, margine subcrenulato.
Hab. Bais, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
9. Tucaui rapiATA, A. Adams. TT. testd elongato-ovali, luteold,
valdé depressd, costis radiantibus, rotundatis, elevatiusculis,
distantibus, et striis concentricis, ad incrementum ornatd ; aper-
turd intus albidd, margine crenulato, extremitate anteriori vir
sinuato.
Hab. Catanuan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
10. TuGgaui pecussata, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovalt,
. albidd, planulatd, dorso carinatd, costellis longitudinalibus,
radiantibus, et lineis elevatis concentricis eleganter clathratd ;
vertice acuto, postico; aperture margine crenulato, anticé si-
nuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus SuseMaRGINULA, Blainville.
Shell conical, compressed, vertex inclined towards the posterior
margin; aperture with the anterior margin folded in the form of a
gutter or channel ; surface cancellated.
Hemitoma, Swainson.
1. SUBEMARGINULA EMARGINATA, Blainv.
Emarginula emarginata, Blainv. Man. de Malac. pl. 48 dis. fig. 2.
Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.
90
2. SUBEMARGINULA OCTORADIATA, Gmel.
Patella octoradiata, Gmel.; Lister, 532.11.—Emarg. Listeri, Ant.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
3. SUBEMARGINULA DEPRESSA, Blainv.
Emarginula depressa, Blainv. Man. de Malac. pl. 48 dis. fig. 3.
Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.
4, SUBEMARGINULA CLATHRATA, Adams and Reeve.
Emarginula clathrata, Adams and Reeve, Moll. Zool. Voy. Sama-
rang, pl. 11. fig. 6.
Hab. Mindoro Sea. Mus. Cuming.
5. SUBEMARGINULA PANIHENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarginula Panihensis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol. pl. 67.
fig. 7, 8.
Hab. Island of Panhi. Mus. Cuming.
6. SUBEMARGINULA TRICOSTATA, Chemn.
Patella tricostata, Chemn.; Sowerby, Gen. of Shells, No. 34. fig. 6.
Hab. Me
7. SUBEMARGINULA AUSTRALIS, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarginula australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de lAstrol. pl. 68.
fig. 11, 12.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
8. SUBEMARGINULA ELARGIE, Quoy et Gaimard.
Emarginula elargie, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. del Astrol. pl. 68. fig. 9, 10.
Hab. Philippmes. Mus. Cuming.
9. SUBEMARGINULA GALEATA, A. Adams. S. testd griseo-rufes-
cente, elevato-conicd, tenut, vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato,
costis tuberculosis, radiantibus, albidis, et lineis transversis, ele-
vatis, subclathratis, costd anticd prominenti; aperture mar-
gine dentato, antice valde sinuato, sinu intus in canalem pro-
ducto.
Hab. Philippine Archipelago. Mus. Cuming.
10. SuBpreMARGINULA ARABICA, A. Adams. S. testd albidéd,
crassa, depresso-conicd, vertice obtuso subcentrali, postice in-
clinato ; costis radiantibus tuberculosis et liris elevatis trans-
versis clathratd ; aperture margine incrassato, crenato, anticée
sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Red Sea. Mus. Cuming.
11. SUBEMARGINULA ALVEOLATA, A. Adams. S. testd tenuz,
albd, subpellucidd, depresso-conicd, vertice subcentrali, postice
inclinato ; costis radiantibus lirisque transversis irregulariter
alveolatd ; costis ad liras nodulosis ; alveolis pellucidis ; aper-
ture margine dentato, anticé sinuato, sinu intus in canalem
producto.
Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.
91
12. SuBEMARGINULA rmBrRicaTA, A. Adams. _ S. testd ovato-
oblonga, subquadrangulari, cinereo-albidd, vertice parvo, cen-
trali, postice inclinato ; costis radiantibus imbricato-asperis,
inequalibus, et lineis crassis irregularibus incrementi decus-
satd; aperture margine dentato, anticé valdé sinuato, sinu
subquadrato, intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Mouth of Victoria River, north-east coast of Australia, under
stones, low water. Mus. Cuming.
13. SUBEMARGINULA PuMILA, A. Adams. S. testd orbiculato-
ovali, valdé depressd, apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato ; costis
radiantibus, nodosis, inequalibus, et lineis elevatis concentricis
incrementi, decussatd ; aperture margine denticulato-crenato,
antice profunde sinuato ; sinu subquadrato, intus in canalem
producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
14. SuBEMARGINULA caTILLUus, A. Adams. S. testd elongato-
ovali, valde depressd, vertice vix elevato, posticé inclinato ;
costis radiantibus nodulosis, crassis, et lineis incrementi trans-
versis, ornatd ; aperture margine irregulari, crenulato, intus
calloso, anticé valde sinuato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
15. SuBEMARGINULA DENTICULATA, A. Adams. S. testd elon-
gato-ovali, albd, novem-radiatd, vertice acuto postice inclinato,
costis novem, crassis, rugulosis, radiantibus ; intervallis costel-
latis, costellis longitudinalibus, asperulatis ; aperture margine
dentato, et denticulato, anticé emarginato, incisure lateribus
incrassatis, anticé in dentes duos productis.
Hab. Mexico. Mus. Cuming.
16. SuUBEMARGINULA PoLYGONALIS, A. Adams. S. testd elon-
gato-ovali, depresso-conicd, albd, octoradiatd, vertice subcentrali,
postice inclinato, costis radiantibus subnodulosis, longitudina-
libus (octo majoribus), lineis concentricis incrementi asperd ;
apertura octagonali, margine crenulato, anticé valdé sinuato,
sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Catanuan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
17. SUBEMARGINULA CRASSILABRUM, A. Adams. S. testd ellip-
tied, crassd, rudi, albd, depresso-conicd, vertice subcentrali,
eroso, costis radiantibus distantibus, inequalibus, subaculeatis,
ornatéd ; aperture margine crenato-denticulato, posticé recto,
anticé rotundato, sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
18. SUBEMARGINULA NopuLosa, A. Adams. S. testd ovatd,
oblique conied, albido-rufescenti, vertice subcentrali, postice de-
clinato ; costis longitudinalibus nodosis, radiantibus, duabus
latere anterioribus permagnis, liris irregularibus transversis,
92
decussatd ; aperture margine irregulari, posticé acuminato, an-
tice truncato, sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, on small stones, 10 fathoms. Mus.
Cuming.
19. SuBEMARGINULA CRATITIA, A. Adams. S. testd ovatd,
conicd, albidd, vertice obtuso, centrali, postice haud inclinato,
costis radiantibus distantibus, nodulosis ; interstitiis costellis
duabus longitudinalibus, et lineis elevatis, transversis, elegan-
ter cancellatis ; aperture margine crenulato, anticé sinuato,
sinu quadrato, intus in canalem producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
20. SUBEMARGINULA SCULPTILIS, A. Adams. S. testd ovalt, ob-
liquée conied, albidd, viridi radiatim maculata ; vertice subcen-
trali, posticé valde declinato ; costis radiantibus, longitudinali-
bus, corrugatis ; interstitiis pulcherrimé punctato-clathratis ;
costd anticd prominenti, crenulatd; aperture margine undu-
lato et crenulato, posticé rotundato, anticée truncato et sinuato,
sinu intus in canalem producto.
Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 12 fathoms.
Mus. Cuming.
3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BuLIMUS FROM CALLAO,
COLLECTED BY ERNESTE DENICKE.
CoMMUNICATED BY J. E. Gray, Esa., V.P.Z.S.
Mr. Erneste Denicke, a sailor on board a Hamburg vessel trading
with Chili, called at the British Museum, and informed me that he
had a new species of Bulimus, which he had discovered on the White-
sand Hill at Chala, near Callao. He further stated that he had col-
lected the Chilian shells, and had studied shells in general, and that he
was convinced that it was a new species. Having compared the shell
with the species in the English collections and the descriptions in
Pfeiffer, and being satisfied that M. Denicke was correct in his idea,
I propose that it should be named after that conchologist.
It was pleasing to see the intimate knowledge which he had
acquired of the genera and species of shells, and the interest which
he took in the study, when we consider the laborious nature of his
occupation, and the very little time that he had at his command.
The only holidays he had while his ship was in London were spent
at the British Museum, at Mr. Cuming’s collection, and in the gar-
dens of the Zoological Society.
Buxtimus DENIcKEI.
Shell conical, trochiform, white, the upper whorls small, forming
a rather produced tip, the others rapidly enlarging, slightly convex,
forming a conical spire, the last angularly keeled; axis perforated ;
mouth rhombic ; outer lip slightly reflexed, acute ; throat deep rose-
coloured.
Hab. Chala, near Callao, on the Whitesand Hills.
93
To the preceding communication by Mr. Gray, the following de-
tails were added by Mr. Lovell Reeve :—
Buuimus Denickxer. Bul. testd pyramidali-conicd, subampliter
umbilicatd, apice papillari, anfractibus superne convexo-decli-
vibus, medio acutangulis, carinatis, undique peculiariter cor-
rugatis et malleatis, opaco-albis, immaculatis, aperturd sub-
oblongo-ovatd, labro tenui, simplici, effuso, aperture Sauce in-
tensé purpureo-rosed.
Hab. Found imbedded in sand at the top of a lofty hill near the
Port of Chala, Peru, by Mr. Erneste Denicke. :
This interesting species of Bulimus is of about the same size and
form, and belongs to the same type, as B. lemniscatus, inhabiting
Ilo, Peru. Specifically it is very distinct, the entire surface of the
shell being peculiarly indented and shrivelled, and of an opake un-
spotted white. The interior of the aperture is of a deep purple-rose
colour.
4. ON A NEw SPECIES OF MuSOPHAGA.
By Joun Goutp, F.R.S.
Mr. Gould exhibited to the meeting a drawing by Lieut. J. R. Stack,
of a new and beautiful species of Musophaga, of which a living ex-
ample had been for the last ten years in the possession of Lady Ross,
at St. Helena. Mr. Gould also exhibited some feathers shed from
the wings and tail of the bird, an examination of which, and of the
drawing, satisfied him that the bird was quite distinct from all pre-
viously described members of the genus.
Lady Ross, who is at present in England, had informed Mr. Gould
that the bird was about the size of a hen-pheasant, and that it had
been brought to St. Helena from the western coast of Africa, but the
precise locality in which it had been procured was unknown to her.
For this interesting addition to the Musophage Mr. Gould pro-
posed the specific appellation of Rosse, in honour of its amiable
owner, who has promised that in the event of her not returning to
St. Helena, she will have the bird brought to England, where its
arrival will be hailed with pleasure by every lover of ornithological
science.
Musornaca Ross.
Body, wings and tail rich deep blue; primaries and secondaries
arterial blood-red, narrowly margined and more broadly tipped with
purplish brown, as in the other species of the genus; crown sur-
mounted with a high rounded crest of hair-like blood-red feathers ;
bill and denuded orbits yellow ; irides brown.
94
March 25, 1851.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF NASSA, A GENUS OF GASTERO-
Popous MoOLLUSCA BELONGING TO THE FAMILY BUCCINID#,
IN THE CoLLEcTION oF HueuH Cumine, Ese., WITH THE
DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By ArTHUR ADAMS,
F.L.S. ere.
Subgenus Nassa.
Shell cassiform ; spire short; inner lip with the callus greatly de-
veloped.
A. Shell ribbed or nodulous.
1. Nassa arcuLarRtA, Linn.
Buce. arcularia, Linn. ; List. Conch. pl. 970. f. 24; Kien. Buce.
pl. 28. f. 115.
Hab. Mauritius; Philippines, on the reefs (7. C.).
2. Nassa puuuus, Linn.
Buce. pullus, Linn. ; Gualtieri, Test. pl. 44. fig. R; Kien. Mon.
Buce. pl. 28. f. 114.
Hab. 2
3. Nassa coronata, Brug.
Buce. coronatum, Brug.; Gualtieri, Test. pl. 44. fig. C, D; Kien.
pl. 28. f. 112.
Hab. Philippines, on the reefs (Z. C.).
4. Nassa MuTABILIS, Linn.
Buec. mutabile, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 975. f. 30; Kien. pl. 24.
f. 30.
Hab. Red Sea; Philippines, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
5. NASsSA MARGINULATA, Lam.
Buce. marginulatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 44. fig. x ; Kien. Mon.
Buce. pl. 29. f. 117.
Hab. Cagayan, Philippines (ZZ. C.).
6. NASSA TIARULA, Kien.
Buce. tiarula, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 4.
Hab. Isle of Ticao, Philippines, under stones (H. C.).
7. Nassa potyGonata, Lam.
Buce. polygonatum, Lam. Voy. de l Astrol. pl. 32. f. 28, 29.
Hab. Port Jackson, New Holland.
95
8. Nassa LuTEOstToma, Kien.
Buce. luteostoma, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f: 1.
Hab. Coast of Senegal.
9. NAssA PAUPERATA, Lam.
Buce. pauperatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 44. fig. m.
Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia (Mr. Dring).
10. Nassa Livescens, Phil.
Buce. livescens, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 135.
Hab. Philippines (H. C.).
11. Nassa CANDENS, Hinds.
Nassa candens, Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Zool. Moll. pl. f.
Hab. Marquesas Islands.
12. Nassa GeEmmu.ata, Lam.
Buce. gemmulatum, Lam.; Petiver, Amb. pl. 64. f. 7; Kien. Mon.
Buce. pl. 22. f. 84.
Hab. Indian Seas.
13. Nassa ANTILLARUM, Phil.
Buce. antillarum, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 139.
Hab. West Indies.
14. Nassa Sturmit, Phil.
Buce. Sturmii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 135.
Hab. Philippines (#7. C.).
15. Nassa NopirerRa, Phil.
Buce. nodiferum, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 136.
Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (ZZ. C.).
16. Nassa masta, Hinds.
Nassa mesta, Hinds, Moll. Zool. Sulph. pl. f.
Hab. Central America.
17. Nassa Lyritua, Beck.
Nassa Lyrilla, Beck.
Hab. East Indies.
18. Nassa IsaBevuet, d’Orb.
Buce. Isabellei, @ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 61. f. 19.
Hab. Central America.
19. Nassa cREMATA, Hinds.
Nassa cremata, Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulph. pl. 9. f. 8, 9.
Hab. Philippines.
20. Nassa venusta, Dunker.
Buce. venustum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 1.
Hab. Corrigidor Island, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H.C.). Mus. Cum.
96
21. Nassa Gruner, Dunker.
Buce. Gruneri, Dunker; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 2
Hab. Island of Ticao. Mus. Cuming.
22. Nassa crassa, Koch; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 4.
Buce. crassum, Koch.
Hab. Swan River; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
23. NASSA MARGARITIFERA, Dunker.
Buce..mar' i diha Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Becca t. Qf 02.
Hab.
24. Nassa CAPERATA, Philippi.
Buce. caperatum, Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 18.
Hab. Philippines.
25. Nassa Jonasi, Dunker.
Buce. Jonasi, Dunker; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 10.
Hab.
26. Nassa GEMMA, Philippi.
Buce. gemma, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 1. f. 5.
Hab. Island of Ticao, under stones, low water. Mus. Cuming.
27. NASSA SEMIGRANOSA, Dunker.
Buce. semigranosum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 1. f. 9 (Buccinum).
Hab.
28. Nassa ALBESCENS, Dunker.
Buce. albescens, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 15
Hab.
29. NASSA SPLENDIDULA, Dunker.
Buce. splendidulum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 3. f. 13.
Hab.
30. Nassa coronuta, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, cine-
rescente, fascid supra albidd, infra fusco ornatd; spird brevi ;
anfractibus ad suturas angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis
distantibus rotundis supra nodulosis ; labio callo crasso obtecto ;
columella rugosd ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. Corrigidor, Bay of Manila, under stones, low water (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
31. Nassa pispar, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, ventricosd,
levi, lutescente, rufo cinereoque varie pictd ; anfractibus superné
gibbosis ; labio callo albo mediocri tecto; columellé transversim
corrugatd ; labro anticé dentato, intus lirato.
Hab. Philippines, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
32. Nassa sticgmMaria, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-ventricosd,
rufescente, albo fuscoque variegatd et punctatd; liris granosis
97
transversis ornatd, granis planis quadratis ; labio levi, callo albo
nitido obtecto, labro margine dentato.
Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines, under stones (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
33. Nassa Siqursorensis, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, subturritd,
rufescente, fascid pallida cinctd, longitudinaliter costellatd ; suturd
tuberculis moniliformibus ornatd, costellis permultis confertis,
interstitiis transversim striatis ; columella corrugatd, labro anticé
valdé dentato.
Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines (7. C.). Mus. Cuming.
34. Nassa retecosa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd; spird
acutd, rufescente, suturd canaliculatd, cingulis albis transversim et
longitudinaliter cancellatd ; labro crenato, anticé dilatato et sinuato ;
labio callo, subexpanso, anticé recto.
Hab. Albay, Luzon, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cum.
35. Nassa verRucosA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acuminatd,
spird productd; suturd canaliculatd, rufescente, fusco sparsim
punctatd, liris transversis granosis ornatd, granis rotundis verru-
ciformibus in seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dispositis ; labio
valde calloso, tuberculato, albo ; labro margine serrato.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
36. Nassa varieEGATA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-ventricosd,
albido-grised, fuscoque variegatd, longitudinaliter striata, liris
transversis granosis subdistantibus ornatd, granis rotundis in
seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dispositis ; labio tuberculato callo
tenui expanso tecto, labro margine crenato.
Hab. Dalmaguete, island of Negros, Philippines (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
37. Nassa cmuata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, acuminatd, sub-
turritd, albidd, fascid rufd cinctd, suturd tuberculis moniliformi-
bus ornatd, longitudinaliter costellatd ; costellis simplicibus, inter-
stitiis concinne clathratis, labio callo tenui obtecto, labro margine
crenulato.
Hab. Cagayan, Mindanao, sandy mud, 25 fathoms (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
38. Nassa ranipA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd, sub-
turritd, rufescente, cingulis transversis granosis sculptd, granis
elongatis subquadratis in seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dis-
positis ; columella rugosd ; labio non calloso, labro valde dentato.
Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
39. Nassa sorpipa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, albidd, fusco
Sasciatd; suturd tuberculis moniliformibus ornatd; longitudinaliter
costatd, transversim valde liratd ; labio callo albo crasso tecto ;
columella corrugatd ; labro margine calloso reflexo.
Had. Siquijor, on the reefs.
No. CCXXV.—ProceeEpin6Gs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
98
40. Nassa Cumineir, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, ventricosd
albidd, rufo nebulosd ; suturd canaliculatd, liris transversis gra-
nosis sculptd, granis quadratis in seriebus longitudinalibus dispo-
sitis; aperturd ringente; labio corrugato, tuberculifero; labro
intus valde sulcato.
Hab. China. Mus. Cuming. Unique specimen.
41. NASSA CRENELLIFERA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, acumi-
natd, subturritd, albidd, fascid pallidd rufd cinctd ; suturd cana-
liculatd, margine crenellifero, transversim striatd, longitudinaliter
tenuissime costatd ; columelld sublevi ; labro integro.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
42. Nassa suLtcirerA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-ventricosd ;
spird productd, cinerescente, luteo-fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter
subplicatd, transversim liratd ; anfractu ultimo infra suturam
sulco impresso ; labii callo crasso mediocri; collumelld anticé bi-
plicatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Algoa Bay.
43. Nassa corticaTa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird
productd, epidermide viridi-fusco obtectd; anfractibus superne
nodosis ; anfractu ultimo antice cinguld subnodosd ornato, postice
nodulis coronato; labio vix calloso; columelld antice biplicatd ;.
labro extus marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. New Zealand.
44, Nassa LaBecuta, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqua ;
spird subacuminatd, pallide fuscd ; anfractu ultimo fascid fuscd
obsoletd cincto ; anfractibus planulatis supremis costatis, ultimo
superne costato, inferne plano; labii callo expanso, tenui, nitidd
labeculd fuscd ornato ; labro posticé incrassato, intus dentato.
Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
45. Nassa muuricostaTa, A. Adams. NN. testd ovatd, acuminatd,
albo rufoque variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd; costis planis
obliquis confertis permultis ; labio cum callo parvo tecto ; columelld
levi, antice biplicatd ; labro intus sulcato, margine acuto integro.
Hab. Batangas, island of Luzon, 4 fathoms, coarse sand (#. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
46. Nassa costata, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, spird
acutd, productd, pallidd, anfractu ultimo maculd rufo-fuscd or-
natd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, longitudinaliter costatis, inter-
stitits planis ; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim striato ; labio
cum callo circumscripto tecto; columelld transversim rugosd ;
labro anticé dentato, intus lirato.
Hab. Island of Burias, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
47. Nassa cattosa, A. Adams. WN. testd parvd, ovatd, spird
acutd, albd fusco-maculatd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim
sulcatd; labio cum callo magno albo nitido expanso tecto; columella
99
antice triplicatd ; labro margine incrassato calloso, intus dentato-
lirato.
Hab. Bais, island of Negros, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (#7. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
48. NassA GemMuLIFERA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd,
spird acutd, productd, cinerescente rufo variegatd, longitudinaliter
plicatd, transversim cingulatd, cingulis ad plicas noduliferis ;
labio cum callo expanso albo tecto ; columelld transversim corru-
gatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
49. Nassa rissitapris, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliquid,
cinerescente, pallide fasciatd, longitudinaliter costatd, anfractu
ultimo antic? transversim sulcato ; labio cum callo expanso obtecto ;
columelld anticé tuberculis duobus transversis ; labro anticé sinuato,
postice valde inciso.
Hab, Cagayan, Prov. Misamis, island of Mindanao, 25 fathoms,
sandy mud (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
50. Nassa Nopicostata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, albd,
fascid pallidd fulvd cinctd ; anfractibus planulatis, longitudinali-
ter costatis, transversim evanide liratis; costis nodis distantibus
instructis, superne nodosis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ;
columelld rugosd, antice acutd, productd; labro extus limbato,
antice valde sinuato.
Hab. Island of Corrigidor, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
51. Nassa pexicata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, subpel-
lucidd, albidd, fascid angustd, fuscd, maculisque fuscis ornatd, lon-
gitudinaliter costatd, costis planulatis superné nodosis, interstitiis
lineis elevatis transversis clathratis ; labio calloso ; columelld an-
tice plicis quatuor ; labro margine acuto, intus longitudinaliter sul-
cato, transversim lirato.
Hab. Sorsogon, Albay, Luzon, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
52. Nassa canceLxaTa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird
acutd, fulvescenti, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis
planis rotundatis, interstitiis concinne cancellatis; labio callo
magno expanso crasso obtecto; columelld levi, simplici; labro
margine calloso incrassato, antic? subsinuato.
Hab. Masbate, under stones (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
53. Nassa cLaTHRATuLA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, spird
acutd, anfractibus conveais, nived, longitudinaliter costatd ; costis
nodulosis, interstitits valde clathratis ; labio cum callo mediocri
obtecto; columella antice biplicatd; labro extus varicoso, intus
lirato.
Hab. Island of Siquijor, deep water, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
100
54. Nassa CRENOLIRATA, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovatd,
pallidd, lineis angustis transversis fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter
costatd, costis nodulosis, superné nodosis ; aperturd angustatd ;
labio cum callo obtecto ; columelld plicis quatuor transversis in-
structo ; labro extus marginato, intus valde dentato-lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
55. NASSA SINUSIGERA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, ob-
liqud ; spird acuminatd, pallidd, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter
costatd, costis superné nodulosis, transversim sulcatd ; labio cum
callo mediocri tecto; columella transversim corrugato-plicatd ;
labro anticé valde sinuato.
Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samaar, 8 fathoms, coarse sand (H.C.).
Mus. Cuming.
56. Nassa GenicuLaTa, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovato-conicd,
fulvd, albo variegatd; fascid latd, transversd, cinereo-fuscd
cinctd, transversim striatd, longitudinaliter costatd ; costis geni-
culatis ; labio subcalloso, antice bituberculato; labro extus in-
crassato, intus dentato-lirato.
Hab. Island of Ticao, 4 fathoms, sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
57. Nassa speciosa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, acumi-
natd, lutescente, albo variegatd, transversim liratd, liris confertis
granulosis, longitudinaliter plicata ; plicis distantibus obliquis, su-
perne nodosis, nodulis albis ; aperturd albd, anticé rufo-fusco ma-
culatd ; columelld levi, callo subexpanso tectd ; labro intus evanideé
lirato, margine anticé maculd fuscd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
58. Nassa optusata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird
obtusd, pallidd, rufo-fusco variegatd, transversim liratd, longitu-
dinaliter costatd, costis distantibus superné nodosis ; labio callo
crasso albo obtecto ; labro intus incrassato, sulcato et transversim
lirato.
Hab. Island of Ticao, coral sand, 7 fathoms (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
59. Nassa aByssicoua, A. Adams. N. testd parva, ovato-conicd,
sordideé albd; costellis confertis longitudinalibus permultis, inter-
Stitiis concinné clathratis ornatd ; labio arcuato, mediocriter cal-
loso ; labro intus dentato-lirato, extus incrassato.
Hab. Loay, island of Bohol, clayey ground, 60 fathoms (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
60. Nassa pusto, A. Adams. WN. testd parvd, ovato-conicd,
fulvd, fusco variegatd et maculosd ; costellis planis, longitudinali-
bus confertis ornatd ; anfractu ultimo antic? sulcato, labio cum callo
nitido subexpanso tecto ; labro intus sulcato, margine subreflezo.
Hab. Sorsogon, Albay, isle of Luzon, 6 fathoms, coarse sand
(H.C.). Mus, Cuming.
101
B. Shell spinulose ; inner lip with the callus moderate, defined.
61. Nassa sussrrnosa, Lam.
Buce. subspinosum, Lam.; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 26. f. 103.
Hab. Gindulman, island of Bohol, Philippines, low water (H.C.).
62. Nassa MuricaTA, Quoy et Gaim.
Buce. muricatum, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. pl. 32. f. 32, 33.
Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro (H. C.).
63. Nassa vIBEx, Say.
Buce. vibex, Say.
Hab. West Indies, Philippines.
64. Nassa ampraua, Montag.
Buce. ambiguum, Mont. ; Kien. Bucc. Mon. pl. 21. f. 81.
Hab. British Islands.
65. Nassa norripA, Dunker.
Buce. horridum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 8.—Buce. seabrum,
Dunker, olim.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
66. Nassa uisprpa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acutd, albido-
cinered, rufo-fusco punctatd, nodispinosd, longitudinaliter plicatd ;
plicis cum seriebus novem tuberculorum spiniformium armatis.
Hab. Loon, island of Bohol, on the reefs, low water (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
Plicated, the rows of tubercles rather close together, the upper
row distinct from the rest.
67. Nassa ecurnata, A. Adams. WN. testd elongato-ovatd, al-
bidd, nodispinosd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis quinque, seriebus
tuberculorum spiniformium armatis.
Hab. Galeo, island of Mindoro, 3 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.).
Plicated, with the upper row of tubercles larger and distinct from
the others.
Subgenus Exong, Risso.
Shell with the back gibbous ; inner lip with the callus greatly de-
veloped, surrounding the circumference of the shell.
1. EroNE GiBBOsULA, Linn.
Buce. gibbosulum, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 973. f. 28; Kien. Mon.
Buce. pl. 28. f. 116.
Hab. ?
2. EIONE CLATHRATA, Kien.
Buce. clathratum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 27. f. 108.
Hab. ?
3. EIONE GRANIFERA, Kien.
Buce. graniferum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 27. f. 111.
Hab. ?
102
4. Erone Tuersirtes, Brug.
Buce. Thersites, Brug. ; List. Conch. t. 971. f. 26; Kien. Mon.
Buce. pl. 28. f. 113.
Hab. 2
5. Nassa circumcineta, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, cinered,
nitidd, dorso gibbosd; spird brevi, acutd, suturd fuscd; labio cum
callo crasso albo nitido tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram deeur-
rentibus fusco marginatis ; columelld levi, anticé uniplicatd ; labro
calloso marginato, intus levi.
Hab. Red Sea. Mus. Cuming.
6. Nassa porsuosa, A.Adams. UN. testd ovatd, depressd ; spird
acutd, dorso in medio nodatd, olivaced, levi, longitudinaliter sub-
plicatd ; labio cum callo magno crasso lutescente tecto, marginibus
incrassatis usque ad spiram decurrentibus ; columelld levi, labro
margine calloso incrassato, intus sublirato.
Hab. Masbate, on the mud-banks at low water (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
7. Nassa orspicunaTa, A. Adams. WN. testd semiorbiculari, con-
vexo-depressd, levi, olivaced, apud dorsum gibbd; spird brevi,
labio cum callo expanso crasso tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram
decurrentibus, columelld levi, labro extus calloso incrassdto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
8. Nassa caLLospira, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, pallidd, fascid
transversd cinered ornatd ; spird acutd, transversim liratd, plicis
nodosis longitudinalibus instructa ; labio cum callo magno albo ea-
tenso tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram decurrentibus ; columelld
anticé biplicatd; labro crasso calloso, marginato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Island of Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
9. Nassa nana, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, spird acutd; an-
Sractibus rotundatis, rufescente, fascid pallidd luted ornatd, lon-
gitudinaliter plicatd, transversim semistriatd ; labio cum callo
expanso tenui tecto; columelld rugosuld ; labro marginato, intus
sulcato.
Hab. Dumaguete, island of Negros, coarse black sand, 11 fathoms
(H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
10. NassA BELLULA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, spird acumi-
natd, acutd ; anfractibus angulatis, palliduld, fascid luteold or-
natd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd ; interstitiis con-
cinné longitudinaliter striatis, labio callo magno tecto ; columella
rugosd ; labri margine rugoso calloso, intus crenulato.
Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samaar, under stones, low water.
Mus. Cuming.
11. Nassa srmacutosa, A. Adams. N. testd suborbiculari, apud
dorsum valde convexd, nodosa; spird acutd, longitudinaliter sub-
103
plicatd, antice transversim sulcatd, olivaced, fascid pallida trans-
versd cinctd, labio cum callo crasso albo magno suborbiculari
cincto ; columella levi, antice uniplicatd ; labro valde incrassato
marginato, antice sinuato, intus lirato, extus maculis duabus rufo-
Suscis ornato.
Hab. Island of Siquijor, on mud-banks (H. €.).. Mus. Cuming.
12. Nassa Leprospira, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, apud dorsum
conveard, nodosd; spird productd, acutd, lutescente longitudinaliier
plicatd, antice transversim striatd, labio cum callo lutea crasso
tecto ; columelld corrugatd, labro intus lirato.
Hab. Ilo Io, island of Panay, on mud-banks, low water (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus ALEcTRIoN, Montfort.
Shell bucciniform ; spire elevated ; inner lip with the callus mode-
rately developed ; outer lip dentate, or serrate at the margin.
A. Shell papillose ; inner lip spread.
1. Nassa papityosa, Linn.
Buce. papillosum, Linn. ; List. Conch. t. 969. f. 23.
Hab. Island of Capul, on the reefs (H. C.).
2. Nassa NASSOIDES, Reeve.
Buce. nassoides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Buccinum, pl. f.
Hab. 2
3. NASSA NODIFERA, Powis.
Nassa nodifera, Powis.
Hab. Philippines.
4. Nassa MONILIS, Kien.
Bucc. monile, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 11. f. 40.
Hab. New Guinea.
5. Nassa CRENULATA; Brug.
Buec. crenulatum, Brug. ; Petiver, Gaz. t. 64. f. 8; Kien. Mon.
pl. 23. f. 90, pl. 14. f. 49.
Hab. Indian Seas.
6. Nassa uirta, Kiener.
Buce. hirtum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 72.
Hab. New Holland.
7. Nassa JACKSONIANA, Kiener,
Buce. Jacksonianum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 73.
Hab. Port Jackson, New Holland.
8. Nassa VARIABILIS, Phil.
Buce. variabile, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 221.—B. subdia-
phanum, Bivon.—B. stolatum, Gmel.—B. zonale, Brug.—B. costu-
104
latum, Broce.—B. angulatum, Broce.—B. Cuvieri, Payr.—B. Ferus-
saccii, Payr.—B. corrugatum, Broce.
Hab. Mediterranean.
9. NassA COMPLANATA, Powis.
Nassa complanata, Powis.
Hab. Atacamas, West Columbia.
10. Nassa seEminoposa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, acu-
minatd, levi, nitidd, fulvo-fuscescente ; suturd tuberculis moni-
liformibus ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis superné sub-
nodulosis ; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim sulcato, labio levi, .
cum callo tenui expanso obtecto, labro antice dentato intus li-
rato.
Hab. Island of Annaa, South Seas, on the reefs (H.C.). Mus.
Cuming.
B. Shell smooth, polished.
1. Nassa Gans, Linn.
Bucc. glans, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 981. f. 40; Kien. Mon. pl. 15.
tf, 52%
Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines, on the reefs (H. C.).
2. NAsSA SUTURALIS, Lam.
Buce. suturale, Lam. Chem. pl. 125. f.1199, 1200; Kien. Mon.
pl. 24. f. 96.
Hab. Swan River.
3. NAssA ELEGANS, Kien.
Buce. elegans, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 24. f. 97.
Hab. Indian Ocean.
4. NassA RUFULA, Kien.
Buce. rufulum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 24. f. 95.
Hab. Swan River.
5. Nassa uzra, Philippi.
Buce. letum, Phil. Zeit. f. Mal. 1848, p. 141.
Hat. 2
6. Nassa Bronnut, Philippi.
Bucc. Bronnii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 137.
Hab. Corrigidor, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).
7. NAssa GAuDIOSA, Hinds.
Nassa gaudiosa, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. _ . f.
Hab. Straits of Malacca.
8. Nassa picta, Dunker.
Buccinum pictum, Dunker, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum), t. 2. f. 6.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
105
9. Nassa Reeviana, Dunker.
Buccinum Reevianum, Dunker, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum), t. 2. f. 3.
Nassa filosa, Gray MSS.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
10. Nassa mucronata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, sub-
levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter plicatd, lutescenti fusco variegatd ;
anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo gibboso ; spird acutd, mucronatd ;
labio levi; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, 11 fathoms, black sand (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
11. Nassa optrquata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqud,
levissimd, nitidd ; lineis fuscis transversis, fascid pallida ornatd,
cinerescente, albo variegatd; labio levi, simplici; labro intus
lirato.
Hab, Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, sandy
mud, 25 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
12. Nassa puncrata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd ; spird
acuminatd, levi, cinered, albido punctatd, lineolis fuscis transversis
ornatd ; labio callo tenui expanso tecto ; columella rugosd; labro
extus incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Puerto Galero, province of Albay, isle of Luzon, coarse sand,
6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
13. Nassa LentTiGinosa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd ;
spird acuminata, levi, nitidd, lutescente aut cinerescente, lineis
undulatis confertis pictd, lineolis fuscis transversis ornatd ; labio
cum callo tenui tecto ; columella anticé rugosd ; labro margine in-
crassato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Masbate, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (#.C.). Mus. Cuming.
14. Nassa tuctuosa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, elongatd, acu-
minatd, subnitidd, transversim sulcatd, nigricante nonnunquam
fasciis albo-articulatis ornatd ; anfractibus planulatis ; labio callo
nitido obtecto ; columelld antice biplicata et tuberculis tribus in-
structd; labro extus incrassato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, isle of Mindanao, under
stones on the reefs (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
15. Nassa srotipa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd; spird
acuminatd, solidd, cinered, fusco maculatd, longitudinaliter pli-
catd ; aperturd antice effusd ; labio reflexo, levi, valde calloso ;
labro intus levi, fusco alboque fasciato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
16. Nassa pistorta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, nitidd ;
spird acuminatd, distortd, pallidd, cinereo variegatd, lineis fuscis
transversis ornatd ; aperturd antice valde effusd ; labio levi, an-
tice biplicato ; labro anticé producto, intus lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
106
17. Nassa MaRmMorEA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, levi,
nitidd ; spird subacuminatd, albidd, fusco marmoratd, fasciis dua-
bus pallidis ornatd ; anfractibus planiusculis ; labio corrugato ;
labro extus varicoso, intus lirato.
Hab. Cagayan, Mindanao, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
18. Nassa sprrata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, acuminatd,
levi, nitidd, albidd, luteo-fusco nebulosd ; anfractibus conveaius-
culis, prope suturas angulatis ; labio levi ; labro intus lirato, ex-
tus incrassato, antice margine simplici non dentato.
Hab. Swan River. Mus. Cuming.
C. Shell smooth or ribbed. Inner lip defined.
1. Nassa ourvacea, Brug.
Buce. olivaceum, Brug. Favanne Conch. pl. 33. f. 2; Kien. Mon.
Buce. pl. 15. f. 53.
Hab. Philippines.
2. NASSA CANALICULATA, Lamarck.
Bucc. canaliculatum, Lam. Chem. Conch. pl. 125. f. 1194-95 ;
Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 23. f. 89.
Hab. Philippines.
3. NASSA UNICOLOR, Kiener.
Buce. unicolor, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 69.
Hab. Australia.
4. Nassa ornNATA, Kiener.
Buce. ornatum, Kiener, Mon. Buce. pl. 124. f. 168.
Hab. Tranquebar, Ceylon, Indian Seas.
5. Nassa Exits, Powis.
Nassa exilis, Powis.
Hab. 2
6. Nassa ruFoctncra, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, sub-
turritd, albidd, fascid transversd rufd ornatd, longitudinaliter
plicatd, transversim striatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis ; labio
callo albo circumscripto tecto; labro extus marginato, intus sul-
cato.
Hab. Honduras (Dyson). Mus. Cuming. —
7. Nassa micans, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-fusiformi, albidd,
levi, nitidissimd ; anfractibus convexiusculis supremis costellatis ;
labio callo tenui tecto ; labro anticé crenulato, intus lirato.
Hab. Cagayan, Misamis, Mindanao, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (HH. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
8. Nassa PALLIDULA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, subacuminatd,
pallidd, levi, anfractu ultimo anticé transversim sulcato; suturd
107
canaliculatd ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columelld sim-
plici; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. Malacca, coarse sand, 10 fathoms (ZH. C.).
9. Nassa compta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, subturritd,
levi, nitidd, rufescente pallide variegatd ; anfractibus convexius-
culis, supremis costellatis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ;
columelld antic corrugatd ; labro margine incrassato, albo, sub-
reflexo.
Hab. Cape St. Antonio, Africa.
10. Nassa succincta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, subturritd,
levi, cinerescente ; fascid pallidd, cinctd, anfractibus planulatis,
supremis costellatis ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; labio cum callo incras-
sato circumscripto tecto ; columelld dentato-rugosd ; labro postice
inflexo, anticé valde sinuato et dentato, extus limbato, intus lirato.
Hab. Masbate. Mus. Cuming.
11. Nassa zonauis, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acuminatd, levi,
nitidd, longitudinaliter striatd; anfractu ultimo transversim sul-
cato; lutescente, fasciis tribus transversis rufo-fuscis cinctd ;
labio cum callo tenui expanso tecto; columelld levi; labro extus
incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Isle of Ticao, on the reefs (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
12. Nassa sertTuLA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminald, levi,
nitidd, fulvd, albo nebulosd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, supremis
costellatis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columella trans-
versim corrugatd ; labro extus incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Masbate, on the reefs (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
13. Nassa semipuicatTa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, ci-
nered, fascid pallida transversd ornatd, nitidd, sublevi, longitu-
dinaliter plicatd, plicis in anfractu ultimo sepeé evanidis, inter-
stitiis transversim striatis ; labio callo circumscripto ; columelld
transversim corrugato-plicatd ; labro extus albo marginato, intus
lirato.
Hab. Chusan (Benson). Mus. Cuming.
14. Nassa crnnAmMomEA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd,
cinnamomed, levi, nitidd, levigatd, sempellucida, anfractibus con-
vexis ; labio simplici ; labro extus marginato, intus sublirato.
Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, under stones, low water (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
15. Nassa papra, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acuminatd, levi,
nitidd, castaned; anfractibus planis, supremis longitudinaliter
plicatis, anfractu ultimo transversim striato ; labio simplici viz
calloso ; labro extus marginato, intus plicato.
Hab. Sinaat, province of North Ilocos, island of Luzon, on the
reefs (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
108.
16. Nassa mitrauis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, acumi-
natd, fuscd, sublevi, longitudinaliter semiplicatd ; anfractibus
planiusculis, ultimo anticé transversim sulcato; labio subcorrugato ;
labro extus marginato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Isinimalan, isle of Negros, on the mud-banks (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
17. Nassa sERoTINA, A. Adams. UN. testd turritd, acuminatd,
serotind, anfractu ultimo anticé cingulis duabus elevatis articulatis
ornato ; transversim sudstriatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis
rotundis subdistantibus; apertura albd; columelld levi, subcallosd ;
labro extus incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Australia.
18. Nassa PULCHELLA, A. Adams. UN. testd turritd, acuminatd,
nitidd, albidd, luteo variegatd, fascid fuscd transversd ornatd ;
longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis subdistantibus rotundatis tuberculis
albis transversis instructis ; labio calloso nitido ; labro extus mar-
ginato, intus lirato.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Cuming.
19. Nassa TERETIUSCULA, A. Adams. N. testd subturritd, acu-
minatd, lutescente aut plumbed, fascid angustd fuscd transversd
ornatd ; levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd ; labio cum callo
mediocri tecto; columelld anticé tortuosd, plicatd; labro extus
limbato, intus lirato.
Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
20. Nassa varicireRA, A, Adams. N. testd turritd ; spird acu-
minatd, pallidd, fasciis fuscis duabus transversis ornatd ; anfrac-
tibus subplanulatis, varicibus albis, spiraliter instructis ; suturd
canaliculatd ; columelld anticé plicis tribus transversis ; labro
extus marginato, postice angulato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
21. Nassa scauarRis, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, subtur-
ritd, pallidd, rufo-fusco fasciatda ; longitudinaliter costatd, trans-
versim liratd; anfractibus rotundatis, tuberculis moniliformibus
apud suturam ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; labio cum callo subexpanso
tenui tecto ; columelld corrugatd, antice biplicatd; labro antice
crenulato, intus lirato.
Hab. Island of Corrigidor, 7 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus.
Cuming.
22. Nassa pLanocostaTa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd,
cinerescente, fascid rufo-fuscd transversim cinctd ; costellis planis
confertis longitudinalibus, interstitiis concinne clathratis ornatd ;
labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columella transversim plicato-
dentata ; labio antice denticulato, intus valde lirato.
Hab. Payta, Peru, under stones, low water (H. C.). Mus. Cu-
ming.
109
D. Shell scalariform, cancellated.
1. Nassa SCALARIFORMIS, Valenc.
Buccinum scalariforme, Val. ; Kiener, Monograph Buce. pl. 21.
f. 80.
Hab. New Guinea.
2. Nassa Rorssyt, Deshayes.
Buce. Roissyi, Belang. Voy. aux Ind. Or. pl. 3. f. 3, 4; Kiener,
Mon. Buce. pl. 21. f. 82.
Hab. Indian Ocean.
3. Nassa Reever, A. Adams.
Buce. elegans, Reeve.
Hab. 2
4, Nassa NUCLEOLUS, Philippi.
Buce. nucleolus, Philippi.
Hab. 14
5. Nassa nopata, Hinds.
Nassa nodata, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. . f.
Hab. Malacca.
6. NASSA PERPINGUIS, Hinds.
Nassa perpinguis, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. . f.
Hab. Bay of Magdalena, California. Mus. Cuming.
7. Nassa mica, Adanson.
Buce. miga, Adanson, Voy. au Senegal, pl. 8. f. 10; Kiener, Mon.
Buce. pl. 22. f. 87.
Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.
8. Nassa MyRISTICATA, Hinds.
Nassa myristicata, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. 9. f. 10, 11.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
9. NASSA PALLIDA, Powis.
Nassa pallida, Powis.
Hab. Panama, sandy mud, 6 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
10. Nassa NopULIFERA, Philippi.
Buccinum noduliferum, Phil. Abild. (Bucce.) t. 1. f. 3.
11. Nassa ANGULIFERA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, sub-
turritd, pallide fulud; fascid fuscd cinctd, transversim sulcatd,
longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis distantibus, postice apud suturas
angulatis ; labio cum callo albo nitido tecto; labro margine sub-
reflexo, intus crenulato.
Hab, Galapagos Islands, 10 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
110
12. Nassa nopicrncta, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-turritd ; spird
acuminatd, pallidd, lineis rufis transversis cinctd, transversim
sulcatd ; plicis distantibus longitudinalibus, apud suturas noduli-
feris ornatd ; labio cum callo albo levi nitido tecto ; labro extus
varicoso, intus lirato.
Hab. Galapagos Islands, 7 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
13. Nassa Sancraz Hetena, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd,
subturritd ; spird productd ; anfractibus rotundatis, albidd rufo-
variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis distantibus subnodosis ;
anfractu ultimo antice transversim sulcato ; labio levi, calloso ;
columelld antice uniplicatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. St. Helena, sandy mud, 20 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
14. Nassa cincreLua, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, albidd,
lineis fuscis transversis cinctd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd,
plicis distantibus, liris transversis albis, interstitiis fuscis or-
natd ; labio corrugato, vix calloso; labro extus varicoso, intus
valde lirato.
Hab. St. Helena, 20 fathoms, sandy mud.
15. Nassa corruGata, A. Adams. N. testd elongatd, subturritd,
fulvescente, rufo nebulosd ; transversim liratd, longitudinaliter
plicatd ; plicis nodulosis ; anfractibus convexiusculis ; labio sim-
plici, non calloso ; labro intus lirato, margine crenulato ; colu-
melld tortuosd, antic? productd.
Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
16. Nassa TuRRITA, A. Adams. UN. testd elongatd, subturritd,
pallide fulvd; anfractibus rotundatis ; suturd subcanaliculata,
longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, liris subnodulosis ;
labio cum callo tenui tecto; columelld antice abrupte truncata; labro
intus valde lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
17. Nassa Japonica, A. Adams. N. testd turritd, pallide fulvd,
fascid rufo-fuscd cinctd ; longitudinaliter plicatd, cingulis trans-
versis ad plicas nodulosis ornatd, interstitiis longitudinaliter
striatis ; labio subrugoso ; columella antice productd ; labro intus
lirato.
Hab. Japan (Dr. Siebold). Mus. Cuming.
18. Nassa peNTICULATA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, ful-
vescente rufo maculosd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, longitudinaliter
plicatd, transversim liratd, liris planis, interstitiis tenuissimeé
longitudinaliter striatis ; labio cum callo albo nitido tecto, antice
producto, libero; labro intus lirato, margine denticulato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
19. Nassa nivea, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, candidd,
nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis plicis longitudinalibus distantibus,
transversim sulcatd ; labio cum calio mediocri tecto, margine acuto
11)
producto ; labro margine subcrenulato, intus lirato ; columella an-
tice triplicatd.
Had. Batangas, island of Luzon, 21 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
20. NAssA PLICATELLA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, Sulvd ;
labro albido ; anfractibus subrotundatis longitudinaliter plicatis
transversim liratis, liris ad plicas nodulosis ; labio cum callo me-
diocri ; columella anticé uniplicatd ; labro margine acuto, intus
lirato.
Hab, Wallwich Bay, Africa. Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus TriToNeLLA, Adams; Tritonia, Fleming.
Shell turrited, cancellated ; aperture rounded, not produced into
an anterior canal ; outer lip not dentate, with a marginal varix.
1. Nassa pEcussATA, Kiener.
Buce. decussatum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 3.
Hab. Brisbane Water, East Australia (Mr. R. Strange).
2. NASSA TRITONIFORMIS, Kien.
Buce. tritoniformis, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 2.
Hab. Senegal.
3. Nassa ascantas, Brug.
Buec. ascanias, Brug. Dict. no. 42.—B. asperulum, Broce.—B.
macula, Montag.—N. rudis, Gualt.—B. Lacepedii, Payr.—Tritonia
varicosa, Fleming.—B. coccinella, Lam.—B. incrassatum, Mill.—
B. minutum, Penn.
Hab. Mediterranean.
4, Nassa FrasciaTa, Lamk.
Buce. fasciatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 43. fig. m; Kien. Mon.
Buce. pl. 22. f. 86.
Hab. New Holland.
5. NASSA DENTIFERA, Powis.
Nassa dentifera, Powis; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. f.
Hab. South America.
6. Nassa FESTIVA, Powis.
Nassa festiva, Powis.
Hab. 2
7. NASSA ANOMALA, Reeve.
Triton anomalus, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. 4. f. 13, 14.
Hab. Island of Quibo, Veragua.
8. NASSA SCABRIUSCULA, Powis.
Nassa scabriuscula, Powis.
Hab. ?
112
9. NASSA MULTIGRANA, Dunker.
Buce. multigranum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 13.
Hab. ?
10. Nassa stenata, Dunker.
Buce. signatum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 17.
Hab. 2
11. Nassa OBLIQUEPLICATA, Dunker.
Bucc. obliqueplicatum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t.1. f.13.
Hab. 2
12. Nassa ruscata, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, spird acumi-
natd, anfractibus convexiusculis, fuscd, longitudinaliter plicatd,
transversim liratd, plicis ad liras tuberculatis, interstitiis trans-
versim striatis; columelld rugosa; labro posticé sinuato, intus
dentato-lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus Tritta, Risso.
Shell turrited ; inner lip spreading ; outer lip not dentate, without
a marginal varix.
1. Nassa RETICULATA, Linn.
Bucc. reticulatum, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 966. f. 21 a; Kien.
Mon. Buce. pl. 23. f. 91 & pl. 19. f. 71.
Hab. Mediterranean.
2. Nassa Gavi, Kiener.
Buce. Gayti, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 21. f. 79.
Hab. St. Helena, sandy mud.
3. Nassa suLcaTa, Kien.
Buce. suleatum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. f.
Hab. 2
4. NasSA CONCINNA, Powis.
Nassa concinna, Powis.
Hab. Philippines.
5. Nassa TRIVITTATA, Say.
Buce. trivittatum, Say.
Hab. New York.
6. Nassa pEaLBaTA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, acumi-
natd, subturritd, albidd, fascid pallidd luted cinctd ; anfractibus
planulatis longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis nodulosis, transversim
liratis ; columelld tuberculato-dentatd ; labro extus incrassato,
intus dentato-lirato. j
Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, 11 fathoms, black coarse sand
(H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
113
7. Nassa cosTeLiirera, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd,
acuminatd, albidd, fusco-variegatd, fascid fuscd in ultimo an-
Fractu longitudinaliter costulatd, transversim liratd ; costellis
nodulosis ; anfractibus planiusculis ; labio transversim corrugato-
plicato ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Curimas. Mus. Cuming.
8. Nassa TRirasciATa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acuminatd ;
spird acutd, productd, pallidé cerulescente aut albidd, fasciis tri-
bus transversis rufis ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transver-
sim sulcutd ; columella levi, callo cum nitido expanso tecto ; labro
margine acuto, intus lirato.
Hab. Vigo Bay (M‘dndrew). Mus. Cuming.
Subgenus DesmouLea, Gray.
Shell subglobose, covered with a downy epidermis; spire short ;
apex papillary.
1. Nassa ABBREVIATA, Wood.
Buce. abbreviatum, Wood, Chem. Conch. pl. 153. f. 1463; Kien.
Mon. Buccinum, pl. 26. f. 105.
Hab. Indian Ocean.
2. Nassa RETUSA, Lam.
Buce.retusum, Lam., Chem. Conch.t.153.f.1465 ; Kien. pl. 24.f.94.
Hab. se
3. Desmoutea Pincuis, A. Adams. JD. tesid ovatd, abbreviaid,
ventricosd ; spird brevi, apice mucronato ; anfractibus gibbosis,
lutescente albo variegatd ; epidermide fusco villoso tectd, trans-
versim striatd; labio calloso; columelld levi, antice tuberculo
unico, uniplicatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.
4. DEsMOULEA PyRAMIDALIS, A. Adams. JD. testd ovato-conicd ;
spird acuminatd, apice obtuso, violascente, longitudinaliter eva-
nide plicatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio fusco subcalloso simplict ;
labro extus marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
5. Desmoutea crassa, A. Adams. JD. testd ovato-conicd, ab-
breviatd, solidd, levi; spird obtusd, apice violaceo ; anfractibus
superne gibbosis, rufescente albo variegatd, transversim sulcatd ;
labio cum callo crasso tecto; columellé transversim liratd, antice
uniplicatd, tuberculis duobus instructd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Japan. Mus. Cuming.
6. Dresmouxea Japonica, A. Adams. OD. testd ovatd, levi,
nitidd, antice transversim sulcatd, fulvescente, maculis lineisque
transversis fuscis ornatd, albo variegatd ; labio antice calloso ;
columelld antice tuberculis tribus instructd ; labro extus incras-
sato, intus lirato.
Hab. Japan (Siebold). Mus. Cuming.
No. CCXXVI.—ProcrepDinGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
114
Subgenus Acircutina, A. Adams.
Shell turrited ; inner lip with a circumscribed callus free anteriorly ;
outer lip with the margin thickened and flexuose.
1. Actcutina costaTa, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, acuminatd,
serotind, nitidd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio
calloso, antice fusco, producto ; labri margine subrecto, intus li-
rato.
Hab.
? Mus. Cuming.
2. AcicuLIna sTRIATA, A. Adams. A. testd ovato-turritd, fuscd,
fascid pallidd transversd ornatd, anfractu penultimo gibboso ad
suturas longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim valde striatd ; labio
calloso ; labri margine vix incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. San Nicholas, isle of Zebu, 5 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
3. Actcutina LABIaTA, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, acuminatd,
nitidd, cinerescente, fascid pallidd transversd ornatd, longitudi-
naliter costatd, costis ad suturam nodulosis, transversim sulcatd ;
labio fusco, calloso ; labro margine incrassato, fusco, valde flex-
uoso, postice sinuato, in medio producto.
Hab. Malacca, coarse sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
4. ACICULINA GLABRATA, A. Adams. A. testd turritd,acuminatd,
levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter substriatd, albidd, fasciis cinerescen-
tibus maculisque fuscis ornatd; labio calloso, antic uniplicato ;
labri margine incrassato, flexuoso, in medio producto.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
5. Acicutina macuuaTta, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, levi,
nitidd, albd, maculis luteo-fuscis longitudinalibus ornatd, trans-
versim sulcatd, sulcis distantibus ; labio calloso, antice producto ;
columelld uniplicatd ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.
Hab. Banang, Sargassinan, isle of Luzon, muddy sand, low water
(H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
6. Acicunina virraTa, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, albidd, ni-
tidd, fascid transversd fuscd interruptd ornatd, transversim sul-
catd, longitudinaliter costatd; labio cailoso; columella bituber-
culatd, et antice valde uniplicatd ; labro extus varicoso, intus den-
tato-lirato.
Hab. Ticao, coral sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
2. ON A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MONTIFRINGILLA.
By Joun Goutp, F.R.S.
For a knowledge of this species we are indebted to Lord Gifford,
by whom several examples were killed in Thibet. It is intimately
allied to Montifringilla Gebleri, but differs in being of a larger size,
115
in the darker colouring of the head and face, and in the deeper tint
of the back and rump ; the latter part is moreover ornamented with a
patch of blood-red, which has suggested the specific name of hemato-
pygia as an appropriate appellation ; it also differs from M. Gebleri
in being destitute of the orange-red mark on the shoulders.
Mon TIFRINGILLA H&MATOPYGIA.
Face and forehead brownish black, gradually blending into the
light greyish brown of the upper surface ; rump stained with blood-
red; upper tail-coverts brown, tipped with dull white; tail dark
brown, each feather margined externally with white ; wing-coverts
hoary ; wings dark brown, the first four primaries narrowly edged
with white, the next five primaries with a broad streak of white along
the basal portion of their external webs, terminating in a line with
the extremities of the secondaries, which are externally fringed with
hoary ; spurious wing dark brown, margined at the base with whitish ;
under surface very light brown, gradually becoming paler, until on
the under tail-coverts the hue is buffy white; bill and feet bluish
black.
Total length, 63 inches; bill, +; wing, 43; tail, 23; tarsi, 1.
3. ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF TROCHILIDA.
By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S.
Mr. Gould exhibited some remarkably fine examples of the T'ro-
chilus Jardinii of Bourcier, and then characterized the following
species :—
Trocuiwus ( ?) AMABILIS.
Crown of the head shining metallic green; chin black; breast
beautiful shining blue, with a line of lustrous green commencing at
the angle of the bill, passing down the sides of the neck and sur-
rounding the base; upper surface bronzy green; tail-coverts and
central tail-feathers greenish bronze; lateral tail-feathers brownish
black ;. wings purplish brown ; under surface like the upper, but less
brilliant ; centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts grey, the centre
of the latter bronzy green.
Total length, 33 inches; bill, 2; wing, 23; tail, 1{-
Hab. New Grenada.
Remark.—About the size of T. albirostris.
PHAETHORNIS GRISEOGULARIS.
Head, upper surface and wing-coverts bronzy brown; upper tail-
coverts rufous; ear-coverts blackish brown; wings purple brown;
base of the tail dark brown, the apical third of the two central feathers
dark grey, tipped with white, the apical third of the next feather on
each side grey on the inner web, buff on the outer web, and tipped
with white ; the three lateral feathers on each side tipped with buff ;
under surface sandy buff, with a wash of dull grey down the chin and
a crescent of black across the breast ; upper mandible black ; basal
116
two-thirds of the under mandible yellow, apical third blackish brown ;
feet yellow.
Total length, 33 inches; bill, 1; wing, 13; tail, 13.
Hab. Columbia.
Remark.—Nearly allied to P. Eremita and P. pygmea, but dif-
fering from them in being of a larger size, in the total absence of any
crescentic black mark on the chest, in having the throat clouded with
dark grey instead of buff, and the two central tail-feathers tipped
with grey and their shafts black.
4. Notre on THE SuBORBITAL GLAND OF THE NYLGHAU.
By H. N. Turner, Esea., Jun.
Among the cranial characters of the genus Portax I have adduced
the want of a suborbital depression, and the existence of a smooth
line running along the surface of the bone; and as I had observed
appearances of a suborbital sinus in the living animal, which I could
not detect in the dried specimens, I felt much interested in the exa-
mination of the parts in one that recently died in the Gardens, and
which Mr. Mitchell kindly forwarded to me for dissection.
Externally there is a slight pit immediately in front of the orbit,
and anteriorly to it a small longitudinal fold of the skin, in the middle
of which is a little round pore, through which exudes a yellowish
secretion, furnished by a gland placed just underneath. The gland
itself is slightly larger than a hazel-nut, and is laid upon the surface
of the bone without any fossa to receive it, but is firmly attached to
the smooth line before observed. The tendo oculi, and a few fibres
of the orbicularis palpebrarum are attached to it.
The small pit immediately in front of the orbit is merely the space
below the tendo oculi, between the gland and the rim of the orbit.
In the Nylghau, the existence of a “lacrymal sinus” has usually
been acknowledged ; but it affords a good example of the incertitude
with which we can ever deny that it exists in a species of which fresh
specimens have not been examined with a view to this character, and
in which no traces of the organ are discernible, either in the dry skin,
or in the existence of a fossa in the skull.
Pimlico, March 1851.
5. Lerrer on THE Dera.t-risH, From Dr. Dueuip To
Dr. Barker. CoMMUNICATED BY MR. YARRELL.
“ Kirkwall, 5 March 1851.
“In April 1829, I received from Mr. Strang, Sanday, a specimen
of a fish which had been found on the shores of that island, with a
request that I should give him some information about it. He men-
tioned that he had met with many specimens during a series of
years,—that it was well known to the natives of the island, by whom
it was called the Deal-fish, and that they often found it thrown
ashore, and even occasionally used it as food. I easily ascertained,
from the works to which I had access, that it was a fish unknown to
117
the British Fauna, but could not determine what it really was. The
specimen being a good deal mutilated about the head and abdomen,
and in a state of partial decomposition, I did not attempt to preserve
it, but drew up as correct a description of it as its condition admitted
of, which I sent to Dr. Fleming, along with all the information about
it which I could obtain from Mr. Strang, and also a somewhat rough
drawing. Dr. Fleming wrote, of date 8th May, 1829, at once deter-
mining the fish to be the Gymnogaster arcticus of Brunnich, or
Vaagmaer, as described by Cuvier in his ‘ Régne Animal,’ ii. 246, a
native of the seas of Iceland ;—at the same time mentioning some
slight discrepancies, which more perfect specimens, since procured,
have completely removed. With my consent, he drew up a notice of
it, which was inserted in the 4th volume of ‘ Loudon’s Magazine of
Nat. Hist.,’ along with a plate from the drawing sent. This article
I have not met with, having merely seen Yarrell’s quotations from it.
Since 1829 I have met with seven or eight specimens, some of which
' were mutilated by birds, and some quite entire, and from the latter
I have ascertained the existence of ventral fins, which are exceedingly
minute and rudimental, and easily overlooked, more especially if the
specimen be not quite fresh and perfect. I am now therefore enabled
to say with certainty that there can be no doubt of the identity of
the fish occurring in these islands with the Vaagmaer, as described
and figured in Yarrell’s Supplement to the 1st edition of his ‘ British
Fishes,’ from information supplied by Professor Reinhardt of Copen-
hagen, and there named Trachypterus vogmarus. In the first figure,
given at page 14, the ventral fins are much too long and conspicuous,
but they are quite correctly represented in the vignette at page 18.
The late Dr. John Reid, of St. Andrews, published an article in the
Annals of Nat. Hist., June 1849, describing a specimen of the T'ra-
chypterus Bogmarus thrown ashore on the coast of Fifeshire, in which
he says, ‘ No unquestionably genuine specimen of this rare fish has,
as far as I am aware, been hitherto found in the British seas; for
the description and figure of the fishes thrown ashore in Orkney,
supposed to be specimens of the Deal-fish or Vaagmaer, given by
Dr. Fleming on the authority of Dr. Duguid, differ in so many im-
portant points from the Vaagmaer as must excite doubts as to their
identity.’ Now Dr. Reid has not stated what the important points
of difference are between my description and that of Prof. Remhardt.
It is true there is one important point—important as determining
the proper classification of the fish—the existence or non-existence of
ventral fins. These I did not detect; but it is not surprising, con-
sidering their minuteness, and the mutilated condition of the only
specimen I had then seen. We have at this moment three dried
ones in the Orkney Museum, not so perfect as could be desired, but
sufficiently so to determine this point, as well as the identity of the
fish with the Icelandic Vaagmaer. It is strange also that Dr. Reid
never mentions the existence of ventral fins in his specimen at all,
and that also, while he denies that the fishes thrown ashore in Ork-
ney are the Deal-fish or Vaagmaer, he should forget that the popular
name Deal-fish is strictly of Orcadian origin.”
118
6. ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF MEGAPODIUS.
By L. Luewettyn Ditiwyny, Esa., F.G.S., F.Z.8. ete.
(Aves, Pl. XX XIX.)
My friend Mr. James Motley, who is now conducting the operations
of the Eastern Archipelago Company in Labuan, has lately sent me
home a box of zoological specimens which he has collected in that
island, and among the birds was the pair of the Megapodius, one of
which I now produce; it is, I believe, identical with the species in
the British Museum sent home by Mr. Cuming from the Philip-
pine Islands. In the catalogue accompanying the specimens, and
in several letters which I have received from him, he has described
some of the habits of these curious birds, and deeming that original
observations, however scanty, on the habits of almost any animal
from that remote region might not be uninteresting to the Society, I
have abstracted from his communications to me the following notice
respecting them :— ’
These birds are said to be principally confined to small islands,
and to such more especially as have sandy beaches; they are not
uncommon in Labuan, but are, however, very rarely to be seen, as
they are very shy, and frequent dense flat parts of the jungle, where
the ratans grow and where the luxuriance of the vegetation renders
concealment easy.
The Malays snare them by forming long thick fences in unfre-
quented parts of the jungle; in these they leave openings at intervals
in which they place traps; the birds, running through the cover in
search of food, meeting the obstruction caused’ by the fence, run
along it till they come to one of the openings, through which they
push their way and are trapped.
Their food principally consists of seeds and insects.
In walking they lift their feet very high from the ground, and set
up their backs something like guinea fowls; they frequently make a
loud noise, like the very loud screech of a chicken when caught.
They are very pugnacious, and fight with great fury by jumping
upon one another’s backs and scratching with their long strong claws.
The eggs are of a fine dark cream-colour, and of very large size,
three of them weighing nearly as much as a full-grown bird. Ac-
cording to the general account given to Mr. Motley by the Malays,
each bird lays about eight or ten at each time of breeding ; the place
they select for depositing them is always situated near the beach, and
close within the edge of the jungle, and here they bury them in the
sandy soil to the depth of about eighteen inches; over the place
where they are thus buried the bird collects a large heap of shells
and rubbish, so that a person who has seen their nest has no diffi-
culty in finding it again; the eggs thus deposited are left to be hatched
by the heat of the sun, and this the natives assert requires between
three and four months to complete. Mr. Motley himself found upon
breaking an egg which had been thus situated for nearly six weeks,
that it contained merely the embryo of a chick, about as much ad-
vanced as that of a hen’s egg at four days. Some other eggs which
hej TIONINND SAdodvyoy aw
119
were brought him, but which he had no means of ascertaining how
long they had been laid, he buried in a box of sand about 3 feet deep
and exposed to the weather. At the end of about three weeks a young
bird came up, not downy, but covered with little shafts or pens ready
to form feathers. One of the Malays employed by Mr. Motley saw it
emerge, and said that it just shook off the sand and ran away so fast
that it was with difficulty caught. On the next day, when Mr. Motley
first saw it, it appeared to him to be about half-grown. From the first
it fed itself without hesitation, scratching and turning up the earth
like an old bird. Two more afterwards emerged in the same state.
According to Mr. Motley, the sexes are alike, except that the naked
skin about the head is redder in the male than in the female.
In his investigations respecting the nidification of these birds, Mr.
Motley was much assisted by Mr. Low, who is resident in the island.
As the Philippine specimens brought home by Mr. Cuming have
not yet been characterized, I propose to name this species
Mercaropivus CumInGiI.
Sp. Char. Olivaceous brown above; blackish slate colour with a
slight olivaceous tinge below ; the feathers on the throat and nape are
thinly dispersed, so as to leave that part nearly bare; on the hind
head the feathers are somewhat lengthened, forming a kind of crest ;
bill black at the base, yellowish towards the tip; legs, feet and claws
black ; the bare skin about the head is redder in the male than in the
female.
in. lin.
Length from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, about 14 0
Qf, DU TeOM PARE on. ee es ae oo) en |
Oto trom drOuy te» ci. c4-4) >.> ae ee 0 10
BN Be one do las 2 ined ee ee ee ORL LO
Cig RIO ATES aie. a cymes of 02+ 2h ciate eee oan 8
OESGATSUR SS oy Macc chic co Se Be cei a ae
POY ana 10 Kad CeiM, c= a Ru os a ae eta ag TE
Os HANI. W440. 50. lee
The front toes are nearly equal, the middle toe being rather the
longest, and the inner one shortest.
To the foregoing account some additional details of considerable in-
terest may be subjoined. These details, although dated Labuan, July
1850, were not received until after Mr. Dillwyn’s communication :—
EXTRACT FROM A LeTTER FROM Mr. Hueu Low, paTeD
LaBuan, 4TH or JuLy, 1850.
“I have been using great exertions to procure for the Earl of
Derby a very remarkable Gallinaceous bird, the existence of which I
ascertained only three months back ; having no books I am unable
to refer to its genus, but it is nearer a Guinea fowl than anything else.
I heard from the natives that such a bird existed, and that its eggs
120
were occasionally to be procured. I offered a dollar each for all they
would bring me; and first one was brought, afterwards five, but I
could not succeed in hatching either of these under fowls. The first,
after having been set upon for a month, was picked to pieces by its
foster-parent, and the chick had apparently but just begun to form.
The five eggs were addled. Having learned that the birds abounded
on a small island, about a hundred miles along the coast, I bired a
boat and five men, and sent them, about fourteen days since, with
snares, &c., to endeavour to catch some of the old birds and to seek
for the nests, this being the laying season, and to gather plants of
Phaleinopsis, which grows on the same island (Pulo Tigu and Pulo
Guya). They returned yesterday, bringing with them 102 eggs and
only two birds, both of which had their legs injured by the snares.
The sight of the eggs and birds have perfectly astonished me, the
body of the former being no larger than that of a bantam, while the egg
is as long, though not so broad, as that of a Chinese goose. The men
say that on the different islands they visited they found a good many
nests, which are placed at a little distance from the sea-shore, in the
jungle of small islands, the spot being invariably marked by a large
collection of sticks and branches. The eggs are found about three
feet deep in the sand, and the men assure me that the bird has no
communication with them except by rasping away the sand. The
man I employed has lived all his life on small islands, hunting for
tortoise-shell, and well knows the habits of the bird ; he says the eggs
are hatched entirely by the sun’s heat, or rather the heat in the sand.
One of the birds he brought died this morning, and I shall put its
skin together with some of the eggs in a box, that you may send
them to Earl Derby. I do not like to take the liberty of writing to
his lordship myself, but if I can succeed in getting a lot of young
birds, I shall not fail to send them to him by the very first opportu-
nity. I have placed some of the eggs under fowls, and some in sand
out of doors ; some also in sand in a warm house, where I can regu-
late the temperature; and I have hopes of rearing, or at least of
hatching, some of the chicks, if the eggs are still good: but I think
that by sending the men again in three months’ time with snares I
might catch a lot of the young ones hatched naturally, and be able
to rear them. The bird is said not to be found on the mainland :
the eggs are reported excellent eating.
* Aug. 12. Of. the eggs I wrote to you so much about last mail,
one only has hatched: the chick came up full-fledged from under
three feet of sand, and immediately ran about with the most surprising
activity. It eats rice, ants’ eggs, &c. with the greatest avidity, and
as it is now three weeks old, I have every hope of preserving it. More
of the eggs appear to have chickens in them, and I hope will hatch.
The bird, as I have ascertained, is an undescribed species of Mega-
podius.”
, a '
p -_ —— “ily ‘
x vet
" >of J
‘ ‘ F
' ~ as
Si 5
, A:
LAL
1 S ry oe
; y 2 a ie
‘ oF om
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| mr: re j is ; 2 ig woke
Be La ee eae} se PA ka
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Proc. Z.S Mammalia XXIX. —
GH Ford Lith
Molar tooth of the American Tapir:
section through the crown
121
April 8, 1851.
Professor Thomas Bell, Sec. R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. On THE StrucTURE OF THE TEETH OF THE AMERICAN AND
Inp1AN Tapirs. By Joun Tomes, F.R.S.
(Mammalia, Pl. XXIX.)
It is now upwards of fifteen years since the attention of physiolo-
gists and comparative anatomists was drawn to the structure of the
tissues which enter into the composition of the dental organs. In
1678 Leeuwenhoek communicated a paper to the Royal Society, on
the Structure of the Teeth and other Bones, in which he described the
dentinal tubes. His researches, however, were not confirmed by sub-
sequent observers, and indeed were almost entirely overlooked until
the period to which I have referred. Purkinjé, in 1835, confirmed
the correctness of Leeuwenhoek’s observations, at the time uncon-
scious that the tubular structure of the dentine had been previously
recognised. He also described the structure of the cementum.
Prof. Retzius was in the same year engaged in examining the
structure of the dental tissues, and published the results in 1836. In
1837 Prof. Retzius published a work on the subject, the substance of
which was in 1839 printed in our own language by Mr. Nasmyth.
In the latter part of 1837 I was engaged in examining the dental
tissues, at that time unconscious that the subject had occupied the
attention of the German or Swedish anatomists. In June 1838 the
results of my examination were read before the Royal Society. In
September of the same year, Prof. Owen read a paper on the Structure
of the Teeth, before the British Association. In 1840 the publication
of Prof. Owen’s ‘Odontography’ was commenced, and completed in
1845. In this work will be found descriptions of the structure of
the teeth of animals belonging to each division of Vertebrata.
In these various essays the authors agreed generally in the main
facts of dental structure, and in each successive publication new facts
were related. Judging from the amount which had been published,
it might have been concluded that the subject was well nigh ex-
hausted. Such however was not the case: many blunders, in the
hurry which is incident to a new subject, had been committed and
required correction, while many important facts had failed to be recog-
nised. Prof. Owen pointed out that in the Order Edentata the teeth
are destitute of enamel, while it is present in the other mammalian
orders, with the exception of a few isolated cases.
Having neglected the subject of dental structure for some years,
in consequence of more urgent pursuits, in 1847 I again entered on
the inquiry, which to me possessed great attractions, not only on
account of various modifications which are to be found in the arrange-
122
ment of the components of the tissues in different animals, but also
in minor modifications in the teeth of the same animal.
My inquiries were first directed to human teeth; the results, both
as regards structure and development, were published in my ‘ Lec-
tures on Dental Physiology and Surgery,’ 1838. The teeth of mar-
supial animals next occupied my attention. In this order it was
found that the dentinal tubes are continued into and form a consider-
able portion of the enamel, excepting only in the Wombat. The re-
sults of these investigations will be found in the Second Part of the
‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1849.
By the help of this Society I have been enabled to make an ex-
tensive series of investigations in the teeth of the Order Rodentia,
with results which have far exceeded my expectations. Each family,
as arranged by Mr. Waterhouse, has its peculiar structure of enamel,
an account of which, with illustrations, is published in Part 2 of the
‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ 1850.
Having, by way of preface, given a very cursory and imperfect in-
dication of what has been done in dental structure, or rather of what
has been recognised as peculiar to certain groups of mammalian ani-
mals, in order to show that the subject is not without importance, I
shall proceed to lay before the Society certain peculiarities which I
find exist in the teeth of the two Tapirs, and which are, to the best
of my belief, confined to those creatures. It should however be under-
stood, that similar conditions may be found in the teeth of other ani-
mals, but at present I believe they have not been seen. I have
myself examined numerous examples from each of the mammalian
orders, and from the great majority of the genera, and have failed to
find a condition of dentine similar to that of the Tapir’s tooth. Under
these circumstances, it may, I think, be fairly assumed to be charac-
teristic of those animals, and hence has a degree of importance which
it otherwise would not possess. With this impression, I have thought
it desirable that the facts should be recorded.
The dentine of the molar teeth, when exposed by making a longi-
tudinal section through the centre of the crown and fangs, and re-
ducing it sufficiently thin to be viewed by transmitted light, is seen to
be composed of tubes which pursue a uniform course. Those which
are destined to reach the highest parts of cusps or ridges pursue a
straight course, subject to slight undulations, while others, which pass
to the sides of the cusps, are turned in the latter part of their course
away from the central line of the cusps or ridges; others again, which
pass to the lowest points of the depressions on the masticating sur-
face of the tooth, follow a tolerably straight course. The dentine
which forms the sides of the tooth is occupied by tubes which in the
outer third of their course describe a bold curve outwards, the con-
vexity of which is directed towards the crown of the tooth, but on
approaching the enamel turns a little upwards. In the fangs of the
teeth, the dentinal tubes, in addition to describing a double curve, are
subject to strongly-marked secondary undulations. The dentinal
tubes, as they leave the pulp-cavity for the crown of the tooth, have
123
a diameter of about the 7500th of an inch, which is gradually dimi-
nished to the 15,000th. When within a short distance of the enamel,
they suddenly dilate into a more or less oval cell, from which a few
very minute tubes pass off towards the line of junction of the enamel
and dentine. The bulbous terminations of the tubes are more con-
stant and larger about the prominences of the cusps, and diminish in
size and frequency on the sides of the tooth, where the enamel be-
comes thin, at the termination of which they altogether cease. The
bulbs have an average diameter of about 3450, and are in length
about the 1000th of aninch. In addition to the terminal dilatations,
the coronal tubes are subject to occasional dilatations in their course.
It is by no means uncommon to find instances where a peripheral
layer of cells lies underneath the enamel, into which the dentinal
tubes pass, and through which an anastomosis is effected; but in
no other teeth save those of the Tapir do the coronal tubes termi-
nate in well-marked and uniform cell-like dilatations having distinct
parietes. I have pointed out several examples, in my paper on the
teeth of Rodentia, m which these peripheral cells are found, but they
are irregular in shape, have not distinct parietes, and are entered by
the ultimate branches of the dentinal tubes; whereas in the Tapir
the cells are formed by the expansion of the tubes, which previous to
the expansion give off few if any branches. Some however subdi-
vide once or twice in their course; in which case the smaller of the
divisions do not commonly dilate into terminal cells, but form anasto-
moses with other tubes similarly circumstanced.
In the fangs the dentinal tubes leave the pulp-cavity with a dia-
meter of the 7500th of an inch, and speedily dilate to the 6000th.
During the greater part of their course they give off very minute,
hair-like, short branches ; but when near their termination they in-
crease in size, turn a little upwards towards the crown of the tooth,
and send out numerous branches, the majority of which pass from
the lower sides of the tubes. The ultimate branches pass into the
granular tissue, which, interspersed with irregular cells, forms the
outer part of the dentine of the fangs. Near the neck of the tooth
the granular dentine exists as a thin layer, which becomes thickened
and more opake from the greater number of cells in the lower part
of the fang.
Partially obliterated vascular canals enter from the surface of the
fang, and proceed in straight lines through the dentine to the pulp-
cavity. In the Indian species similar vascular canals proceed from
the pulp-cavity towards the ridges of the masticating surface, and
appear to terminate in loops. They have a diameter of about the
1000th of an inch. In a molar tooth of the American Tapir, for
which I am indebted to the Society, vascular canals do not exist in
the crown. This difference will, if found to be constant, serve to
distinguish the molars of the two species. Near the extremities of
the fangs the dentine graduates insensibly into the granular condition,
and this again into the cementum, without offering any generic pecu-
liarities.
124
The cementum is in no part of the fang very abundant, as com-
pared with the amount which is found in the teeth of many other
animals. Near the neck of the tooth it is arranged in minute rods
or columns, similar to that which I have described as existing in the
teeth of many Rodents. In this situation it is destitute of lacune ;
but in tracing it downwards towards the root of the tooth, where it
is increased in quantity, lacunze possessing the usual characters are
found. In addition to the lacunz the cementum is traversed in parts
by ill-defined canaliculi, which proceed from the surface of the fang in
tolerably straight lines.
In tracing a longitudinal section of a molar tooth downwards from
the crown to the end of the fang, it will be seen that at places the
dentine has been removed and the space filled up with cementum.
Here and in other parts the cementum is abundantly supplied with
vascular canals.
The enamel does not differ in any material points from that of the
teeth of Ruminants. The fibres have a minutely granular appearance
and have a diameter of about the 5000th of an imch. On the sides
of the tooth they pursue an outward course, and make one bold curve,
the convexity of which is directed towards the masticating surface,
while on the crown of the tooth their course is waved and irregular ;
an arrangement which no doubt adds much to the strength of the
tissue in that part where the greatest strength is required.
In the incisor teeth similar peculiarities may be observed, but they
are much less strongly marked than in the molar teeth. Vascular
canals are, too, of less frequent occurrence in the incisor teeth.
I hope on a future occasion to be enabled to lay before the Society
a statement of the peculiarities which pertain to and are characteristic
of other groups of animals.
2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF GORGONIAD&.
By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. erc.
(Radiata, Pl. IIT.)
The Coral here described was sent to me by Sir John Richardson.
It is nearly allied to Gorgonia, but the branches are erect, clavate,
and very rarely subdivided. The bark is very thick, formed of nu-
merous close diverging cells radiating round a very thin, small, black
compressed axis, each of the cells ending in a conical prominent tu-
bercle closely covered externally with red calcareous spicula. The
expanded base and the base of the stem and the interspaces between
the cells are covered with smaller red calcareous granules.
This genus may be named and characterized thus :—
GoniGorIA.
Coral clavate, slightly branched; the root dilated; axis horns
black, compressed, thin; bark thick, calcareous, covered with conical
tubercles, each covered externally with numerous close red spicula.
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125
GoniGoriA CLAVATA. (Radiata, Pl. III. fig. 1.)
Coral clavate, rounded at the end, simple, or rarely forked.
Hab. 2
The coral is almost two inches high, and the thickest part is about
one-third of an inch in diameter.
I take this opportunity of presenting a figure of another Coral,
which, although described by me several years since, has not yet been
engraved.
NIDALIA OCCIDENTALIS, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 60. (Ra-
diata, Pl. III. fig. 2.)
Hab. West Indies, Montserrat.
3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF BIVALVE SHELLS, AND A
Sea Ecc, rrom New ZEALAND.
By J. E. Gray, Ese., F.R.S., P.B.S. erc.
Mr. Richard Taylor, of Wanganui, New Zealand, has kindly sent
to the British Museum a series of marine and freshwater shells, col-
lected by him in 1847. Among many other interesting specimens is
one which combines the form and internal appearance of a Solen with
the hinge-characters of a Mactra, and evidently forming the type of a
genus not hitherto observed. It may be thus named and character-
ized :-—
VANGANELLA.
Shell equivalve, oblong, transverse, thin, compressed, rounded _be-
hind, rather produced and tapering in front, covered with a thin,
hard, polished periostraca; the inner surface of each valve straight,
with two diverging, thickened ribs just within the stars of the ab-
ductor muscles, which are large and far apart, and the upper front
edge of the valve double; siphonal inflection short, broad; hinge-
tooth of left valve folded together, moderate ; of right valve small,
separate ; lateral teeth short, small, close to hinge-tooth of left valve
double ; the ligament small, just within the cardinal edge, not sepa-
rated by any shell plate from the cartilage, and partly hidden from
view by the upper edge of the hinge-margin ; the cartilage very large,
inclosed in a large, elongate, shallow, triangular pit on the upper part
of the hinder internal rib.
The position of the cartilage-pit and the internal ribs at once sepa-
rate this genus from Spisula.
VANGANELLA TayLorit.
Shell rather compressed, white, smooth, covered with a pale brown-
ish-white polish ; periostraca darker coloured on the upper part of
the front edge; the upper hinder slope irregularly wrinkled with
periostraca.
Hab, New Zealand.
126
ARACHNOIDES ANTIPODARUM.
Body rather convex, with five broad sunken grooves, rather more
than one-third the width of the sections of the body, and forming in-
flexed spaces on the edge of the circumference ; ambulacra nearly
straight, and regularly diverging, without any isolated pores between
the end of the ambulacra and the circumference of the body.
Hab. New Zealand. Coast of Wanganui.
This species is easily known from the A. placenta of the-North Sea
(Agassiz, Monog. t. 21. fig. 25-42) by its being rather larger and con-
siderably more convex, and in the grooves edged above by the ambu-
lacra being broader compared to the sections of the shell. It differs
also in having the ambulacra nearly straight and without any isolated
pores between them, as in the edge of the shell figured by Agassiz,
t. Zi. f 3B.
The specimen was unfortunately broken in the carriage from New
Zealand, and the part of the shell containing the ovarial pores was
destroyed.
The upper and lower part of the shell is supported by compressed
perpendicular columns, about one-third the width of the disk ; near
the oral disk there are placed five pairs of short processes for the sup-
port of the jaws; the jaws are triangular; they agree, as does the
disposition of the spire, tubercle, and all the other external characters,
with the northern species as figured by Agassiz from the specimen
in the Museum collection.
4. REMARKS ON THE GENUS HAPALOTIS.
By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S.
With the view of correcting some errors respecting the members
of the genus Hapalotis, and of describing two new species, Mr. Gould
exhibited an extensive series of specimens, including several species of
this curious form of Rodent, from his own collection: viz.—
1. Haparotis aupires, Licht.
2. Hapaoris APIcAuis, Gould, n. s.
This new species is about the size of, and similar in colour to,
H. albipes, but it has larger ears, and its feet, which are perfectly
white, as in that animal, are much more delicately formed, and the
tail is nearly destitute of the long brushy hairs towards the tip; the
eye is also much smaller.
Face and sides of the neck blue-grey ; upper part of the head, space
between the ears, the ears and upper parts of the body, pale brown
interspersed with numerous fine black hairs; under surface white ;
flanks mingled grey and buffy white; fore feet white, with an ob-
lique mark of dark brown separating the white from the greyish
brown of the upper surface ; hinder tarsi and feet white ; basal three-
eae of the tail brown, apical fourth thinly clothed with white
airs.
127
inches.
Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 8
of the tail . : ited eet Se b
of the tarsus and toes. : : 13
from the tip of the nose ‘to the base of the ears 13
GENO I at e cOe. nie a AR a ak. ad ie
3. HApPALoTIs HirsuTUsS, Gould.
Mus hirsutus, Gould in Proc. Zool. Soc. part x. 1842, p. 12.
Since this singular species was brought from Port Essington by
Mr. Gilbert, at the close of 1841, a second and more perfect indi-
vidual, also from the northern coast of Australia, has been deposited
in the British Museum.
This is the largest species of the genus.
4. Hapatotis conpiror, Gould in Sturt’s Narr. of Exp. to Cen-
tral Australia, vol. i. pl. in p. 120; vol. ii. App. p. 7.
5. Hapatotis toneicaupAtvus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. part xii.
p- 104.
6. Haratortis Gouin, Gray, App. to Grey’s Trav. in Australia,
vol. ii. pp. 404, 413; List of Mamm. in Brit. Mus. Coll.
p- 116.
H. Richardsonii, Gray, on specimens in Brit. Mus.
H. macrotis, Gray, on specimens in Brit. Mus.
H. Mitchellii, Gould, Mamm. of Australia, part i. pl. 15.
Hab. Western and Southern Australia.
7. HapaLotis mMurRiNus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. part xiii. 1845,
p. 78.
Hab. South Australia and the Liverpool Plains in New South Wales.
8. HapaLotis Cervinus, Gould, n. s.
The whole of the head, upper surface and sides of the body, of the
most delicate fawn colour, interspersed with numerous fine black hairs
on the head and back ; whiskers greyish black ; nose and under sur-
face white ; tail pale brown, lighter beneath ; ears very large, some-
what pointed, and nearly destitute of hairs.
inches.
Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 43
Gn torte rnin aso te ys. 6 os catch ates
of the tarsus and toes. .
from the tip of the nose to the base of the ears
ORM EHIa Starr. co ts. sated meen ene
pol peck Sy
| 00] Fs] bole
This beautiful species was brought from the interior of South
Australia by Captain Sturt. It is one of the smallest members of the
genus, and is remarkable for the delicacy of its colouring and for the
large size of its tail in comparison with that of its body.
128
5. NoTE ON A NEW SPECIES OF FRANCOLIN.
By Dr. Nicuotson, H.E.I.C. Mepicau SERVICE.
(Aves, Pl. XL.)
While in Arabia in February 1836, I proceeded into the interior
as far as the town of Moosa, about twenty miles to the eastward of
Mocha in Yemen, accompanied by Captain Bull of the Indian Navy,
in quest of plants and other objects of natural history, as well as
with the view of seeing the country. Having delivered our intro-
duction to the chief of that district, he assigned us quarters in his
palace and appointed an Arab huntsman to attend us—as well to
show us game, as to be a guardian to our persons. We started at
daylight, mounted on asses, and pursued our course to the eastward
for about six miles, when at the foot of a range of hills, in a jungle of
Acacia arabica, we came on several large coveys of guinea-fowl. We
soon found that it was of no use to attempt to get a shot by walking
after them, as they soon left us; so we followed, and whenever they
entered a thick piece of jungle we ran up in time to get a shot at them,
being pressed to take wing. In this way we made a very good bag,
to which we afterwards added a bustard (differing from the Indian)
and several small hares, which were very abundant. At the first
shot I brought down, as I supposed, a couple of guinea-fowl, right
and left, but on picking them up found that one of them was a fine
species of Francolin, coloured as in the accompanying sketch.
Bill and legs coral-red, the latter with blunt knobs for spurs; the
top of the head, a line under the eye from the angle of the mouth,
and a patch below it, black ; round the eye and some way down the
neck, buff; breast and side covered with large patches of black, buff,
and light blue or french-grey ; all the back and other parts french-
grey ; the quills are light buff.
This magnificent bird we found afterwards in pairs, betraying the
same habits as the two species of Francolin in India, the male often
standing and crowing on some small eminence. These birds are fully
as large as the gallina, which is not quite so large as the domesticated
species, but as large as a good-sized fowl.
I propose for this bird the name of Francolinus yemensis.
fe 420 Aves. Xb
J.Wolf Lith M.&.N. Hanhart , Imp*
FRANGOLINUS YEMENDID .Metolsow.
129
May 13, 1851.
John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. OBSERVATIONS ON THE Eye or THE MOLE, IN A LETTER
ADDRESSED TO W. Srence, Esa., F.R.S.
By Joun Davy, M.D., F.R.S.
In a letter with which you favoured me some weeks ago, you
made mention of Schiddte’s ‘ Faunze Subterraneze Specimen,’ and
of the interesting discoveries described in it of several species of
eyeless animals, the inhabitants of caves into which the sun’s rays
never penetrate, and where, in utter darkness, visual organs would
consequently be useless.
Reflecting on the subject, I thought it worth while to examine with
some care the eyes of the common Mole, an animal that spends the
greater portion of its time beneath the surface of the earth, and seems
in its general organization specially adapted for a subterraneous life.
I shall chiefly notice what, in the dissections I have made, appears
to be peculiar.
The first peculiarity that arrests attention is, that the eyes of the
Mole are not contained in bony sockets, but lie unprotected by any
bony prominences in the cellular tissue, beneath the common integu-
ments ; and, in consequence, were this animal an extinct one, and its
skeleton found in a fossil state, there being no orbit, the palzeontolo-
gist might be led to infer that it is a species destitute of eyes.
The next peculiarity I would mention is in regard to eye-lashes.
These too it seems to be destitute of. The hair in which the eyes
are buried, and by which they are defended, seems to be the common
fur of the head. I could detect in that immediately surrounding
them no hairs of larger dimensions, or in any respect different from
those of which its fine fur is composed.
The apertures for the admission of light constitute another pecu-
liarity. When the fur is removed from the skin surrounding the
eyes, a minute aperture appears over each, about ;!;th of an inch in
length when closed, and, in this state, linear and straight, but cir-
cular when fully expanded. The extreme margins of these openings
in the integuments being covered with fur, there is no well-marked
appearance of eyelids,—indeed, it may be a question, whether the
Mole, in strictness, can be said to possess these appendages. From
the observations I have made, I am disposed however to infer that it
does possess them, but imperfect ;—imperfect, not having been able
to detect beneath the marginal cutis any vestige of ciliary cartilages,
and yet having found in the surrounding subcutaneous cellular tissue
muscular fibres so arranged as if designed for closure, resembling an
orbicular muscle, and probably designed for and performing the part
of such a muscle.
No. CCXXVII.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
130
As to the other muscles of the eye, one only, an abductor, was
distinguishable from adjoining muscles. It is of large size compara-
tively, and it may be inferred powerful: by acting on it, seizing it
with a forceps, and drawing it upwards, the ball of the eye was re-
tracted, thus denoting its office. I sought in vain for other muscles.
That they were not discovered, supposing them to exist, is not sur-
prising, considering the smallness of the organ and its peculiar un-
insulated position, most unfavourable for discriminating the subordi-
nate parts pertaining to it, such as the muscles.
Relative to the constituent parts of the organs themselves, except-
ing their delicacy and minuteness, I am not aware of any peculiarity.
The eye-ball is about jth of an inch in diameter; the iris dark
brown ; the pupil circular ; the lens about ;4,1d of an inch in dia-
meter. Traces of a vitreous humour, and also of an aqueous, were
observable ; the former in the appearance of a cellular texture, as seen
under the microscope with a high power; the latter as an exudation
of moisture, a just perceptible quantity of fluid, when the ball was
ruptured. From the situation of the eyes low down in the face, the
optic nerves are necessarily of unusual length.
The dissections, of which I have thus briefly given the results, I
need hardly remark were made chiefly under water, and with the aid
of the microscope.
To return to the subject which led to the inquiry, viz. the subter-
raneous eyeless Fauna brought to light by the Danish naturalist, you
in your letter briefly advert to the speculations which this curious
discovery gives rise to, as, ‘“‘ whether these animals originally had
eyes, and have lost them from want of use by inhabiting for ages
dark caves; or, whether they were originally created without eyes,
for those abodes where they have no occasion for them,” &c. Allow
me to ask—fully appreciating the difficulty of solving such pro-
blems—whether the preceding observations on the eyes of the Mole
are not rather in favour of the latter than of the former solution? It
is easy to imagine how the optic nerve and the more important parts
of the organ of vision might diminish in size from little use; but it
is difficult to suppose that the same circumstance could have any
material effect in obliterating a cavity in bone—the eye’s orbit—and,
if the Mole’s eyes were thus originally designed, why may not the
eyeless animals have been formed in the first instance without eyes ?
Do not we see throughout Nature the most perfect harmony between
the organic structure and the modes of life and habits of the living
beings, so that the one is the true index of the other,—and that in
the most minute details? Excuse my touching on these speculative
questions, which, probably, from their nature, always must be specu-
lative,—unless indeed the eyeless species are found otherwise identical
with species possessing eyes, and there be found also a gradation in
them, as to power and size in accordance with the degrees of light to
which the individuals have been habituated, as in advancing from the
open air and the entrance of the dark abodes to their deepest recesses.
Also, excuse me if the matter of this letter should not be new to you.
Lesketh How, Ambleside, April 28, 1851.
-_
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151
P.S.—It may be deserving of mention, that notwithstanding the
small size of the eye of the Mole, its appearance in foetal development
is early : thus, in a foetus which I have recently examined, the length
of which was about three-quarters of an inch, the eyes were distinct ;
they were visible—conspicuous in the naked face, even without the
aid of a magnifying glass, and indeed were not much smaller than
those of the adult, and but little different in appearance : the diameter
of each was about ;4,th of an inch.
2. Notice oF Two VivERRIDe FROM CEYLON, LATELY LIVING
IN THE GarpeENs. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. erc.
(Mammalia, Pl. XXX., XXX1.)
The specimens here noticed were brought from Ceylon by Alex.
Grace, Esq., and lived some time in the Gardens of the Society.
The first is the species which I described some years ago under the
name of Herpestes Smithii (Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, ii.), from a speci-
men which was living in the Surrey Zoological Gardens, now pre-
served in the Collection of the British Museum: that specimen was
said to have been sent from the Cape of Good Hope, but this must
have been a mistake, as it is quite unknown to Dr. Burchell, Dr.
A. Smith, Mr. Smut, Dr. Wahlberg, or other zoologists who have
written on the animals of South Africa.
Mr. Grace informs me that it is an inhabitant of the interior part
of Ceylon. It is by far the most beautiful species of the genus, as
will be seen from the accompanying illustration (Mamm., Pl. XXX.).
The second is a new species of Cynicris, which I propose to eall
Cynictis Maccartu1£. (Mammalia, Pl. XXXI.)
Teeth normal. Red brown; hair elongate, flaccid, pale brown,
with a broad, black subterminal band, and a long whitish brown
tip; of hands and feet shorter. Feet blackish brown, hair white
tipped. Claws elongate, slender, compressed, especially of the two
middle toes of the fore feet. Tail redder; hair elongate, one-
coloured, red. Ears rounded, hairy.
Hab. Ceylon; Jaffna, North of Ceylon (4. Grace, Esq.).
This species somewhat resembles Cynictis melanura in general
colour, but the hairs are much longer, not so adpressed, and, when
the individual colour of the hair is examined, most distinct.
I have proposed to name this interesting animal after Mrs. Mac-
Carthy, the wife of the Treasurer of the Colony and the daughter of
Mr. Hawes, the Assistant Secretary to the Colonies, who is much
interested in the study of natural history, and has kindly sent me
several very interesting natural productions from Ceylon.
The skull differs from all the other Herpestes that [ have examined,
in the back of the nape being deeply and sharply notched instead of
transversely truncated, the notch in the living animal being filled up |
with a cartilaginous septum.
132
3. DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTY-TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS
Mirra, FROM THE CUMINGIAN COLLECTION.
By Artuur Apams, F.L.S. etc.
1. Mirra serotina, A. Adams. M. testa oblongo-fusiformi,
acuminatd, serotind ; spird productd, longitudinaliter plicatd, pli-
cis confertis, undulatis; transversim sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus ;
apertura antice dilatatd ; columelld quadriplicatd, basi contortd et
recurvd ; labro intus lirato, margine recto, anticé subangulato.
Hab. Marquesas.
A light orange species, with a produced spire, and the outer lip pro-
duced and rather angulated anteriorly.
2. Mirra cratiria, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,
albidd, nitidd, liris elevatis transversis, acutis, et lineis elevatis,
longitudinalibus, decussatim ornatd ; interstitiis subtilissime lon-
gitudinaliter striatis ; aperturd intus aurantiacd ; columelld plicis
quinque instructd.
Hab. South Africa.
The shell from which the description is taken is worn, and not in
good condition, but it appears to be distinct from any species already
described.
3. Mirra stramined, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fyusiformi,
stramined ; anfractibus planulatis, liris transversis rugulosis, in-
terstitiis cancellatis, suturd subcanaliculatd ; aperturd oblongd,
antice subproductd ; columelld plicis quatuor, basi subrecurvatd ;
labro intus levi.
Hab. 2
An oblong, transversely-ridged species, rather faintly cancellated
between the interstices.
4, Mrrra insients, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-acuminatd ; spird
acutd, levi, nitidd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, fascid angustd albo
Fuscoque articulatd, ornatd; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim
striato ; columelld sinuatd, biplicatd, anticé incurvatd.
Hab. Rains Island (Mr. Ince).
This is a very peculiar form, reminding one almost of the genus
Pusionella of Gray.
5. Mirra tavis, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, apice
acuto, levi, nitidd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, supremis cancel-
latis, ultimo fascid latd transversd, rufescenti ornato ; columella
plicis quatuor, supremis magnis imbricatis.
Hab. Zanzibar.
A smooth Oliva-shaped species, with a polished surface, and a red-
brown band. blending into the white of the last whorl; the plates of
the columella are imbricate.
6. Mirra tiertna, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-ovatd ; spird
erassiusculd, apice mucronato, rufo, albo strigosd; anfractibus
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planiusculis, transversim subsulcatis ; columella plicis quinque ;
labro intus rufo.
Hab. Philippines.
Several specimens of this species, all agreeing in form, were col-
lected by Mr. Cuming; but one only retained the natural colour of
the surface.
7. Mirra TrarEvua, A. Adams. M. testd oblongo-ovatd, fused,
nodulis albis, ad suturas coronatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd,
transversim liratd, interstitiis valde punctatis ; columelld plicis
quatuor ; labro margine crenulato.
Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms.
This small, brown-coloured species is beautifully crowned, in adult
specimens, with a diadem of white nodules at the suture of the whorls.
8. Mirra prera, A. Adams. MM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, ob-
scuro-fuscd, lineis pallidulis transversis prope suturas, albidd,
maculis rufis, ornatd ; levi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus sep-
tem, planulatis ; aperturd subdilatatd, intus albd ; columella pli-
cis quatuor, albis, obliquis, instructd, antice subintortd.
iad. Australia.
This species partakes somewhat of the character of M. sacerdo-
talis,
9. Mirra tuctuosa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,
obscuro-fuscd, fascid unicd pallidd transversd ornatd ; spird
acutd, anfractibus planulatis, transversim liratd ; interstitiis
valde clathrato-punctatis ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; spird bre-
viori ; labio crassiusculo ; columelld plicis quatuor salientibus.
Hab. China Seas.
This species was obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.
10. Mirra inscuupta, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird brevi, acutd; aperturd breviori; anfractibus planulatis,
pallide fuscd, maculis rufis, longitudinalibus, variegatd ; cingillis
integris, acutis, prominentibus, equidistantibus ; liris intermediis
submoniliformibus ; interstitiis longitudinaliter valde sulcatis ;
aperturd elongatd ; columelld plicis tribus ; labro acuto margine
crenulato.
Hab. Ceylon (Dr. Gardner).
This species also belongs to the same group as M. cingulata.
11. Mirra exarata, A, Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird
aperturam equante ; anfractibus subrotundis ; suturd subcanalicu-
latd, olivaced, fasciis duabus pallidis transversis, longitudinaliter
costatd ; costellis equalibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis lineis in-
sculptis, profundis, transversis ; columella plicis tribus, validis,
instructd.
Hab. Bais, island of Negros, coarse sand, 7 fathoms.
The most characteristic feature of this species is the sculpture be-
tween the ribs, consisting of deep, engraved, transverse lines.
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12. Mirra rurocineta, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiform
spird aperturam equante; anfractibus rotundis, sordidé alba,
fascid transversd laté rufo-fuscd ; longitudinaliter costatd, cos-
tis obtusis, rotundis, distantibus; interstitiis lineis impressis
transversis ; aperturd subdilatatd ; columella plicis quatuor in-
structd ; labro tenui anticé dilatato.
Hab. 2
A small, slightly-worn specimen serves for this description, but it
is of peculiar form and sculpture.
13. Mirra nivipa, A. Adams. JM. testa ovato-fusiformi; spird
apertura breviort; anfractibus subrotundis, levi, nitidd, badid,
anfractu ultimo antice et postice sulcis nonnullis transversis in-
structo; aperturd oblongd, antice subdilatatd ; columelld plicis
quatuor ; labro simplici.
Hab. ?
A small, brown, shining species, with only a few transverse spiral
Ines for sculpture.
14. Mrrra compra, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird
aperturd longiore; anfractibus subrotundis, superné angulatis,
sordidé alba, longitudinaliter plicatd ; transversim liratd, liris
apud plicas nodulosis ; interstitiis valde et regulariter clathratis ;
anfractu ultimo antic angustaio et reflexo ; columelld plicis quin-
que instructd ; labro interne sulcato, margine crenulato.
Hab. China Seas.
This species, remarkable for the strong cancellations between the
longitudinal plicae, was brought home in I.M.S. Samarang.
15. Mirra tie@ara, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird
aperturd longiore, anfractibus planis ; castaneo-fuscd, lined unica
pallidd, transversd in medio anfractuum, longitudinaliter plicatd,
transversim subliratd ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro simplici,
margine acuto.
Hab. Pasacao, province of South Camarinas; isle of Luzon, on
the sands.
The colouring of this species is very different from the allied spe-
cies, and the sculpture is peculiar to many species belonging to the
subgenus Turris of Schumacher.
16. Mirra vipex, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird
aperturam equante ; anfractibus rotundis ; fuscd, prope suturas
palliduld, zonuld albd angustd transversd in medio anfractuum ;
longitudinaliter corrugato-plicatd, transversim liratd, liris apud
plicas nodulosis ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; anfractu
ultimo angustato et antice subreflexo ; columella plicis quatuor in-
structd; labro acuto.
Hab. ?
This species somewhat resembles armillata of Reeve, but the cor-
rugated nature of the plicz distinguishes it.
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17. Mirra interrupt, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird acuminatdé ; apertura breviori; anfractibus planis, prope
suturas angulatis ; albidd, rufo-fusco variegatd ; cinguld trans-
versd fuscd moniliformi in medio anfractuum ; longitudinaliter
plicatd, plicis equalibus, obliquis, obtusis, distantibus ; trans-
versim corrugato-liratd ; interstitiis punctatis ; anfractu ultimo
anticé recurvato ; columelld superne excavatd, plicis tribus in-
structd ; labro simplici.
Hab. North Australia.
The peculiar interrupted, dark, transverse band distinguishes this
elegant species.
18. Mirra extmia, A. Adams. WM. testd ovatd; spird brevi, ob-
tusd ; nitidd, aurantiacd, maculis triangularibus albis, cingillis
levibus, latis, transversis ; interstitiis valdé longitudinaliter cla-
thratis ; aperturd lineari-oblongd ; columella plicis quatuor ; la-
bro intus levi, margine crenulato.
Hab. ?
This pretty little species belongs to the same group as M. leta,
but the sculpture and markings are quite different, although the
colour is nearly similar.
19. Mrrra mutritirata, A. Adams. WM. fusiformis, spird acu-
minatd, aperturam equante ; anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturas
angulatis ; pallide rufo-fuscd, cingillis levibus transversis, equi-
distantibus, obtusis, ornatd; interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus,
elevatis, subconfertis, instructis ; anfractu ultimo anticé producto
et subreflexo ; columelld anticé truncatd, plicis quatuor instructd ;
labro intus sulcato, margine crenulato.
Hab. China Seas.
This species was obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.
20. Mirra teta, A. Adams. M. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, auran-
tiacd, punctis albis ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd ; anfractibus
planiusculis, transversim nodoso-liratd ; interstitiis simplicibus ;
columelld plicis quinque instructd ; labro crenulato.
Hab. Ticao, under stones, low water.
An oblong-ovate, shining, orange species, with scattered round
white granules and regular nodulose lire; the spire is obtuse; the
whorls are flattened and longitudinally plicate.
21. Mirra ornata, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, acu-
minatd; spird acutd; anfractibus novem, ad suturas angulatis ;
suturd subcanaliculatd ; albd, fasciis transversis rufo-fuscis or-
natd ; longitudinaliter costatd ; costis regularibus, obliquis, sub.
crenatis ; interstitiis transversim valde clathratis ; anfractu ultimo
antice subumbilicato et recurvo ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro
postice subangulato.
Hab. ?
This species is peculiar for its regular form and exactness of scul-
pture, as well as for its beauty of colouring.
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22. Mirra nopiuirata, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,
pallidé fulud, fascid latd rufa transversd ornatd ; spird acumi-
natd, turritd ; anfractibus octo planis, infra suturas angulatis ;
nitidd, longitudinaliter plicatd; plicis distantibus, prominenti-
bus, obliquis, prope suturas valde nodulosis ; interstitiis lineis im-
pressis transversis ornatis ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro acuto.
Hab. 2
An elegant form, with the pliciform ribs strongly nodulose at their
hind part.
23. Mirra pura, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi; spird aper-
turd longiori; anfractibus subplanulatis ; albd; cingulis trans-
versis angustis, subelevatis, crenulatis, rufo subarticulatis ; liris
tribus intermediis ; interstitiis valde punctatis, ornatd ; aperturd
oblongd, antice dilatatd ; columella plicis quinque ; labro intus
sulcato, margine crenato.
Hab. 2
An elegantly formed species, with the last whorl somewhat recurved.
24. Mirra cincuxara, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird acutd, aperturam equante ; anfractibus planulatis ; sordide
albd ; cingillis prominentibus subcrenulatis, acutis, transversis ;
interstitiis longitudinaliter valde clathratis, ornatd ; anfractu ul-
timo antice producto et recurvato ; columelld plicis tribus.
Hab. 2
This species belongs to that group in which the whorls are encir-
cled with transverse ridges.
25. Mirra reticuuata, A, Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird aperturd breviori ; anfractibus subrotundis ; albd ; cingulis
transversis, equidistantibus, acutis, crenulatis, sulcis obliquis
longitudinalibus decussatis, ornatd ; columella plicis quatuor ; la-
bro intus sulcato.
Hab. Port Essington, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (Jukes).
Remarkable for the acute, crenated, transverse ridges which give
the surface a reticulated appearance.
26. Mirra asperutata, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,
pallide rufo-fuscd, ad suturas albidd, longitudinaliter sulcatd,
transversim liratd, liris nodulis, subacutis, asperulatis ; spird pro-
ductd ; anfractibus sex, subrotundis ; aperturd spire dimidium
equante, antice abrupte truncatd ; columelld plicis tribus ; labro
acuto.
Hab. Australia.
The transverse ridges are set with subacute nodules, which give a
rough appearance to the surface.
27. Mirra mrrapitis. A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi; spird
acuminatd, aperturd longiori ; anfractibus novem, planulatis, su-
perne angulatis ; albd, maculis rufis triangularibus, et punctis trans-
verso-elongatis, rufescentibus, ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd,
137
plicis obtusis, regularibus, distantibus, nodosis ; nodis postice
prominentibus ; cingulis transversis nodulosis, obtusis, elevatis,
instructd ; anfractu ultimo in medio angustato ; antice productd
et subreflerd ; aperturd elongatd ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro
posticé angulato, in medio inflexo, intus sulcato, margine crenulato.
Hab. Socotra.
28. Mirra aupina, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albd;
spird conicd, longitudinaliter plicatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis,
liris transversis ornatis ; anfractu ultimo levi, postice subplicato,
antice sulcis transversis punctatis ornato ; columelld plicis quin-
que ; aperturd oblongo-lineari ; labio subcalloso ; labro acuto.
Hab. Batangas, Isle of Luzon, on the reefs.
This Mitra is, perfectly white, and of a very peculiar form; Mr.
Cuming possesses but a single specimen.
29. Mirra ama@na, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albd,
maculis rufis variegatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus octo, sub-
rotundis, carinulis transversis, levis, elevatis, rufo-fusco articu-
latis, lird intermedid crenulatd, interstitiis eleganter longitudina-
liter clathratis ; aperturd angustd; columella plicis quinque ;
labro tenui, acuto.
Hab. Red Sea.
This elegant species belongs to the annulated group.
30. Mirra ruTitA, A. Adams. M. testd oblongo-fusiformi, acu-
minatd, aurantiacd, maculis albis sparsis ornatd, fasciis pallidis
transversis prope suturas, suturis maculis aurantiacis maculatis ;
spird productd, acutd ; anfractibus septem, transversim liraté ;
anfractu ultimo liris anticé distinctioribus; aperturd dilatatd; colu-
melld plicis quatuor ; labro acuto, antice crenato.
Hab. 2
31. Mirra peicata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird
aperturd longiore ; anfractibus planis; suturd subcanaliculatd, sor-
didé albd, fasciis transversis duabus pallidis ; longitudinaliter
plicatd, plicis angustis, acutis, crenulatis, interstitiis transversim
elathratis, anfractu ultimo anticé angustato et recurvato; colu-
melld plicis quatuor ; labro margine acuto, crenulato.
Hab. Cape York, 8 fathoms (Jukes).
A species of great delicacy, both of colour and sculpture.
32. Mirra rurescens, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird acuminatd, sordidé albd, rufo variegatd, cingillis transversis,
acutis, subdistantibus, liris duabus intermediis, interstitiis longi-
tudinaliter valdé sulcatis, sulcis subdistantibus ; columella antice
tortuosd, plicis quatuor obliquis instructd ; labro intern? sulcato,
margine crenato.
Hab. China Seas.
This species, obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang,
partakes of the same kind of sculpture as M. annulata and others,
for which Swainson has formed a subgenus.
138
33. Mirra rormosa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albo
rufoque eleganter variegatd ; spird acutd ; anfractibus 8, rotundis,
ad suturas subangulatis, cingillis transversis nodulosis ornatd,
nodulis subquadratis, in seriebus regularibus ; aperturd spird bre-
viore; columella plicis quatuor ; labro acuto, margine crenato.
Hab. Marquesas (Rohr).
A very handsome species, entirely covered with close-set granules
arranged in transverse rows. ,
34. Mirra sacervoratis, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusi-
formi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus novem, subplanulatis ; fulvd,
lineis fuscis transversis ornatd, prope suturas albidd, rufo macu-
losd ; levi, sulcis distantibus, transversis insculptd ; anfractu ulti-
mo basi recurvatd ; aperturd spire dimidium equante, recurvatd
et antic? truncatd ; columelld plicis quatuor, obliquis ; labro albo,
acuto, antice rotundato.
Hab. Australia.
A fine species of a peculiar character, both as regards form, colour
and sculpture.
35. Mirra mAcrospira, A. Adams. M. testd pyramidali-turritd ;
spird valde productd, albidd, maculis rufis irregularibus ornatd ;
anfractibus planis, longitudinaliter costellatd, costellis levibus sub-
confertis, interstitiis clathrato-punctatis ; anfractu ultimo anticeé
angustato, basi subrecurvo ; columelld plicis quinque ; labro intus
lirato, margine acuto, antice producto subangulato.
Hab. 4
A whitish species with a produced acuminate spire, and the short
aperture with the base narrowed ; the outer lip dilated anteriorly.
36. Mirra pettus, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,
albd, nitidd, maculis rufis moniliformibus ad suturas ornatd ;
transversim sulcatd; anfractibus planis, supremis cancellatis ;
aperturd angustd, antice productd, contortd, et recurvd ; columelld
plicis quatuor instructd.
Hab. Isle of Capul, on the reefs, low water.
A small, transversely grooved, polished species, with a necklace-
like row of reddish spots near the sutures.
37. Mirra ecuinaTa, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ;
spird acuminatd, albido-carneold, ad apicem rufescente, ad basin
fascid latd transversd rufescenti ornatd ; anfractibus planis, longi-
tudinaliter costatd, costis prominentibus, prope suturas echinatio-
nodulosis, et inferne subnodosis, interstitiis sulcato-clathratis ;
labro intus lirato ; columelld plicis quatuor instructd.
Hab. ?
38. Mirra scrruta, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turrita ;
spird acuminatd, anfractibus planiusculis, carneold; punctis ru-
Fescentibus sparsim pictd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis undula-
tis, levibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis valde clathratis ; aperturd
139
antice angustatd, basi subrecurvd ; columelld plicis quatuor in-
structd.
Hab. China Seas.
A small, turreted, light-coloureds pecies, with undulating ribs and
clathrated interstices.
39. Mrrra marmorea, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ;
spird acuminata ; anfractibus planiusculis ; olivaced, rufo-fuscd
marmoratd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis levibus, crassis, superne
subnodosis; interstitiis transversim exaratis ; columelld plicis
quingue ; basi subcontortd et recurvd.
Hab. Tambay, Isle of Negros, coarse sand, 10 fathoms.
Greenish, marbled with fuscous; ribs flat and broad; interstices
with transverse engraved lines.
40. Mirra TurrRicuLA, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd,
albd, carneo sparsim pictd, anfractibus superne angulatis ; longi-
tudinaliter costatd, costis crassis, levibus, distantibus, supra nodosis,
interstitiis sulcato-clathratis; aperturd spiram equante; columella
plicis quatuor, supremis duabus duplicatis ; basi viv recurvd.
Hab. 2
A small, elegant, turreted species, with smooth, thick ribs, and the
interstices punctate-clathrate.
41. Mirra patiipa, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-fusiformi ;
spird productd, acuminata ; anfractibus convexiusculis ; albidd,
sparsim rufo-fusco pictd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis nodulosis,
interstitiis clathrato-punctatis ; aperturd brevi, antice angustatd,
basi productd, tortuosd et recurvd ; columelld quadriplicatd.
Hab. Marquesas.
A delicate, small, pale species, with scattered red-brown blotches,
and with the interstices between the ribs clathrate-punctate.
42. Mirra Jukes, A. Adams. WM. testa ovato-fusiformi ; spird
acutd, aperture dimidium equante ; anfractibus planis, prope su-
turas angulatis; albidd, fasciis castaneis transversis ornatd; trans-
versim sulcatd, sulcis, prope suturas, profundioribus ; longitudina-
liter plicatd, plicis obtusis, distantibus, prope suturas nodulosis ;
columella plicis quatuor instructd ; labro intus levi.
Hab. North Australia (Jukes).
This species is intermediate between M. corrugata and M. vulpe-
cula, but is distinct from both.
43. Mirra crenipiicata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi;
spird acuminatd ; anfractibus planulatis ; brunned, longitudinaliter
plicatd, plicis crenatis tenuibus ; transversim liratd, liris equali-
bus, confertis, nodulosis ad plicas; aperturd spiram equante ;
labio postice calloso, antice dilatato ; columella plicis quatuor in-
structd ; labro intus dentato-lirato, margine incrassato.
Hab. 2
This species belongs to the group named by Mr. Gray Zerliana.
140
44. Mirra crenivaseis, A. Adams. M. testd fusiformi; spird
aperturam equante; anfractibus planis ; fulvd, longitudinaliter
substriatd, transversim sulcatd ; aperturd oblongd, anticé dilatatd ;
columelld plicis quatuor, antice incurvatd ; labro, in medio, recto,
margine crenato et incrassato.
Hab. 2
This Mitra resembles in many particulars M. fulva, Reeve, but in
all the specimens I have seen the outer lip is thin and smooth in that
species.
45. Mirra castanea, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird productd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; castaned, nitidd, trans-
versim punctato-striatd; aperturd quam spira breviore, antice dila-
tatd ; columelld plicis quinque.
Hab. 2
This species most closely resembles M. badia, Reeve, but the
whorls are rounded, and it differs in other particulars.
46. Mirra picuroma, A.Adams. M.testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird
acuminata; anfractibus planis ; suturd canaliculatd, anticé castaneo-
fused, postice albidd ; longitudinaliter substriatd, transversim sul-
catd, sulcis antice profundis , aperturd anticeé dilatatd ; columella
plicis quinque instructd, antice productd ; labro intus lirato, mar-
gine crenulato.
Hab. -—?
47. Mirra peatpata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird apice cancellato ; anfractibus planulatis ; suturd profundd,
albd, transversim sulcatd, sulcis distantibus ; aperturd oblongd,
antice dilatatd ; columella posticé excavatd ; plicis sex ; labro an-
tice dilatato, intus lirato.
Hab. 2
This species somewhat resembles M. crenilabris in form, but it is
much more slender, and the sculpture is different.
48. Mirra noputirera, A. Adams. M. testd turritd, fusiformi ;
spird quam apertura longiore ; anfractibus, prope suturas, angulatis ;
albidd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis, ad suturas, nodulosis, pro-
minentibus, distantibus ; transversim liratd, interstitiis longitudi-
naliter striatis ; aperturd intus fulvd, postice angulatd ; columella
plicis quatuor ; labro margine flexuoso.
Hab. ?
A small species, somewhat resembling M. cymelium, Reeve, but
without the transverse black lines.
49. Mrrra Maria, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conicd; spird
acuminata ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tribus, transversis, acutis,
elevatis, interstitiis longitudinaliter profundé sulcatis, instructis ;
postice albd, antic? hepaticd, reticulationibus albis punctisque rufo-
fuscis, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo, sulcis transversis, interstitiis
141
simplicibus ; columelld plicis quinque instructd ; labro intus sul-
cato, margine crenulato.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
Somewhat like M. incisa, but of very different form and colour.
50. Mirra pusiixa, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird
turritd, elongatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis ; albidd, fascid latd
transversd, carneold, antice ornatd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis
regularibus, equalibus, subconfertis, interstitiis transversim valdé
sulcatis ; aperturd brevi; columelld plicis quatuor.
Hab. :
A small species, with a single, transverse, faint pink band at the
fore part of the last whorl.
51. Mirra cotumMBELLINA, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusifor-
mi; spird brevi, acutd ; anfractibus subrotundatis, albo castaneoque
concinne pictd, transversim evanide sulcatd ; aperturd ovato-ob-
longd, antice dilatatd ; columelld piicis quatuor ; labro intus levi.
Hab. 2
This species is very prettily painted with white and dark chestnut-
brown, and in form somewhat resembles a Columbella.
52. Mirra Puitiprinarum, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusi-
formi ; spird brevi, acuminata ; anfractibus planulatis, cinered,
flammulis rufo-fuscis, longitudinalibus, variegatd; transversim
sulcatd, sulcis regularibus, subdistantibus, profundis ; aperturd
lineari-oblongd, intus fuscd ; columelld plicis sex ; labro margine
albo, crenato.
Hab. Philippines.
This species is figured in Mr. Reeve’s Monograph as M. flammea
of Quoy, the original type of which, however, Mr. Cuming possesses,
and it is entirely different.
May 27, 1851.
W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P.L.S., in the Chair.
The following communications were received and read :—
1. Notice or THE Birps or MADEIRA, IN A LETTER
ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY.
By Epwarp Vernon Harcourt, Esa.
Srr,—According to your request, I send you a short account of
the birds that breed in Madeira, together with a list of those that
visit the island.
The birds of Madeira are less numerous than might be expected in
so genial a climate, and most of them are merely varieties, where they
differ from European species.
142
The birds that breed in Madeira are these :—
Latin Name. English Name. Portuguese Name.
1. Faleo Tinnunculus, Linn. Kestrel. Francelho.
De - Buteo, Linn. Buzzard. Manta.
3. Strix flammea, Linn. Barn Owl. Coruja.
4, Turdus Merula, Linn. Blackbird. Mérlo-preto.
5. Sylvia Rubecula, Lath. Redbreast. Papinho.
6. atricapilla, Lath. Black-cap Warbler. Tinto-Negro.
(Curruca Heinekeni, Jard.) Variety of the former. Tinto-Negro de
Capello.
7. Curruca conspicillata,Gould. Spectacle Warbler. None.
8. Regulus 2 ? Abibe.
9. Motacilla boarula, Linn. Grey Wagtail. Lavandeira ama-
rella.
10. Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Meadow Pipit. Corre de Caminho.
11. Fringilla butyracea, Linn. Green or Wild Canary. Canario.
12. Carduelis, Linn. Goldfinch. Pinta Silva.
13. Petronia, Linn. Ring Sparrow. Pardao.
14. Tintillon, Webb & — Buff-breasted Chaf- Tentilhao.
Berthelot. finch.
15 cannabina, Linn. Greater Redpole or Tinto roxo.
Linnet.
16. Cypselus unicolor, Jard. Lesser Swift. Andorinha daSerra.
17. murarius, Temm. Common Swift. do Mar.
18. Columba Trocaz, Hein. Long-toed Wood- Trocaz.
Pigeon.
19. Palumbus, Linn. Ring-dove. Pombo.
20 Livia, Briss. Rock-pigeon. Pombinho.
21. Perdix rubra, Briss. Red-legged Partridge. Perdix.
22 Coturnix, Lath. Quail. Cordonez.
23. Scolopax Rusticola, Linn. Woodcock. Gallinhola.
24. Sterna Hirundo, Linn. Tern. Garajao.
25. Larus argentatus, Brunn. Herring Gull. Gaio, Guivata (after
3rd aut. moult).
26. Procellaria Puffinus, Linn. Cinereous Shearwater. Cagarra.
27. Anglorum, Temm. Manks Shearwater. _Boeiro.
28. —— obscura, Gmel. Dusky Petrel. Pintainho.
oo s—— anginho, Hein. Angel Petrel. .
29.{_ Buiweri;, Jard. iar Petrel. } Anginho.
30, ——? —? Roque de Castro.
The Kestrels are very numerous and very tame, perching on the
roofs of houses, from whence they dart frequently at canary-birds
hanging in their reed cages outside the windows, and they generally
succeed in securing their prey ; they live principally on lizards, grass-
hoppers, and mice.
The Buzzard is seldom seen about the town, but confines his flights
to the highest mountains, feeding on small birds, insects, and reptiles.
The Barn Owl inhabits the ravines in small numbers ; it is a little
darker than the British Owl. It may be remarked that all the birds
of Madeira are darker than their European brethren.
The Redbreast is very common ; it is frequently caged, and seems
to flourish in captivity.
143
The Blackbird, which in some parts is very plentiful, does not differ
from the English bird.
The Black-cap Warbler, which is here the most domestic songster,
has been sometimes called the Madeira Nightingale ; there is a ful-
ness in its warble which in a degree justifies such praise. A Ma-
deiran variety of this bird has been described by Sir William Jardine *
as a new species, under the name of Curruca Heinekeni; Dr. Heine-
ken, however, in his paper on the subject in the ‘Zoological Journal,’
No. xvii. Art. xvii., disproves the supposition of its being a distinct
species, and I am able to confirm the view that Dr. Heineken takes
of it. The popular belief amongst the natives is, that where the nest
of a “Tinto Negro” contains five eggs, the fifth always turns out a
«Tinto Negro de Capello.” The variety is much prized ; for where
you could buy a common “Tinto Negro” for sixpence or a shilling,
you would be asked eight or ten shillings for a ‘‘ Tinto Negro de Ca-
pello.” The size of the two birds is precisely the same in all parti-
culars ; the chief difference consists in the black cap in the variety
being extended to the shoulders, and I have sometimes seen the black
extended over all the under parts: the under parts are generally much
the same as those of the common female Black-cap, and the upper
parts as those of the common male.
The Wren is one of the prettiest feathered inhabitants of Madeira ;
it lives amongst the laurel forests, in the less frequented parts of the
island. It seems intermediate between the Gold and Fire-crested
Wrens of Britain, and is a little larger and brighter than either.
The Spectacle Warbler is very locally distributed ; it is found in
brakes and bushes in some of the unfrequented parts.
The Grey Wagtail is very common, frequenting the cisterns attached
to houses, as well as the streams; where, from its familiar habits
amongst the washerwomen, it has been admitted in Madeiran phraseo-
logy into the ranks of the sisterhood, under the title of “Lavandeira.””
The Meadow Pipit is plentifully found on the cliffs and fields near
the sea, and on the serras.
The Green Canary is the original stock of the bird so well known
to us as the Yellow Canary ; it flies about in large flocks, with linnets
and other birds, and is easily distinguished by its song, which is the
same as that of the captive variety. The price of a good singing ca-
nary, either in Madeira or the Canary islands, varies from five to nine
shillings, so that in fact it may be bought much cheaper in London.
This bird has been admirably described by Dr. Heineken, in the
‘Zoological Journal,’ No. xvii. Art. xvii.
The Goldfinch is very common, and differs in no respect from our
own.
The Ring Sparrow here takes the place, in a way, of our House
Sparrow: it is universal; on the bleak serras, near houses, on the
rocks by the sea; there is no place that it does not frequent. It
differs thus in habits, though in nothing else, from the Ring Sparrow
of Europe.
* Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Science, Jan. 1830, vol. i. p. 243.
144.
The Chaffinch of Madeira is nearly identical with the bird figured,
under the name of ‘ Fringilla Tintillon,” in Webb and Berthelot’s
work on the Canary islands.
The Greater Redpole is very abundantly met with ; it differs from
the English Linnet in retaining its carmine colouring through the year.
The Lesser Swift is mentioned in Brewster’s ‘Journal,’ by Dr.
Heineken, under the title of ‘‘ Black-chinned Swift.’ This property
is however by no means general amongst the species: I have several
in my possession with the chin fully as white as that of the common
Swift. One of the chief differences is in size, the ‘ wnicolor’ being
much the smallest. The tail is forked about an inch and a half, and
the plumage is rather darker than that of the common Swift.
The common Swift is not quite so plentiful as the Lesser Swift.
Both species remain in the island throughout the year; their nests
are built in the cliffs; their habits vary from those of Swifts in En-
gland ; here they seem to take the place of the Swallow, hunting and
skimming along the ground in a manner that would appear very de-
grading to their northern brethren.
The Ring-dove appears to be rather larger than the English bird ;
in other respects it is similar. It lives in the forests on the north
side of the island.
The Long-toed Wood Pigeon has been described by Dr. Heineken,
in ‘ Brewster’s Journal,’ under the name of ‘‘ Columba Trocaz ;”’ it is
about an inch longer than the Madeiran Ring-dove ; one of its chief
peculiarities, and which seems to have escaped observation, is the great
length of its centre toe, being more than an inch longer than that of
the Ring-dove ; it has a silvery ring all round its neck ; it is darker in
its general plumage than the Ring-dove, and is excellent eating. It
inhabits the forests on the north side of the island, feeding upon
grasses and the acorns of the laurel-trees.
The Rock Pigeon inhabits the sea cliffs, and rocks in the ravines
all over the island. There is a variety here which is darker in its
plumage and in the colour of its feet than the common Rock Pigeon.
The Red-legged Partridge is shot on the serras.
The Quail is more plentiful than the Partridge, and approaches
nearer to the habitations of man; it pairs, laying about sixteen eggs,
and has three or four broods in the season,
The Woodcock is found chiefly in the west, and on the Paul da
Serra, sometimes plentifully. It is a large bird, but I think of in-
ferior flavour; it breeds in the island, and is met with throughout
the year.
The Tern appears chiefly at the Dezerta islands and at Point Sio
Lourenco.
The Herring Gull is common everywhere; Dr. Renton says it
is. rls by some months in obtaining its mature plumage than
with us.
The Cinereous Shearwater breeds plentifully on the Dezerta islands ;
its ery, whether on the wing or on shore, is very remarkable ; the
natives salt it and consider it eatable.
The Manks Shearwater is also very plentiful at the Dezertas ; it is
145
easily distinguished from the Dusky Petrel, which is another inha-
bitant of the Dezertas, by its superior size, and by the colour of its
feet. In the Dusky Petrel the feet are bluish ash-colour, and in the
Manks Shearwater flesh-colour ; in the Dusky Petrel all the secre-
tions are green, and in the Manks Shearwater yellow. The Dusky
Petrel is a very tame bird, and will live upon almost anything ; it
runs along the ground on its belly, and uses its curious-shaped bill
in climbing up the rocks.
The Angel Petrel of Heineken has the tail slightly forked, and
differs from the other smaller Petrels in having no white about the
rump or flanks; it is entirely uniform black ; it is very common on
the Dezerta islands; when approached it emits a highly offensive
matter.
The Bulwer’s Petrel, as described by Sir Wm. Jardine f, I never
saw at Madeira, nor have I ever met with any one that has seen it
there. Sir Wm. Jardine says, “‘it is easily distinguished from any
other, by having the two centre tail-feathers elongated, as in the genus
Lestris, and not even or forked, like the other Petrels.”’ It is pro-
bably identical with the Angel Petrel.
There is another Petrel, called by the natives ‘‘ Roque de Castro,”
pronounced ‘‘ Roque de Crasto,” which differs from any I have ever
seen described ; it approaches perhaps nearer to Leach’s Petrel than
any other, though the shape of the bill alone is sufficient to separate
it from that species. It is common on the Dezerta islands, where it
breeds, though it is by no means so abundant as the Angel Petrel.
The following is a list of the stragglers found in Madeira :—
Latin Name. English Name. Authority .
31. Cathartes perenopterus, Temm. Egyptian Vulture. % & &
32. Falco nisus, Linn. Sparrow Hawk. * * *
33. Corvus corax, Linn. Raven. % 1%
34 corone, Linn. Carrion Crow. Mr. Lowe.
35, Oriolus galbula, Linn. Golden Oriole. x * *
36. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Common Starling. * % %
37. Turdus iliacus, Linn. Redwing. Mr. Lowe.
38. musicus, Linn. Common Thrush. Mr. Penfold.
39. Sylvia hortensis, Lath. Greater Petty-chaps. Mr. Penfold.
40. Troglodytes europzeus, Selb. Common Wren. Mr. Lowe.
41. Motacilla alba, Linn. Pied Wagtail. % & %
42. Alauda arvensis, Linn. Skylark. Mr. Lowe.
43. Fringilla chloris, Linn. Green Grosbeak. * & *
44, —— domestica, Linn. Common Sparrow. Mr, Penfold.
45. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Cuckoo. x * *
46. Musophaga africana, Temm. African Bee-eater. Mr. Lowe.
47. Upupa epops, Linn. Hoopoe. * * *
48. Merops apiaster, Linn. Bee-eater. Mr. Lowe.
49. Alcedo ispida, Linn. King-fisher. Mr. Lowe.
+ Sir W. Jardine on the Birds of Madeira, ‘Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog.
Science,’ Jan, 1830, p. 245, and ‘Illustrations of Ornithology,’ by Jardine and
Selby.
+ Where there are stars it is on my own authority.
No. CCXXVIII.—ProcerepDINGs Or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Latin Name.
. Hirundo urbica, Linn.
rustica, Linn.
riparia, Linn.
. Caprimulgus europzus, Linn.
. Columba cenas, Linn.
Turtur, Linn.
. Gdicnemus crepitans, Temm.
. Calidris arenaria, I7/.
. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer.
. Charadrius hiaticula, Linn.
. —— pluvialis.
. Strepsilas interpres, Leach.
. Ciconia nigra, Temm.
. 2 Ardea cinerea.
. Ardea russata, Wagler.
purpurea, Linn.
. —— minuta, Linn.
stellaris, Linn.
. —— nycticorax, Linn.
. Limosa melanura, Leisler.
. Numenius arquata, Lath.
. —— pheopus, Temm.
. Tringa pugnax, Linn.
subarquata, Temm.
variabilis. Meyer.
. —— cinerea, Temm.
. Totanus hypoleucos.
. —— glottis, Bechst.
. Scolopax gallinago, Linn.
major, Temm.
. Crex Baillonii, Temm.
. Gallinula chloropus, Lath.
. Ortygometra crex, Temm.
. Fulica atra, Linn.
. Anser segetum, Steph.
. Mareca penelope, Selb.
. Anas crecea, Linn.
. — boschas, Linn.
. Sterna nigra, Linn.
Dougall, Mont.
. Larus tridactylus, Lath.
. Lestris cataractes, Temm.
. Colymbus glacialis, Linn.
. Sula alba, Temm.
. Procellaria Leachii, Temm.
. —— pelagica, Linn.
I have the honour to remain, Sir,
146
English Name. Authority.
House Martin. 1
Chimney Swallow. x *
Bank Martin. Doubtful.
European Goatsucker. Mr. Hinton.
Stock-dove. Mr. Lowe.
Turtle-dove. x &. *
Thick-knee. Mr. Lowe.
Sanderling. Mr. Lowe.
Crested Lapwing. x * %
Ringed Plover. Mr. Lowe.
Golden Plover. Mr. Hewitt.
Turnstone. Mr. Lowe.
Black Stork. Mr. Lowe.
Common Heron. * * *
Buff-backed Heron. x *
Purple Heron. ee *
Little Bittern. * *
Common Bittern. Mr. Lowe.
Night Heron. x * %
Black-tailed Godwit. x x *
Common Curlew. Mr. Hinton.
Whimbrel. Mr. Lowe.
Ruff. x % *
Pigmy Curlew. Mr. Lowe.
Dunlin. * & *
Knot. Mr. Lowe.
Sandpiper. ee &
Greenshank. ee %
Common Snipe. Mr. Hinton.
Great Snipe. oe
Baillon’s Crake. Hh ge ae
Gallinule. ae eae
Land-rail. Mr. Lowe.
Coot. » & &
Bean Goose. ee hors
Wigeon. Mr. Penfold.
Teal. a
Mallard. Mr. Penfold.
Black Tern. Mr. Lowe.
Roseate Tern. Sir W. Jardine.
Kittiwake. a
Skua. x %
Northern Diver. ee
Gannet. Mr. Lowe.
Leach’s Petrel. Sir W. Jardine.
Stormy Petrel. Doubtful.
Yours, &e.,
Epwarp VERNON Harcourt.
+ Where there are stars it is on my own authority.
147
2. DescRIPTION OF NEW LAND SHELLS FROM THE COLLECTION
or H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. L. Preirrer.
1, Hexrx aupeparopt, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conoideo-
globosd, soliduld, nitidd, castaneo-fulvd, strigis saturatioribus
confertis ornatd ; spird conoided, apice obtusiusculd, albidd ; an-
fractibus 53 convexis, summis granulatis, ultimis irregulariter
rugoso-striatis, ultimo inflato, antice deflexo ; columelld perdeclivi,
subarcuatd, latd, pland, albd ; aperturd perobliqud, truncato-ovali,
intus ceruled, nitidd ; peristomate incrassato, subreflexo, albo.
Diam. maj. 48, min. 39, alt. 35 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
2. Hexix AuBersIAna, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, subturbinato-
depressd, tenui, acute et confertim costatd, diaphand, rufo-corned ;
spird subturbinatd, apice acutd ; anfractibus 44 convewis, celeriter
accrescentibus, ultimo antice deflevo, basi juxta umbilicum an-
guste constricto ; aperturd perobliqud, lunato-ovali ; peristomaie
tenui, marginibus subconniventibus, dextro breviter expanso, colu-
mellari dilatato, reflexo, intus plicd obliqud, dentiformi munito.
Diam. maj. 143, min. 12, alt. 85 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
3. Hevix pusescens, Pfr. H. testd angustissime umbilicatd,
depressd, tenut, pilis mollibus, brevibus, confertis pubescente, dia-
phand, lutescente ; spird vir converd, obtusd ; anfractibus 5, con-
veriusculis, ultimo subrotundato, altiore quam lato, non descen-
dente ; apertura vix obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate sim-
plice, recto, margine columellari superne breviter reflexo.
Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, alt. 6 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
4, Hrexrx teucormarue, Pfr. A. testd anguste umbilicatd,
depresso-turbinatd, subtilissimé striatuld, diaphand, luteo-corned,
fascid angustd, cretaced, ad suturam ornatd ; spird subturbinata,
apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 planiusculis, ultimo convexiore,
non descendente, basi. subplanato; aperturd vie obliqud, lunari ;
peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 6 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sailié).
5. SuCCINEA DOMINICENSIS, Pfr. S. testd ovali, soliduld, sub-
striatd, corneo-albidd, punctis corneis irregulariter aspersd ; spird
conicd, acutd; anfractibus 3} convexis, summis corneis, ultimo
3 longitudinis equante ; columelld subcallosd, vie recedente ; aper-
turd pariim obliqud, ovali, subregulari, superne vie angulatd.
Long. 114, diam. 7, alt. fere 6 mill. Apert. 7} mill. longa, medio
43 lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Saillé).
6. Buxtimus movussont, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-conicd,
sublevigatd (lineis impressis spiralibus obsoletis notatd), nitiduld,
148
albd, fasciis sub 5, roseis ornatd ; spird conicd, apice acutd, rubra;
anfractibus 6, subplanis, ultimo spird pauld breviore ; columella
arcuatd, superne subtortd; aperturd oblongo-ovali, intus concolore ;
peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari fornicatim reflexo.
Long. 26, diam. 12 mill. Apert. 12 mill. longa, 7 lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
Next allied to B. Hondurasanus, Pfr.
7. ACHATINA DUNKERI, Pfr, A. testd turritd, tenuiusculd, levi-
gatd, pellucida, nitidd, fulvescente ; spird elongatd, apice obtusd ;
suturd impressd, marginatd, obsolete crenulatd ; anfractibus 9, vir
convexiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis non attingente ; columella
arcuatd, alte et subverticaliter truncata ; aperturd subtriangulari-
semiovali; peristomate simplice, margine dextro antrorsum ar-
cuato,
Long. 28, diam. 73 mill. Apert. 9 mill. longa, medio 4 lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
8. AcuatTina impress, Pfr. A. testdé oblongo-turritd, tenui,
levigatd, lineis impressis longitudinalibus irregulariter notatd,
fulvidd ; spird turritd, apice acutiuscula ; suturd impressd, sub-
marginata ; anfractibus 63 planis, ultimo 2 longitudinis sub-
equante ; columelld arcuata, basi abrupte truncataé ; apertura
obliqud, sinuato-ovali; peristomate simplice, margine dextro basi
recedente.
Long. 83, diam. 22 mill. Apert. 3 mill. longa, medio 13 lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
9. Batea pominicensis, Pfr. B. testa subperforatd, sinistrorsa,
turritd, sublevigatd, nitidd, olivaceo-corned ; spird regulariter
attenuata, apice acuta; anfractibus 12, convezis, ultimo infra me-
dium subangulato ; aperturd verticali, subovali ; peristomate sim-
plice, recto, margine columellari verticali, breviter reflezo.
Long.114, diam.3 mill. Apert.24 mill.longa, 13 lata. (An adult.?)
Hab. St. Domingo (Sal/é).
10. CyLINDRELLA MONILIFERA, Pfr. C. testd subrimatd, ob-
longd, soliduld, truncatd, confertissime et arcuatim costulato-
striatd; opacd, sordidé albidd ; suturd impressd, nodulis albidis
subdistantibus notatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 9, convexis, ultimo
non soluto, basi subacute carinato ; aperturd oblique subcirculari,
ad carinam canaliculaté ; peristomate albo, reflexiusculo-~expanso,
superne appresso.
Long. 19, diam. supra medium 6 mill. Apert. cum peristomate
oblique 5 mill. longa, 43 lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
11. CyninpRELLA ADAMSIANA, Pfr. C. testd viz rimatd, ob-
longo-pupiformi, truncatd, nitidd, conferte striato-punctatd, albidd,
cornea, irregulariter strigatd et variegatd ; suturd lineari, albo-
crenulatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 8-9, planis, ultimo angustiore,
non soluto, basi cristd compressd, obtusd munito ; aperturd vir
149
obliqud, subcirculari, ad cristam subcanaliculatd ; peristomate
albo, breviter expanso-reflexo, superne interrupto.
Long. 14-153, diam. 5 mill. Apert. 41 mill. longa et lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
12. CyLINDRELLA SALLEANA, Pfr. C. testd non rimatd, cylin-
draced, gracili, truncatd, oblique confertissime costulato-striatd,
nitidd, pallide fuscescente, vel rufo-fuscd ; anfractibus (superst.)
17-18, vix conveviusculis, ultimo angustiore, basi carind com-
pressd, acutt munito, antrorsum breviter porrecto ; aperturd sub-
obliquad, rhombeo-rotundatd, ad carinam distincté canaliculatd ;
peristomate albo, nitido, undique reflexiusculo-expanso.
Long. %7, diam. (prope basin) 5 mill. Apert. cum peristomate 43
mill. longa et lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
13. CyLINDRELLA GOULDIANA, Pfr. C. testd vir subrimatd, tur-
ritd, truncatd, confertissime costulato-striatd, sericed, pallide cor -
ned; suturd impressd, subdenticulatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 9,
conveviusculis, ultimo soluto, antrorsum breviter descendente, basi
subcompresso ; apertura subobliqud, feré circulari, latere dextro
subangulatd ; peristomate albo, undique breviter expanso.
Long. 10, diam. 21 mill. Apert. 2 mill. longa et lata.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
14. CycLosroma orsiGnyt, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, elongato-
pupoided, solidd, confertim arcuato-striatd, rubello-fulvd ; spird
subcylindricd, sensim attenuatd, apice conicd; suturd profundd ;
anfractibus 8 vie convexis, penultimo lato, ultimo fascid latd vio-
laced, antrorsum evanescente, ornato, basi cristd compressd, ob-
tusd munito; aperturd circulari; peristomate incrassato, subre-
flewo, supern? appresso, infra cristam anfractibus penult. subex-
ciso. Operculum tenue, albidum, extus concavum, arctispirum.
Long. 27, diam. 9 mill.
{. Unicolor virenti-fulvum.
y. Minus, interdum omnino violaceum, anfractibus convexioribus.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
15. Hexicrna versicouor, Pfr. H. testd depressa, tenui, levi-
gatd, citrind, sepe viridi variegatd, suturd vel vertice purpureo ;
spird pariim elevatd, obsolet? papillatd ; anfractibus 43, planius-
culis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo lato, subdepresso, antice viz
descendente ; aperturd diagonali, subtriangulari-semiovali ; colu-
melld brevissimd, callum crassum, semicircularem, nitidum, album
emittente ; peristomate breviter expanso, margine basalt subreflexo,
immediate in columellam continuato. Operculum tenue, submem-
branaceum, castaneum, margine columellari et nucleo pallidis.
Diam. maj. 8, min. 62, alt, 53 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
16. Hexicrna pominicensis, Pfr. H. testd globoso-conicd, so-
liduld, concentricé confertim striatd, partm nitida, albidd, luteo-
150
vel fulvo-zonatd ; spird conicd, acuta ; anfractibus 6, planiusculis,
suturd profundd junctis, ultimo conveziore, vix descendente ; colu-
melld brevissimd, basi denticulatd, callum emittente tenuem, viz
circumscriptum ; aperturd pariim obliqud, semiovali ; peristomate
acuto, subrecto. Operculum tenue, testaceum, carneum, margine
columellari elevato.
Diam. maj. 64, min. 53, alt. 5 mill.
Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).
3. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A MonoGrAPH OF THE TRO-
CHIDS, A FAMILY OF Gastrroropous MoLuusca.
By Artruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
Genus 1. Trocuus, Linn.—Pyramidea, sp. Swains.
1. TRocuus ntLoticus, Linn.
Trochus niloticus, Linn.; Gmel. p. 3565. no. 1; Chemn. Conch. v.
t.167. £.1605, t.168. f.1614.—Trochus marmoratus, Lamk. (young).
Hab. North Australia (Dring).
2. Trocuus maximus, Koch.
Trochus maximus, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 6. f. 3.
Hab. 2
3. Trocuus AcCUTANGULUS, Chemn.
Trochus acutangulus, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 163.—Trochus conus,
Gmel.
Hab. Burias.
4. Trocuvus spinosus, Lamk.
Trochus spinosus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p.
Hab. 2
5. Trocuvus Asperutus, Lamk.
Trochus asperulus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 22.
Hab. 2
6. Trocuus Cumrinert, A. Adams. 1’. testd turrito-conied, vio-
laced, maculis viridibus pulcherrime pictd ; anfractibus planis,
cingulis, granorum moniliformibus ornatis, inferne nodoso-pli-
catis, anfractu ultimo angulato, peripherid radiatim nodo-spi-
nosd, basi concavd, cingulis granulosis, insculptd, centro pro-
fundé excavato umbilicum simulante ; columella superné tor-
tuosd, basi dente terminatd; aperturd tetragond ; labro intus
lirato.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones at low water (HZ. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
7. Trocuus rastietatus, A. Adams. 7". festd conicd, imper-
foratd, rubra, maculis albis longitudinalibus variegatd ; an-
151
fractibus planis, in medio concavis, superné cingulis tribus
nodulorum ornatis, ad suturam nodis subspinosis instructis,
basi pland, concentrice liratd ; liris crenulatis ; columelld pos-
ey canaliculatd, antice truncatd ; labro in medio angulato.
ab. 2
Genus 2. Carpinauia, Gray. Pyramidea, Swains.
1. CARDINALIA viRGATA, Gmel.
Trochus virgatus, Gmel. p. 3580. no. 83.
Hab. ?
Genus 3. Pyramis, Chemn.
Tectus, Montf.—Pyramidea, sp. Swains.
1. Pyramis pentatus, Forskal.
Trochus dentatus, Forsk. Egypt. Desc. Anim. p. 125. no. 67.—
Trochus foveolatus, Gmel.
Hab. Port Essington (Jukes).
2. PyRAMIS NODULIFERUS, Lamk.
Trochus noduliferus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 18.
Hab. Mindanao and Madagascar.
3. PyRAMIS CHRULESCENS, Lamk.
Trochus cerulescens, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 18.
Hab. ?
4, Pyramis oBeLiscus, Gmel.
Trochus obeliscus, Gmel. p. 3579.—Trochus pyramis, Chemn.
Haé. Bolinao, island of Luzon, on the reefs (#7. C.).
5. Pyramis acutus, Lamk.
Trochus acutus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 23.
Hab. Ticao, on the reefs.
6. PyRAMIS TRISERIALIS, Lamk.
Trochus triserialis, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 22.
Hab. Philippines.
7. Pyramis prasinus, Menke.
Trochus prasinus, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 16. no. 64.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
8. Pyramis MAuRITIANUS, Gmel.
Trochus mauritianus, Gmel. p. 3582. no. 99.
Hab. Capul, on the reefs.
9. PyRAMIS FENESTRATUS, Gmel.
Trochus fenestratus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. vy. t. 163. f. 1549-50.
Hab. 4
10. PyrAMIS CRENULATUS, Lamk.
Trochus crenulatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 22.
Hab. Guimaras, under stones (ZH. C.).
11. Pyramis arcuitTectonicus, A. Adams. P. testd conied,
imperforatd, albidd; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis, longi-
tudinaliter costatis, costis crassis, rotundis, subnodosis, basi
pland, liris concentricis exaratd; columelld brevi, tortuosd,
antice truncatd ; labro margine fimbriato.
Had. Signet Bay, North Australia (Dring).
12. Pyramis LeucoGastrer, A. Adams. P. testd conicd, im-
perforatd ; spird acutd, in medio tumidd, albd, viridi variegatd ;
anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter corrugatis, transversim
cingulis nodulosis ornatis, ad suturam nodis sulcatis fimbriatis,
basi pland, albd, concentricé sulcatd ; columelld brevi, valde tor-
tuosd ; labro antice intus lirato.
Hab. 2
Genus 4. TeGuta, Lesson.
1. TEGULA PELLIS-SERPENTIS, Wood,
Trochus pellis-serpentis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 4.—Tvo-
chus strigillatus, Anton.
Hab. 2
Genus 5. Inrunp1BnuLUM, Montf.—Carinidea, Swains.
1. InFUNDIBULUM CoNCAvuM, Linn.
Trochus concavus, Linn. ; Chemn. v. pl. 168. f. 1620-21.
flab. tf
2. INFUNDIBULUM RADIATUM, Chemn.
Trochus radiatus, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1640-42.
Hab. Zanzibar.
3. INFUNDIBULUM CARINIFERUM, Beck.
Trochus cariniferus, Beck ; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 218. f. 8.
Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia.
4. InrunprBpuLUM Kocuiu, Phil.
Trochus Kochii, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, vi. t. 3. f. 8.—? Trochus
Listert, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p. 5. f. 8.
Hab. 2
5. INFUNDIBULUM DELICATULUM, Phil.
Trochus delicatulus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 105;
Chemn. v. pl. 171. f. 1669.
Hab. St. Elena.
6. InruNnDIBULUM Saga, Phil.
Trochus Saga, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 103.
Hab. ?
153
7. INFUNDIBULUM DEPREssuM, Gmel.
Trochus depressus, Gmel. 3573; Chemn. Conch. v. pl.171. f. 1668.
Hab. 2
8. INFUNDIBULUM CHLOROMPHALUS, A. Adams. JI. testd de-
presso-conicd, pseudo-umbilicatd, viridi, atro-purpureo punc-
tatd; anfractibus planis, cingulis confertis granorum ornatd,
basi concavd, cingulis inequalibus articulatis insculptd, regione
umbilicali infundibuliformi, intus viridi ; columelld superné
tortuosd, tuberculatd.
Hab. ig
9. INFUNDIBULUM CaLiFrorNiIcuM, A. Adams. J. testd de-
presso-conicd, pseudo-umbilicatd, albidd, viridi rufoque varie-
gatd ; anfractibus planis, supra angulatis, ultimo angulato,
cingulis tuberculorum subdistantium multiformium ornatd ;
interstitis longitudinaliter oblique costatis, basi concavd, cin-
gulis confertis crenulatis insculptd, regione umbilicali infundi-
buliformi, viridi, lined albd elevatd cincto; columelld superne
tortuosd, tuberculatd.
Hab. California.
Genus 6. Potyponta, Schumacher.—Lamprostoma, Swains.
1. PotypontTa macuLaTA, Linn.
Trochus maculatus, Linn. ; Chemn. v. pl. 168. f. 1615-18.
Hab. Port Essington, adhering to rocks, deep water (Jukes).
2. PoLtyponTa INzQuALIS, Chemn.
Trochus inequalis, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1635-36.—Trochus gra-
nosus, Lamk.
Hab. Philippines.
3. PotypontTa REGIA, Chemn.
Trochus regius, Chemn. v. p. 170. f. 1637.
Hab. 2
4. Potyponta TentTorium, Chemn.
Trochus Tentorium, Chemn. v. p. 169. f. 1628.
Had. Philippines.
5. Potyponta sTELLATA, Chemn.
Trochus stellatus, Chemn. y. pl. 169. f. 1630.
Hab. 2
6. PoLtypoNnTA VERRUCOSA, Gmel.
Trochus verrucosus, Gmel.; Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1638.—Trochus
elatus, Lamk.
Hab. Zanzibar.
7. Potyponta costratTa, Chemn.
Trochus costatus, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1633-34.
Hab. ?
154
8. PotyponTA SPENGLERI, Chemn.
Trochus Spengleri, Chemn. y. pl. 169. f. 1631.
Hab. i
9. PoLYDONTA OCHROLEUCOS, Gmel.
Trochus ochroleucos, Gmel. ; Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1629.
Hab. ?
10. PoLypONTA VERNALIS, Chemn.
Trochus vernalis, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1625-26.—Trochus ver-
mis, Gmel.—Trochus subviridis, Phil.
Hab. 2
11. PotypoNTA virIDESCENS, Chemn.
Trochus viridescens, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1643-44.—Trochus vi-
ridis, Gmel.
Hab. Capul, Philippines.
12. PotyDONTA RETICULATA, Wood.
Trochus reticulatus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 38.
Hab. Bencoonet, Sumatra, on the reefs (/7. C.).
13. PoLypOoNTA LINEATA, Lamk.
Trochus lineatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 23.
Hab. Swan Point (Dring).
14. Potyponta Hanueyana, Reeve.
Trochus Hanleyanus, Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. f. —Trochus en-
grainus, Philippi.
Hab. Swan Point (Dring).
15. PotypontTa TIARATA, Quoy & Gaim.
Trochus tiaratus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. del Astr. t. 64. f. 8.—Poly-
donta elegans, Gray.
Hab. New Zealand (Earl).
16. PotyponTa rncRAssATA, Lamk.
Trochus incrassatus, Lamk. Hist. An, s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 20;
Chemn. Conch. v. p. 169, f. 1632.
Hab. ?
17. PotyDONTA ELEGANTULA, Wood.
Trochus elegantulus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p. 5. f. 9.
Hab. f :
18. PoLyponTA AspeRA, Chemn.
Trochus asper, Chemn. Conch, v. pl. 169. f. 1633-34.
Hab. Banguey, province of North Iloco, island of Luzon, on the _
reefs at low water (/7. C.).
19. Potyponta concinna, Philippi.
Trochus concinnus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 105.
Hab. ?
155
20. Potyponta TuRRIS, Phil.
Trochus turris, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102.
Hab. 2
21. PotyponTA INCARNATA, Phil.
Trochus incarnatus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 103.
Hab. Suez, Red Sea. ;
22. PoLyDONTA IGNOBILIS, Phil.
Trochus ignobilis, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102.
Hab. 2
23. PoLyDONTA PUSTULOSA, Phil.
Trochus pustulosus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 44. f. 6.
Hab. 2
24. PoLyDONTA GIBBERULA, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd,
in medio gibbosd, anfractu ultimo angustato ; albidd, lineis roseis
flammulatis radiatim picta ; anfractibus subconveais, cingulis gra-
nosis transversis ornatd, ultimo obtuse angulato ; basi convexi-
usculd, albd, fasciis roseis radiatim picta ; centro excavato, umbi-
licum mentiente ; columella superné soluta, margine tuberculo-den-
ticulato ; labro intus lirato, inferneé denticulato.
Hab. Philippines.
25. PotyponTA PALLIDULA, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd,
albidd, maculis luteolis picta ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tuber-
culorum ornatd, tuberculis inferné in costas excurrentibus, basi
convexd, cingulis granosis ornatd, cavitate contortd umbilicum
simulante ; columelld superneé solutd, margine tuberculato-dentato ;
labro intus lirato, inferne denticulato.
Hab. 2
26. Potyponta corruaatTa, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd,
albida, rufo-fusco variegata ; anfractibus planiusculis, sulcis trans-
versis, sulcisque obliquis nodoso-reticulatis, inferneé oblique costa-
tis, costis nodosis ornatis ; basi planiusculd, in medio concavd, ex-
cavatd, umbilicum mentiente ; columella superné solutd, margine
tuberculato-dentato ; labro intus lirato, inferne denticulato.
Hab. 2
27. PotypoNTA squamiIcERA, A. Adams. PP. testa elato-
conicd, albidd, cinereo-viridi radiatim pictd ; anfractibus planius-
culis, cingulis granulorum tribus ornatis, inferne oblique costatis,
costis in spinis squamiformibus excurrentibus, basi plana striis
granosis, fasciisque rufo-viridibus ornatd, centro excavato umbili-
cum simulante, intus albo lineis elevatis cincto ; apertura lineis
acutis elevatis, transversis in faucibus instructd.
Hab. 2
156
Genus 7. Puorcus, Risso.—Omphalius, Philippi.
1. PHorcus MELALEUCOS, Jonas.
Trochus melaleucos, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, p. 169; Phil.
Abbild. Trochus, t. v. f. 7.
Hab. 2
2. PuHorcvus occuttus, Phil.
Trochus occultus, Phil. Abbild. p. 17. t. 5. f. 8.
Hab. 2
3. Puorcus mopestvs, Koch.
Trochus modestus, Koch ; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 30, t. 5. f.10.
Hab. 2
4, PHORCUS VARIEGATUS, Chemn.
Trochus variegatus, Chemn. v. pl. 171. f. 1677.—Trochus viridu-
lus, Gmel. ; Wood, Ind. Test. p. 28. f. 42.—Trochus Byronianus,
Wood.—Trochus Brazilianus, Menke.
Hab. 2
5. Puorcus CARNEvS, Gmel.
Trochus carneus, Gmel. 3574 ?—Trochus indusii, Chemn.
Hab. 2
6. PHorcus cruciatus, Chemn.
Trochus cruciatus, Chemn. pl. 171. f. 167.
Hab. if
7. PHORCUS QUADRICOSTATUS, Wood.
Trochus quadricostatus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p.5. f.15.
—Trochus torulosus, Phil. Abbild. t. 2. f. 12.
Hab. 2
8. PHorcus DENTATUS, Gmel.
Turbo dentatus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. p._f.
Hab. 2
9. PHORCUS QUADRICARINATUS, Gmel.
Trochus quadricarinatus, Gmel. ; Chemn. ii. t. 196. f. 1892-93.—
Trochus rubro-flammulatus, Koch.
Hab. 2
10. PHorcus umBixicaris, Linn.
Trochus umbilicaris, Lim. ; Chemn. v. p. f. --Trochus exca-
vatus, Lamk.—Trochus cinereus, Da Costa.
Hab. 2
11. PHorcvus scauaris, Anton.
Trochus scalaris, Anton.; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 18. t. 2. f. 7.
Hab. ?
é
157
12. Puorcus Fruscescens, Phil.
Trochus fuscescens, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 3. f. 8.
Hab. 2
13. PHorcus nNopicinctus, A. Adams. P. testd conoided, um-
bilicatd, fuscd luteo variegatd, levi; anfractibus subplanulatis,
cingulis tribus nodulosis, liris elevatis transversis ornatis, an-
Sractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd, lineis elevatis
concentricis sculptd, regione umbilicali albidd ; columella brevi,
arcuatd, basi dentibus duobus terminatd ; labro fusco marginato.
Hab. 2
14. PuHorcus Granirer, A. Adams. P. testé orbiculato-conicd,
Juscd, cingulis transversis granorum distantium ornatd, cingulis
remotiusculis, interstitiis transversim liratis ; anfractibus rotun-
datis, suturd canaliculata ; umbilico aperto, perspectivo ; columella
sinuatd, basi dentibus duobus terminatd ; labro intus crenulato.
Hab. 2
15. PHorcus tiratus, A. Adams. P. testé conoided, umbilicata,
Susca, lineis pallidis undulatis ornatd, cingulis distantioribus trans-
versis insculptd; columella sinuatd, basi dentibus tribus ter-
minata, umbilico aperto, perspectivo, peromphalo viridulo ; labro
intus levi.
Hab. 2
16. PHorcus sEmicRANosus, A. Adams. P. testd orbiculato-
conoided, umbilicatd, purpureo alboque variegatd, transversim
tenuiter striata ; anfractibus planiusculis, cingulis confertis sub-
granosis ornatis, ultimo subangulato, basi planiusculd, cingulis
granosis insculpto ; margine umbilici lined alba elevatd cincto ;
labio supra calloso ; columellé supern? sinuatd, basi in tuberculis
duobus terminatd et infra tuberculos dentibus duobus instructé ;
labro intus levi, anticé callo marginato.
Hab. West Indies.
17. PHorcus cauirornicus, A. Adams. P. testd orbiculato-
conicd, profunde umbilicatd, viridi, atro-purpureo radiatim ma-
culatd, liris transversis subnodulosis inequalibus ornatd; an-
JSractu ultimo subangulato ; basi conveviusculd ; umbilico perspec-
tivo ; labio in medio valde excavato, columella antice dentatd, intus
levi.
Hab. California. Mus. Cuming.
Genus 8. Cuancuuus, Montfort.
Polydonta 6., Schum.—Fragella, Swainson.— Apiculum, sp.,
Humph.—Monodonta, sp., Lamk.—Otavia, Risso (not Cantraine).
1. CLancu.tus Poaraonts, Linn.
Trochus Pharaonis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. no. 584; Chemn.
Conch. pl. 171. f. 1672-73.
Hab. (
158
2. CLANCULUS CORALLINUS, Gmel.
Trochus corallinus, Gmel. no. 3576 ; Adans. Senegal, p. 183. t. 12.
f. 4. —Monodonta punicea, Phil.
Hab. ?
3. CLancuLus Smituu, Wood.
Trochus Smithii, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 20.
Hab. Japan.
4, Cuancutus Mavecert, Wood.
Trochus Maugeri, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 27.
Hab. Australia.
5. CLANCULUS FLORIDUS, Phil.
Trochus clangulus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 31.
Hab. New Zealand (Jukes).
6. CLANCULUS MEDITERRANEUS, Wood.
Trochus mediterraneus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 32.—
Monodonta Vieilloti, Payr.—Mon. Araonis, Bast.
Hab. Naples; on rocky ground (Philippi).
7. CLANCULUS CLANGULOIDES, Wood.
Trochus clanguloides, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 39.
Hab.
8. CLANCULUS LIMBATUS, Quoy et Gaimard.
Trochus se Sic Quoy et Gaim. Voy.de!’ Astrol. p.245. pl.63.£.16.
Hab.
9. CLancu.us Paraconicus, d’Orbigny.
Monodonta Patagonica, d’ Orb. Voy. dans l’ Am. Mérid. t. 55. f. 2
Hab.
10. Crancutus Coururit, Payr.
Monodonta Couturii, Payr. Cat. p. 134. t. 6. f.19, 20.
Hab. Malta.
11. CLANCULUS RINGENS, Menke.
Monodonta ringens, Menke, Moll. Noy. Holl. sp. p. 14.
Hab. New Holland.
12. CLancuLus AGRESTIS, Chemn.
Trochus (Globulus) agrestis, Chemn. Conch. p. 171. f. 1678.—
Monodonta villana, Phil.
Hab.
13. Cuancutus Guianicus, Chemn.
Trochus (Globulus) Guianicus, Chemn. Conch. pl. 171. f. 1680.—
Trochus Guineensis, Gmel.—Trochus (Globulus) Subucula, Chemn.
(var.).
Hab.
159
14. Crancuxvus Jussievt, Payr.
Monodonta Jussieui, Payr. Cat. pl. 6. f. 17.
Hab. Corsica; Languedoc ; France.
15. CLANCULUS TURGIDULUS, Brocchi.
Trochus turgidulus, Brocchi.
Hab. Corsica.
16. Cuancuuus LuPrinus, Menke.
Monodonta lupina, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 15.
Hab.
17. CLrancutvus Kravstt, Phil.
Monodonta Krausii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 101.
Hab. 2
18. CLANCULUS CORRUGATUS, Koch.
Trochus corrugatus, Koch; Phil. Abbild. p. 67. Troch. t. 2. f. 7.
Hab. 2
19. CLANCULUS OCHROLEUCUS, Phil.
Trochus ochroleucus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
20. CLANCULUS SPADICEUS, Phil.
Trochus spadiceus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. i846.
21. CLANCULUS ANUS, Phil.
Trochus anus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
22. CLANCULUS PERSONATUS, Phil.
Trochus personatus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac.
Hab. New Holland. Mus. Hanley.
23. CLANCULUS scABRoOsuUS, Phil.
Trochus scabrosus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
24. Cuancutus Lupwia1, Krauss.
Trochus Ludwigi, Krauss, Sudafrik Moll. t. 5. f. 33.
25. CLANCULUS MARGARITARIUS, Phil.
Monodonta margaritaria, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 100.
26. CLancuLus ormorHorus, A. Adams. C. éestd depresso-
conicd, umbilicatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cingulis granorum
equalibus ornatis, cingulo primo, secundo et tertio granis fuscis
albis alternantibus, quarto granis fuscis ornatis ; anfractu penul-
timo gibboso, ultimo rotundato; umbilico crenulato; columelld
callosd, subreflexd, basi dente triplicato.
Hab. ?
160
27. CLANcULUS VARIEGATUS, A. Adams. C. testa depresso-
conicd, pallida, rufo-fusco variegata ; anfractibus supra tumidis,
cingulis granorum ornatis ; interstitis striis obliquis longitudinalt-
bus ; anfractu ultimo acute angulato, basi pluno ; umbilico crenu-
lato ; columella supra tortuosd, margine reflexa, crenulatd, basi
dente biplicato terminata ; labro intus dentibus lamellaribus, su-
periore magore.
Hab. Island of Siquijor, under stones (H. C.).
28. CLANCULUS CINGULIFER, A. Adams. (C. testdé elevato-conoi-
ded, carneold, cingulo albo rufoque articulato, ornata ; anfracti-
bus rotundatis, cingulis transversis granosis sculptis ; basi con-
cava, peromphalo albo roseo radiato, margine plicato ; columella
crassa, supra nodosd, infra uniplicatd ; basi dente triplicato ter-
minatd ; labro intus lirato; tuberculo maximo, prope marginem
superiorem.
Hab. 2
29. CLaNncuLUS macuLosus, A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoi-
ded, rufo-fusca, maculis albidis variegata ; anfractibus rotundatis,
cingulis granorum ornatis, interstitiis oblique striatis, margine um-
bilici crenulato ; columella supra tuberculo magno instructd, basi
dente biplicato terminatd ; labro intus lirato, lird supremd maxima.
Hab. ?
30. Crancuxus sutcarius, A. Adams. C. testd parva, albida,
fasciis fuscis radiatim ornatd, cingulis distantioribus granorum
instructd, interstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractibus
parum convexis ; margine umbilici crenulato; columella dente
pliciformi ; labro intus crenulato.
Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (H. C.).
31. CLaNcULUS acuMINATUS, A. Adams. OC. testa elevato-
conicd ; spird acuminata, fusca, nigro-fusco punctatd, cingulis
transversis subdistantibus granorum ornata; interstitiis lineis
transversis et longitudinalibus decussatis ; margine umbilici sub-
noduloso ; columellé margine reflexo, integro, basi dente simplici
magno terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones (H. C.).
32. CLancuLus ALBiInus, A. Adams. C. testa conoided, albida,
cingulis granorum confertis ornatd, granis nonnullis fusco punc-
tatis ; anfractibus convexis, ultimo rotundato ; margine umbilici
plicato-dentato ; columella callosa, plicis duabus transversis, basi
dente triplicato terminatd; labro superné inflexo, intus lirato ;
tuberculo magno trisulcato prope marginem superiorem.
Hab. 2
33. CLANCULUS TURBINOIDES, A. Adams. C. testé turbinato-
conoidea, fusca, cingulis subdistantibus granorum ornata ; inter-
stittis lineis transversis prominulis ; anfractibus rotundatis, su-
turd canaliculata ; basi cingulis concentricis granorum instructa ;
161
umbilico dentato ; columeild sulcatd, margine reflexd, tuberculis
quatuor ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. 2
34. CLANCULUS STIGMATARIUS, A. Adams. C. testa elevato-
conicd, cingulis confertis granorum ornatd, lutescenti cingulo ter-
tio et septimo granis albis et roseis subdistantibus, basi granis
roseis ornaté; umbilict margine subnodoso; columella crassa,
transversim subplicatad, basi dente magno triplicato terminaté ;
labro supra inflexo, intus lirato, tuberculo magno bisulcato prope
marginem superiorem.
Ha Island of Corigidor, bay of Manila, coarse sand, 9 fathoms
(H. C.).
35. CLANCULUS TExTILOSUS, A. Adams. C. testd conoided ;
spird acuminata, cingulis granorum inequalibus ornatd, primo,
tertio et sexto coccined, secundo, quarto, quinto et septimo granis
albis nigris alternantibus ornatd ; margine umbilici dentato ; colu-
mella biplicutd, margine acutd, basi dente triplicato terminaté ;
labro intus lirato, prope marginem superiorem tuberculo magno.
Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
36. CLancuLus minor, A. Adams. C. testa parva, conicd, al-
bida, fasciis rufo-fuscis radiatim ornatd ; anfractibus planis, cin-
gulis transversis granosis sculptd, anfractu ultimo angulato, basi
planiusculd, margine umbilict crenulatd ; columella tuberculo de-
curvato terminata ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (7. C.).
37. CLANCULUS BRUNNEUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd,
Suscd, cingulis granorum subdistantibus ornatd ; interstitiis lon-
gitudinaliter elevate striatis; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo
acute angulato, umbilicit margine pland; columella transversim
plicatd, margine fimbriata, basi dente biplicato terminata ; labro
intus lirato, lird suprema majore.
Hab. ?
38. CLancuLUs uNnEDo, A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoideé ;
spird prominuld, apice roseo, cingulis granorum confertis (in anf.
ultim. quinque) ornatd, coccined, cingulo secundo, quarto et quinto
granis albis et nigris ornatis ; umbilict margine plicato-crenulata ;
columella obliqua, crassd, margine reflexd, basi dente magno tri-
plicato terminatd ; labro intus lirato, supra tuberculo magno.
Hab. 2
39. CLANcULWS zEBRIDES, A. Adams. C. testd conoided, fus-
cescenti, nigro-fusco radiatim pictd, cingulis granorum sculpid ;
interstitiis lineolis transversis elevatis ; anfractibus rotundatis ;
umbilict margine crenulatd ; columelld supra tuberculo, margine
callosd, basi tuberculo magno terminatd ; labro intus dentibus
linearibus instructo.
Hab. ig
No. CCXXIX.—ProcerrpineGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
162
40. CuancuLus EDENTULUS, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-
conoided, sordidé rufa, ulbo variegatd, cingulis transversis gra-
nosis sculpta ; anfractibus parum convexis ; umbilici margine sub-
crenulatd ; columella supra plicatd, infra edentuld, margine infra
tuberculis tribus ; labro intus subsulcato.
Hab. 2
41. Cuancutus niericans, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd,
umbilicatd, nigricante ; anfractibus planis cingulis quinque gra-
nulatis ornatd, ultimo angulatd, carinis planis duabus in parte
inferiore, cingulis 5-6 articulatis sulcisque intermediis sculptd ;
umbilici margine crenulato ; columelld rectd, superné solutd, in
parte superiore tuberculatd, extus tuberculis tribus instructd ;
labro intus levi.
Hab. 2
42. CLANcuLus carinatus, A. Adams. (C. testé conicd, albidd,
flammulis rubris pictd, anfractibus planis, cingulis inequalibus
confertis granorum ornatd, supra suturam angulatd, anfractu ul-
timo margine carinato, carind albo rufoque articulatd ; umbilici
margine plano; columelld rectd, supra subcallosd, basi dente
simplici acuto terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. 2
43. CLANcULUS micROopON, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-
conicd, fuscd, nigro-fusco maculatd, cingulis granorum ornatd ;
interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis ; anfractibus rotundatis,
basi cingulis subnodosis, rufo- et nigro-fusco articulatd ; umbilici
margine dentato, dente superiore majore ; columella supra fleru-
osd, plicatd, margine reflexo, sulcato-crenulato, basi dente parvo
terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. ?
44. CLancuLUS OMALoMPHALUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-
conicd, pallidd, fusco maculata, anfractibus paulum rotundatis,
cingulis granorum ornatd ; interstitiis striis longitudinalibus, an-
Sractu ultimo acute carinato, carind albo rufoque articulatd, basi
pland ; umbilict margine plano; columella transversim plicatd,
margine reflexo dentato, basi dente biplicato terminata ; labro intus
lirato.
Hab. Sydney (Strange).
45. CLancuuus e1Bposus, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd,
pallidé, fasciis fuscis radiatim dispositis ornatd, cingulis trans-
versis e@qualibus granosis sculptd ; anfractibus rotundatis, suturd
profundd, canaliculatd, anfractu ultimo gibboso, infra subangu-
lato ; umbilici margine crenulato ; columelld plicatd, margine re-
flexo supra dentato, basi dente magno biplicato terminata ; labro
intus corrugato-crenulato, supra inflevo, tuberculo magno in-
structo.
Hab. New Ireland (Jukes).
163
46. CLancutus consrEersus, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-
conicd, rufescente, albo rubroque variegatd, cingulis moniliformi-
bus transversis ornatd, cingulo infra suturam majore, anfractu
ultimo angulato ; columellé postice subcanaliculatd vix tortuosd,
antice plicd magnd transversd terminatd ; labro intus valde den-
tato-liraio.
Hab. 2
47. CLANCULUS NODILIRATUS, A. Adams. C. testé depresso-
turbinatad, carneold, liris transversis nodulosis subdistantibus
ognatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter tenuissime striatis ; anfrac-
tibus subgquadratis, margine umbilici dentato; columella recta,
antice tuberculo parvo terminata ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. ?
Genus 9. ZizipHinus, Leach.
Calliostoma, Swains.—Labio, sp, Oken.—Trochilus, sp. Humph.
1. ZizipHinus vutearis, Gray; Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. An.
p- 89.
Trochus ziziphinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1231.—Trochus
conulus, Penn.—Trochus zyziphinus, Born.—Trochus zezyphinus,
Chemn.—Trochus discrepans, Brown.—Trochus Lyonsii, Leach.—
Trochus albidus, Wood.—Trochus Sisyphinus, Macgill.—Trochus
Sedgwickii, Sow.—Trochus conuloides, Lamk.
Hab. British islands; Mediterranean; Norway, &c.
2. ZizipHINuS CoNULUs, Linn.
Trochus conulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1230.—Trochus vio-
laceus, Risso.
Hab. British islands.
3. ZIZIPHINUS ALABASTRUM, Beck.
Margarita alabastrum, Beck ; Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scandin. p. 20.
—Trochus occidentalis, Mighels & Ad.—Trochus formosus, Forbes.
Hab. British islands.
4, ZizIPHINUS GRANULATUS, Born.
Trochus granulatus, Born, Test. Mus. Cees. Vind. p. 337. pl. 12.
f. 9, 10.—Trochus papillosus, Da Costa.—Trochus fragilis, Pultney.
—Trochus tenuis, Montague.
Hab. British islands.
5. ZIZIPHINUS SELECTUS, Chemn.
Trochus selectus, Chemn. Conch. xi. t. 196. f. 1896-97.—Ziz-
phinus tigris, Gray.
Hab. New Zealand.
6. ZizipHinus DOLIARIvUS, Chemn.
Trochus doliarius, Chemn. Conch. x. t. 165. f. 1579-80.—Zizi-
phinus canaliculatus, Gray.
Hab. Australia; New Zealand.
164
7. ZizipH1nus CUNNINGHAMI, Gray.
Ziziphinus Cunninghami, Gray, Brit. Mus.
Hab. 2
8. ZIzIPHINUS ANNULATUS, Martyn.
Trochus annulatus, Martyn, Conch. i. t. 33.—Trochus virgineus,
Gmel.
Hab. Monterey, California (Hartweg).
9. ZizIPHINUS GRANATUM, Gmel.
Trochus granatum, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1654-55.
Hab. Australia, Port Essington (Jukes).
10. ZizipHinus ORNATUS, Lamk.
Trochus ornatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 27.
Hab. 2
11. ZizipHINUS ARMILLATUS, Wood.
Trochus armillatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 5.
Hab. 2
12. ZiziIpHINUS INTERRUPTUS, Wood.
Trochus interruptus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 42.
Hab. ——?
13. ZizipHINUS TRANQUEBARICUS, Chemn.
Trochus Tranquebaricus, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 166. f. 1595-96.
Hab. ?
14. ZizipHINUS PYRAMIS, Gmel.
Trochus Pyramis, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. pl. 170. f. 1652-53.
—Trochus crenulatus, Broce.—Trochus Matonii, Payr.—Trochus
punctatus, Ren.—Trochus conulus, Donov.—Trochus tricolor, Risso.
Hab. 2
15. ZizipHINUS MONTAGUI, Gray.
Trochus Montagui, Gray ; Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 43.—
Trochus striatus, Forbes.
Hab. British islands.
16. ZizrIPHINUS INDISTINCTUS, Wood.
Trochus indistinctus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 41.
Hab. t
17. ZiziIPHINUS PYRAMIDATUS, Lamk.
Trochus pyramidatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 30.
Hab. 2
18. ZizipHInus LANGLERI, Payraud.
Trochus Langieri, Payraud. Cat.
Hab. 2
165
19. Z1z1IpHINUS JUJUBINUS, Gmel.
Trochus jujubinus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. pl. . f.
Hab. Java.
20. ZizipHINUS FILOSUS, Wood.
Trochus filosus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 23.—Trochus
castaneus, Nuttall ?’—Trochus ligatus, Gould.
Hab. Straits of Juan de Fuco, Upper California.
21. ZizipHinus puBtIvs, Philippi.
Trochus dubius, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 149. t. 25. f. 7.
Hav. Sicily.
22. ZizipHINUS GEMMosvUs, Reeve.
Trochus gemmosus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch. Syst.
pl. 218. f. 9.
Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindanao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms.
23. ZIzIPHINUS EXIMIUS, Reeve.
Trochus eximius, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch. Syst.
pl. 218. f. 12.
Hab. 2
24, ZizipHINUS ANTONII, Koch.
Trochus Antonii, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 2. t. 1. f. 4.
Hab. 2
25. ZIZIPHINUS ExIGuUS, Pultney.
Trochus exiguus, Pultney Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 44.—Tro-
chus erythroleucus, Gmel.; Lamk.—Trochus exasperatus, Penn.—
Trochus erythroleucus, Hanley.—Trochus conulus, Da Costa.—Tro-
chus minutus, Chemn.; Dillw.
Hab. Mediterranean; British islands.
26. ZizipHINUS STRIATUS, Linn.
Trochus striatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1230.—Trochus par-
vus, Da Costa.—Trochus conicus, Donov.—Trochus erythroleucus,
Maton & Rack.—Trochus depictus, Deshayes.—Trochus Sartorii,
Arad & Magg.—Trochus vittatus, Lamk.
Hab. British islands.
27. ZIZIPHINUS CILIARIS, Menke.
Trochus ciliaris, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. p.17; Phil. Abbild. Tro-
chus, t. 7. f. 11.
Hab. 4
28. ZiziIPHINUS DECORATUS, Phil.
Trochus decoratus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102.
Hab. 2
29. ZizipHINUS L&ZVIGATUS, Phil.
Trochus levigatus, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. v. 1. t. 11. f. 2.
Hab. Naples, rocky shores.
166
30. ZizIPHINUS STRIGOSUS, Gmel.
Trochus strigosus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1651.—
Trochus callichrous, Phil.
Hab. Morocco.
31. ZizipHinus LurRivpus, Nuttall.
Trochus luridus, Nuttall.
Hab. Fayal.
32. ZizIPHINUS BICINGULATUS, Lamk.
Trochus bicingulatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 27.—
Trochus vinctus, Phil.
Hab. Rains Island (Ince).
33. ZiziIPHINUS MILLEGRANUS, Phil.
Trochus millegranus, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. v. 1. p. 183. pl. 10. f. 25.
—? Trochus Clelandi, Wood.—Trochus Martini, Smith.—Trochus
miliaris, Seacc.
Hab. 2
34. ZiziPHINUS AGRESTIS, Phil.
Trochus agrestis, Phil. Abbild. p. 33, Trochus, t. 1. f. 6.
Hab. Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
35. ZizipHINUS CHLOROSTOMUS, Menke.
Trochus chlorostomus, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 17; Phil.
Abbild. Trochus, t. 2. f. 8.
Hab. New Holland.
36. ZiziPHINUS PERSPECTIVUS, Koch.
Trochus perspectivus, Koch ; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 2. t. 1. f. 5.
Hab. 2
37. ZizieHINuS MINIATUS, Anton.
Trochus miniatus, Anton, Verzeich. p. 58; Phil. Abbild. Trochus,
tin Les tach
Hab.
38. ZizipHiNus GiLvus, Phil.
Trochus gilvus, Phil.
Hab. ft
2
39. ZizipPHINUS METAFORMIS, Phil.
Trochus metaformis, Phil. ; Kust. Conch. Cab. t. 43. f. 13.
Hab. 2
40. ZizipHinus zonamestus, A. Adams. Z. testd oblique pyra-
midali, umbilicatd, carned, cingulis transversis granosis permultis
ornatd ; interstitiis purpurascentibus, striis obliquis longitudinali-
bus ; anfractibus planis, supra suturas angulatis, ultimo acute
angulato, basi plano-concava, cingulis granulatis insculptd ; umbi-
167
lico magno, infundibuliformi, intus albo; aperturd rhomboided,
intus albd; columelld rectd, basi truncatd.
Hab. Honduras (Dyson).
41. ZizipHinus TIcAontcus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato-conicda,
perforata, luted vel carned, liris transversis rufo articulatis prope
suturas ornatd ; anfractibus paulum rotundatis, longitudinaliter
striatis, apice atro-purpureo; anfractu ultimo subangulato, bast
conveviusculd, cingulis rufo-articulatis insculpta ; aperturd sub-
quadrata ; columella rectd, antic? subtruncatd ; aperturd intus
alba.
Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (HZ. C.).
42. ZizipHiInus saponicus, A. Adams. JZ. testd turrito-conicd,
levi, nitida, imperforata ; anfractibus planis, basi lineis duabus
impressis, ultimo angulato, rubra flammulis fuscis et albidis ornata,
basi convexd, cingulis articulatis insculptd ; aperturd subquadratd,
intus viride iridescenti.
Hab. Japan.
43. ZIZIPHINUS ELEGANTULUS, A. Adams. Z. testd conicd, im-
perforata, lutescenti ; anfractibus planis, lineis elevatis distantibus
granulatis moniliformibus violaceis alternis minoribus cinctd ;
interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; basi planiusculd, cingulis
quatuor violaceis ornatd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus alba ;
columella basi subtruncatd.
Hab. Malacca, coral sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.).
44. ZizipHinus pecussatus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato-conicd,
subperforatd, albidd, maculis viridibus longitudinalibus ornatd ;
anfractibus planis, basi marginatis, prominulis ; cingulis trans-
versis granulatis lineisque elevatis longitudinalibus decussate in-
sculpta ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis
granulatis ornatd ; aperturd subquadratd ; columella recta, basi
truncata.
Hab. Calipan, Mindoro, coarse gravel, 12 fathoms (H. C.).
45. ZizipHinus RuBRopunctatus, A. Adams. Z. testd parva,
orbiculato-conicd, lutescenti; cingulis transversis spinulosis or-
nata (in anfractu ultimo quatuor), interstitiis clathratis pulcher-
rime rubro-punctulatis.
Hab. 2
46. ZizipHinus unicinctTus, A. Adams. Z. testd turrito-conicd,
imperforatd, luteold ; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis, basi cin-
gulis prominulis rubro-articulatis lineisque transversis confertis
ornatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi productd, lineis concen-
tricis et cinguld elevatd articulatd sculptd ; aperturd subtrigond ;
columella rectd, basi subcanaliculatd.
Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms
(Hf. C.).
168
47. Zizipainus NeBuLosus, A. Adams. Z. testd conoided, im-
perforata, rufo-fuscaé albo variegataé ; anfractibus planiusculis,
cingulis inequalibus granorum ornatd, ultimo subangulato, basi
convexiusculd, cingulis subgranulosis rufo alboque articulatis or-
natd ; aperturd subtetragond ; columella alba, incurvatd, dasi sub-
truncatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Rains Island (Ince).
48. ZizipHiNus picruratus, A. Adams. Z. testa turrito-conicd,
imperforatd, viridi aut violaced, fasciis undulatis lineisque ziczaci-
Sormibus ornatd ; anfractibus planis, basi marginatis crenulatis,
lineis impressis transversis sculpta; anfractu ultimo angulato,
basi convexiusculd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus albd ; columella
incurva, basi truncatd.
Hab. Delaguete, island of Negros, sandy mud, 7 fathoms
(H. C.).
49. ZizipHINUS aSpERULATUS, A. Adams. Z. testd conicd, im-
perforata, albidd, maculis purpureis radiatim ornatd ; anfracti-
bus planiusculis, in medio carinatis, cingulis inequalibus ornatd,
superioribus granulatis, inferioribus subplanis ; anfractu ultimo
subangulato, basi pland, cingulis planis insculpta ; regione umbili-
cali depressd, callo obtectd ; aperturd subrotundd ; columella rectd,
basi truncata ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. i
50. ZizipHinus epotycuHroma, A. Adams. Z. testd turrito-
conicd, perforata, viridi, fasciis albidis undulatis, lineis luteis
angulatis varie pictd; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis ; basi
marginatis articulatis prominulis, lineis transversis subdistanti-
bus impressis ornatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu ultimo
angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis luteo articulatis insculptd ;
aperturd subquadratd, intus viridi; columella recta, basi sub-
truncata.
Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (iH. C.).
51. ZizipHinus pupLicatus, A. Adams. Z. testa turrito-conicd,
imperforata ; anfractibus convexis cingulis granorum ornatd ;
basi cingulis duabus majoribus prominentibus instructis ; inter-
stitiis longitudinaliter striatis; anfractu ultimo subrotundato,
basi convexiusculd, cingulis granorum insculptd ; aperturd sub-
rotundatd ; labro intus lirato; columelld basi tuberculo termi-
nata.
Hab. 2
52. ZizipHinus caLirornicus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato-
conicd, imperforatd, rufescenti ; anfractibus subrotundatis, supra
excavatis, liris transversis granulosis, duabus, supra suturam,
majoribus ; anfractu ultimo subrotundato, bast convexiusculd ;
aperturd subquadratd ; columella recta, antice subtuberculata.
Hab. California. (Mus. Cuming. )
169
Genus 10. Canruiripus, Montfort.
Eleuchus, sp. Humph.; Swains.—Phasianella, c., Menke.—Trochus,
sp. Philippi.
1. Canruiripvus rripis, Chemn.
Trochus iridis, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 161. f. 1522-23.—Trochus
iris, Gmel.
Hab. 2
2. CANTHIRIDUS PURPURATUS, Martyn.
Trochus purpuratus, Martyn; Chemn. v. t.161. f.1524-25.—Tro-
chus notatus, Gmel.—? Trochus elegans, Gmel.—? Phasianella ru-
bella.
Hab.
3. CANTHIRIDUS NITIDULUS, Phil.
Trochus nitidulus, Phil.; Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 43. f. 10.
Hab. 4
2
4. CANTHIRIDUS CINGULIGER, A. Adams. OC. testa elevato-
conicd, cinered, punctis fuscis in lineis flammulatis dispositis,
transversim sulcatd ; anfractibus planis, cinguld prominenti
supra suturam, anfractu ultimo angulato, cingulo plano cincto ;
umbilico aniabtecto ; columelld rectd; labro intus albo, levi.
Hab. Q
5. CaNTHIRIDUS PUNCTULOSUS, A. Adams. (C. testd elevato-
conicd, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, cinered, transversim sulcatd ;
cingulis transversis, luteo alboque punctatis nigro-maculatis
ornatd; anfractibus planis, ultimo acuté angulato; regione
umbilicali rosed ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelldé alba, rectd,
anticé subtruncatd ; labro intus levi, limbo punctulato.
Hab. Swan River, 4 fathoms (Jukes).
6. CanTHiIRIpUS zEaLANDICUS, A. Adams. C. testd obliqueé
conicd, subturritd, imperforatd, levi, nitidd ; atro-purpured,
lineis pallidis transversis, ubique cinctd; anfractibus paulum
convewis ; aperturd obliqud, subrotundatd ; labio albo, simplici,
arcuato ; labro intus sulcato, margaritaceo, vivide iridescenti.
Hab. New Zealand.
7. CanrHiripus mMoniLicer, A. Adams. OC. testd elevato-
conicd, imperforatd, cinered, cingulis moniliformibus transversis
ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter elevate striatis ; anfractt-
bus planis, apice purpureo, suturd canaliculatd ; anfractu ulti-
mo angulato ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld anticée subtrun-
catd; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. Swan River, 8 fathoms (Jukes).
8. CANTHIRIDUS ARTICULARIS, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-
conicd, levi, nitidd, cinered ; cingulis confertis, nigro alboque
170
articulatis ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; anfrac-
tibus planis, ultimo angulato, bast planiusculd, cingulis articu-
latis sculptd; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld anticé sub-
truncatd ; labro intus levi, limbo articulato.
Hab. (¢
9. CANTHIRIDUS ARTIZONA, A. Adams. C. testd elevaté conoi-
ded, pallida; cingulis carneolis angustis elevatis transversis
ornatd ; interstitiis transversim striatis ; anfractu ultimo an-
gulato; aperturd intus viridescenti; labro intus lirato, limbo
rufo articulato.
Hab. 2
10. Canruiripus rRuFozona, A. Adams. C. testd conoided,
pallida, cingulis rubris transversis interstitiis planis ornatd;
anfractu ultimo rotundato; labro intus albo, levi, limbo rufo-
articulato ; columella albd.
Hab. 2
11. CanTHirRiIpus TENEBROSUS, A. Adams. C. testd parvd,
elevato-conicd, imperforatd, subnigrd, transversim sulcatd, sul-
cis albicantibus planis; anfractibus paulum convexis, ultimo
subangulato, basi convexd ; aperturd subrotundatd, intus albd,
margaritaced ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. 2
12. CANTHIRIDUS NIGRICANS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-
conicd, atro-purpured, cingulis elevatis transversis ornatd ; in-
terstitiis longitudinaliter obliqué striatis ; anfractu ultimo sub-
angulato ; labro intus albo, sublevi, limbo nigro.
Hab. 2
13. CaNTHIRIDUS PALLIDULUS, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-
conicd, imperforatd, pallidd ; cingulis transversis elevatis luteo-
articulatis ornatd ; interstitiis concinné longitudinaliter stria-
tis; columelld subrectd, in medio tumidd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Australia.
Genus 11. ELEucuus, Swains.
Phasianella, d., Menke.—Canthiridus, sp. Gray.
1. ELEvucuus Bapivus, Wood.
Trochus badius, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. fig. 46.
Hab. 2
2. ELzucuus rosevs, Lamk.
Monodonta rosea, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 37.
Hab. 2
3. ELeucuus LINEATUS, Lamk.
Monodonta lineata, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 38.
Hab. ?
171
4, ELEUCHUS IRISODONTES, Quoy & Gaim.
Trochus irisodontes, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de lAstr. ii. p. 246.
t. 63. f. 7-12.—Monodonta virgata, Menke.
Hab. ?
5. ELEucuus BELLULUS, Dunker.
Trochus bellulus, Dunker ; Phil. Abbild. t. 7. f. 6.
Hab. —#
6. ELeucuus apicinus, Menke.
Monodonta apicina, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 15.
Hab. 2
7. Ev.evucuus Leucosticma, Menke.
Trochus leucostigma, Menke; Phil. Abbild. t. 7. f. 7.—Phasia-
nella leucostigma, Menke.—Canthiridus variegatus, Gray.
Hab. 4
8. ELEUCHUS AUSTRALIS, Quoy & Gaim.
Trochus australis, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de I Astr. pl. 63. f. 13, 14.
Hab. 4
9. ELEUCHUS SPLENDIDULUS, Swains.
Eleuchus splendidulus, Swains. Treatise on Malacol. p.
Hab.
10. ELevcuus vuuiearis, A. Adams. JF. testd ovato-conoided,
subturritd, imperforatd, levigatd, virenti, transversim tenuis-
simé striatd ; lineis undulatis viridis pictd, basi convead ; aper-
turd ovatd ; columellé basi dente acuto terminatd ; labro posticé
subangulato.
Hab. Swan River.
11. Exevcuus rutiius, A. Adams. J. testd turrito-conicd,
imperforatd ; spird acuminatd, virido-fuscd, lineis longitudina-
libus rufescentibus ornatd, transversim striatd; anfractu ul-
timo vie angulato; aperturd intus vivide iridescente; labro
viridt marginato.
Hab. Australia.
Genus 12. Banxivia, Deshayes.
1. BANKIVIA PURPURASCENS, Beck.
Bankivia purpurascens, Beck ; Deshayes, Manuel de Conchylio-
logie.— Bankivia varians, Gray, MS. Mus. Brit.
Hab. Australia.
2. Banxryia masor, A. Adams. JB. testd ovato-turritd, nigro-
Suscd albo variegatd, levigatd, longitudinaliter oblique striatd ;
anfractu ultimo ventricoso, transversim sulcato ; columelld albd,
tortuosd.
Hab, Australia. Mus. Cuming.
172
3. Banxivia nitrpa, A. Adams. 8B. testd turritd, acuminatd,
carneold, suturis nigricantibus, levi, nitidd, transversim tenu-
issimé striata; columelld anticé tortuosd; labro ad marginem
nigricante.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
Genus 13. Tuatorttia, Gray.
Elenchus, sp. Humph.—Helenchus, Herman.
1. Tuatotia picta, Wood.
Trochus pictus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 28.—Thalotia
picta, Gray.—Monodonta turrita, Menke.
Hab. New Holland.
2. THALOTIA PULCHERRIMA, Wood.
Trochus pulcherrimus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 45.—T'o-
chus Preissii, Menke.—Trochus porcatus, Philippi.
Hab. New Zealand.
3. THALOTIA AUSTRALIS, Quoy et Gaim.
Trochus australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 63. f.13, 14.
Hab. Australia.
4. Tuatotia Lenmannt, Menke.
Trochus Lehmanni, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 18.—? Pha-
sianella elegans, Lamarck.
Hab. New Holland.
5. THALOTIA ELONGATA, Wood.
Trochus elongatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 19.—Trochus
attenuatus, Jonas.
Hab. 2
6. THaLoTIA opscuRA, Wood.
Trochus obscurus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 26.—Trochus
signatus, Jonas.
Hab. 2
7. THALoTIA PyRGOS, Phil.
Trochus pyrgos, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 43. f. 14.
Hab. 2
8. THALOTIA ZEBUENSIS, A. Adams. Th. testd elevato-conoided,
perforatd, atro-fused, fasciis longitudinalibus ornatd, transver-
sim suleatd; anfractibus planulatis, ultimo rotundato, basi
convead ; labio subrecto, anticé reflexo, dilatato ; aperturd sub-
circulari, intus albd; labro intus levi, atro-marginato.
Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (#7.C.).
9. THatotia srricata, A. Adams. Th. testd turrito-conicd, per-
Sforatd, albidd, fasciis latis rufo-fuscis radiata ; anfractibus in
173
medio angulatis porcis transversis subgranulosis, interstitiis lon-
gitudinaliter striatis ornatd, basi convead, concentrice porcatd ;
umbilico aperto ; aperturd subrotundatd ; columelld subflecuosd,
basi truncata ; labro intus lirato, margine crenulato.
Hab. Swan Point, N. Australia (Dring).
\0. THALOTIA zeBRiIpES, A. Adams. Th. testd turrito-conicéd,
subperforatd, virescenti, lineis atro-purpureis longitudinalibus
ornatd, porcis transversis confertis sculptd, longitudinaliter
striatd, basi convexd ; umbilico subobtecto ; columella sinuatd,
callo terminatd; labro intus lirato, margine atro-purpureo
articulato.
Hab. ?
11. Tuatorra suturRALis, A. Adams. Th. testd conied, subper-
Soratd, virescenti, lineis purpureis longitudinalibus undulatis
ornatd, transversim liratd, longitudinaliter striatd ; anfractibus
planis, supra suturam elevatis ; suturd canaliculatd, basi plani-
usculé ; columella brevi, basi tuberculo terminatd ; labro intus
levi, viridi.
Hab. Cape Upstart, Torres Straits, Australia, under stones, low
water (Dring).
12. TuHatoria TRICINGULATA, A. Adams. Th. testd conicd, im-
perforatd, nigra, liners albis longitudinalibus ornatd ; anfrac-
tibus angulatis, ultimo cingulis tribus transversis prominentibus
instructo, basi convexd, cingulis concentricis nigro alboque ar-
ticulatis ornatd ; labio ad basin tuberculato; aperturd subro-
tundatd, intus albd; labro intus liris elevatis, atro-marginato.
Hab. ?
13. THALOTIA CRENELLIFERA, A. Adams. Th. testd elevato-
conicd, imperforatd, rufescente, rubro maculosd ; spird acumi-
natd, apice rubro; anfractibus planulatis, liris confertis, cre-
nellatis, transversis, interstitiis oblique longitudinaliter striatis ;
anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd ; aperturd sub-
quadratd, intus albd ; columelld alba, incurvatd, anticé truncatd.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
Genus 14. Monoponta, Lamarck.
Monodon, Schweiger.—Monodontes, Montfort.— Odontis, Sow.—
Trochidon, Swains.—Diloma, Phil.—Trochulus, sp. Humph.
1. Monoponta tasio, Linn.
Trochus Labio, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. no. 595. p. 1230; Chemn.
Conch. pl. 166. fig. 1579-81. v. p. 60.
Hab. 4
2. MonovonTa TURBINATA, Gmel.
Trochus turbinatus, Gmel. t. 63. f. D. E.
Hab. le
174
3. MonopontTa ASPERA, Chemn.
Trochus asper, Chemn. v. pl. 166. f. 3582.
Hab. 2
4. MonopontTA CANALIFERA, Lamck.
Monodonta canalifera, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 35.
Hab. 2
5. MonoponTa AUSTRALIS, Lamck.
Monodonta australis, Lamck. Hist. An, s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 35 ;
Chemn. Conch. ii. t. 196. f. 1890, 1891.
Hab. 2
6. MonopontTaA ATRATA, Gmel.
Turbo atratus, Gmel. 3601; Chemn. Conch. pl. 177. £.1754, 1755.
—Monodonta canaliculata, Lamck.—Monodonta Fermoni, Payr,
Hab. Island of Ticao, on stones on the reefs, low water (H. C.).
7. Monoponta viripts, Lamck.
Monodonta viridis, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 35.
Hab. Port Essington (Jukes).
8. MonopontTa TRICARINATA, Lamck.
Monodonta tricarinata, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. vii. p. 36.
Hab. ?
9. Monoponta BAccaTaA, Menke.
Monodonta baccata, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 14. no. 51.
Hab. New Holland.
10. Monoponta DunxeErt, Koch.
Monodonta Dunkeri, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, tab. 2. f. 5.
Hab. 2
11. Monopvonta Putiurppi, Koch.
Monodonta Philippii, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, tab. 2. f. 6.
Hab. 2
12. MonoponTA CRENULATA, Menke.
Monodonta erenulata, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p.
Hab. 2
13. MonopontTa ASPERSA, Koch.
Trochus aspersus, Koch, Zeit. fur Malac. 1846, July, p. 103.
Hab. 2
14. Monoponta InDEcoRA, Phil.
Trochus indecorus, Phil. Zeit. fur Malac. 1846, July, p. 104.
Hab. 2
15. Monoponta GemMatTA, Gould.
Trochus (Monodonta) gemmatus, Gould, Exp. Shells, p.
Hab. Sandwich Islands.
175
16. Monoponta 1nconspicuva, Phil.
Trochus (Monodonta) inconspicuus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. t. 43.
12
Habre
17. Monodonta RuGutosa, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi-
ded, depressd, atro-fuscd, fasciis latis luteo-albis irregulariter
pictd, cingulis rotundatis interruptis ornatd ; columelld basi
bituberculatd, canali parallelo instructd, dente magno acuto ter-
minatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.
Hab. 2
18. Monoponta crrcumcincra, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-
conoided, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, crassd, cingulis rubris albo
viridi maculatis alternantibus pictd; anfractibus conveuis ;
columelld basi tuberculatd, dente magno acuto terminatd ; labro
duplicato, intus lirato.
Hab. Island of Ticao, on the stones on reefs at low water (H. C.).
19. MonoponTaA TUBERCULATA, A. Adams. . M. testd ovato-
conoided, imperforatd, crassd, viridescenti, cingulis tuberculo-
rum oblongorum violaceorum ornatd; anfractibus convexis; colu-
melld basi trituberculatd, canali parallelo instructd, dente pro-
minente acuto terminatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.
Hab. 2
Subgenus Arapastra, Gray.
Operculum suborbicular, paucispiral.
Aradasia, Gray, in Mrs. Gray’s Figures of Molluscous Animals, p. 90.
—! Otavia, Cantr.
20. Monoponta suxcirerA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-
conicd, umbilicatd, fuscd, cingulis granorum distantium monili-
formibus, interstitiis profundé sulcatis, sulcis sublevibus longi-
tudinaliter striatis ornatd ; columella ad basin trisulcatd, dente
parvo acuto instructd ; labro tenui, intus sulcato.
Hab. Roebuck Bay, North Australia (Dring).
21. MonopontTa CLATHRATA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi-
ded, albd, imperforatd, cingulis subgranosis distantibus ornatd,
in anfractu ultimo septem, interstitiis costulis longitudinalibus
eleganter clathratis; columelld tuberculo parvo terminatd ; labro
intus sulcato.
Hab. Guidulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground, 60 fathoms (#.C.).
22. Monoponta TRICINGULATA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-
conoided, umbilicatd, rubente, albo et fusco variegatd, cingulis
parvulis granorum ornaté; suturd canaliculatd; anfractibus
convexis, carinis tribus transversis prominentibus cinctis ; um-
bilico profundo ; columelld ad basin tuberculo parvo terminatd ;
labro expanso, tenui, intus levi.
Hab. Malacca ; Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
176
23. Monopvonta PHILIpPINA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-
conied, perforatd, fuscd nigro punctatd ; cingulis granulatis in-
aequalibus ornatd, interstitiis clathratulis ; umbilico parvo ;
columelld tuberculo parvo terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, in coarse sand, 9 fathoms ;
Bolinao, province of Zambales, island of Luzon, sandy mud, 10 fa-
thoms (H. C.).
24. MonopoNnTA EDENTULA, A, Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi-
ded, umbilicatd, fuscd, costellis transversis imbricatis, interstitiis
clathratis sculptd ; anfractibus valde rotundatis ; umbilico in-
fundibuliformi ; columella subrectd, basi tuberculo terminatd ;
labro margine crenulato.
Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samar, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (ZH. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
25. Monoponta FroveoutaTa, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-
conoided, subperforatd, crassa, albd, cingulis transversis nodulo-
sis subdistantibus (in anfractu ultimo septem), interstitiis cos-
tellis longitudinalibus foveolatis ornatd ; columella dente minuto
terminatd ; labro intus crasso et lirato.
Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms (#. C.).
Mus. Cuming.
26. Monoponta Exiecua, A. Adams. M. testd parvd, conoidei,
umbilicatd, albidd fusco variegatd, cingulis transversis granulosis
interstitiis longitudinaliter liratis ornatd ; anfractibus parum
convexis, ultimo subangulato ; umbilico recto, dente valido acuto
terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. Japan (Siebold).
27. Monoponta RuBRA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-conoided,
umbilicatd, rubrd, cingulis transversis granorum moniliformibus
aequantibus interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus impressis ornatd ;
anfractibus rotundatis, suturd canaliculatd, umbilico magno ;
columelld rectd, dente prominente terminatd ; labro intus crasso,
sulcato.
Hab. 2
28. Monoponta atveouaTa, A. Adams. M. testd globoso-
conoided, umbilicatd, albidd, fasciis fuscis longitudinalibus
undulatis pictd, cingulis transversis granorum acutorum inter-
stitiis costis longitudinalibus alveolatis ornatd ; suturd canali-
culatd; umbilico angusto ; columelld rectd, dente valido termi-
natd; labro intus valde lirato.
Hab. Guidulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground, 60 fathoms ;
Baclayon, island of Bohol, under stones, low water ; island of Capul,
on the reefs at low water (7. C.). Mus. Cuming.
29. MonoponTa ANGULIFERA, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-
conoided, imperforatd ; anfractibus planiusculis, imbricatis, in-
Fferné angulatis, longitudinaliter nodoso-costatis, cingulis trans-
177
versis tuberculorum subdistantium interstitiis alveolatis ornatd ;
anfractu ultimo subangulato ; columelld rectd, brevi, dente parvo
terminaté ; labro subduplicato, intus sulcato.
Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, sandy mud, 6 fathoms
(H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
30. Monoponta stTrRANGEI, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided,
perforatd, fuscd, cingulis granorum equalibus confertis ornatd ;
anfractibus parum convexis, ultimo subangulato ; columella cur-
vatd, dente obtuso terminatd ; labro intus suleato, tuberculo
prope basin columelle.
Hab. Sydney, under stones (Strange).
31. Monoponta punctTiceRA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-
conoided, umbilicatd, albd fusco punctatd, cingulis granulosis
inequalibus rufo-punctatis ornatd; suturd canaliculatd ; an-
Sractibus rotundatis ; umbilico aperto, infundibuliformi ; colu-
mellé rectd, brevi, basi bituberculatd, dente parvo acuto termi-
natd ; labro expanso, intus sulcato.
Hab. Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.
32. Monoponta ExasPERATA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-
conoided, umbilicatd, subdepressd, albidd nigro-variegatd, cin-
gulis spino-granulatis exasperatd ; columelld sinuatd, dente
prominenti terminatd ; labro incrassato, duplicato, intus valde
lirato.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, at low water (1. C.); island of
Siquijor, under stones. Mus. Cuming.
33. Monoponta sptLora, A. Adams. WM. testd parvd, ovato-
depress, conoided, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, viridi, maculis pal-
lidis triangularibus ; columella pland, albd, canali parallelo
instructd, dente obtuso terminatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.
Hab. 2
34. Monoponta wirostoma, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-
conicd, imperforatd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tribus
granulatis, interstitis valde clathratis ; suturd canaliculatd ;
anfractu ultimo angulato ; columellé tuberculatd ; labro intus
valde lirato,
Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms (#.C.).
Mus. Cuming.
Genus 15. Lasro, Oken.
Osilinus, Philippi.—Trochius, Leach.— Gibbium, Gray.—Monodonta,
sp. Lamck.—Melagraphia, Steutz.
1. Lasrio constricta, Lamck.
Monodonta constricta, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 36.—
Monodonta interrupta, Menke (olim).—L’ Oslin, Adanson.
Hab. Australia.
No. CCXXX.—Procrepinés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOciETY.
178
2. LaBio TESSELLATA, Chemn.
Trochus tessellatus, Chemn. Conch. t. 166. f. 1583-87.—Trochus
tessellatus, Born.—Monodonta fragarioides, Lamck.—Monodonta
Olivieri, Payr. :
Hab. New Zealand.
3. Lasio ZEBRA, Wood.
Trochus zebra, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 18.—Trochus
atratus, Wood.
Hab. ke
4, Lasio RETICULARIS, Wood.
Trochus reticularis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 35.—Turbo
lunaris, &e., Chemn. Conch. pl. 185. f. 1849.—Tr. concameratus,
Wood.
Hab. New Zealand and Australia.
5. Lasio ARTICULATA, Lamck.
Monodonta articulata, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 36.—
Monodonta Draparnaudii, Payr.
Hab. Malta.
6. Lasio sutcata, Wood.
Trochus sulcatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 40.
Hab. New Zealand (Zar/).
7. Lapio THN1ATA, Quoy et Gaim.
Trochus teniatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. del’ Astrol. p. 249. pl. 63.
f. 15-17.
Hab. New Zealand.
8. Lasio STRIOLATA, Quoy et Gaim.
Trochus striolatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astr. p. 253. pl. 63.
f. 18-22.
Hab. Australia.
9. LaBio ZEALANDICA, Quoy et Gaim.
Trochus Zealandicus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de ]’Astr. p. 237. pl. 64.
f. 12-15.
Hab. New Zealand.
10. Lasio crnGuLATA, Quoy et Gaimard.
Trochus cingulatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. p. 259. pl. 64.
f. 16-20.—Trochus radula, Philippi.
Hab. New Zealand.
11. Lasrio NIGERRIMA, Gmel.
Turbo nigerrimus, Gmel. Chemn. v. pl. 185. f. 1848.
Hab. New Zealand (Earl).
12. Lasio suBRosTRATA, Gray.
Monodonta subrostrata, Gray.
Hab. Australia.
179
13. LaBio MELANOLOMA, Menke.
Monodonta melanoloma, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. specim. p. 14.
no. 50.—Trochus melanonoma, Phil. Abbild. p. 22.
Hab. New Zealand.
14. Lasio Tamst1, Dunker.
Trochus Tamsii, Dunker, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 5. f. 3.
Hab. South Africa; Guinea; Cape of Good Hope.
15. Lasro scorpio, Gray.
Monodonta scorpio, Gray.
Hab. New. Zealand.
16. Lasio pica, Chemn.
Turbo pica, Chemn. Conch. v. pl. 175. f. 1850.—Trochus zebri-
nus, Philippi.
Hab. New Zealand.
17. Lasio LinEATA, Da Costa.
Turbo lineatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 100. pl. 6. f. 7.—Trochus
erassus, Pultney.—Monodonta lugubris, Lamk.—Trochus punctula-
tus, Blainv.—Monodonta crassa, MacGill.—Trochus lineatus, Forbes
& Hanley.
Hab. British Islands.
18. Lasro TURGESTINA, Phil.
Trochus turgestinus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.
19. Lasio 1npEcorRA, Phil.
Trochus indecorus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.
20. Lasro FruLGURATA, Phil.
Trochus fulguratus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.
21. Lasio crinitus, Phil.
Trochus crinitus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.
22. Lasro porcata, A. Adams. LL. testd ovato-conoided, imper-
Soratd, fuscd albo reticulatd ; anfractibus convexis, transversim
carinatis, carinis numerosis, elevatis, distantibus ; labio albo,
inferne subcalloso ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. Australia.
23. Lasrio porcireRA, A. Adams. J. testd orbiculato-conicd,
imperforatd, fulvescente, liris transversis equidistantibus nigro-
articulatis ornatd ; longitudinaliter oblique striata ; labio plano,
regione umbilicali impresso ; columelld tuberculis duobus, infe-
riore majore ; labro intus duplicato, margine luteo nigro-articu-
lato.
Hab.
24. Lasro rupis, A. Adams. L. testd orbiculato-conied, imper-
foratd ; spird obtusd, lutescente, lineis transversis nigris ornaté,
2
180
longitudinaliter oblique striatd, transversim subexaratd ; labio
complanato ; columelld antice subtuberculatd ; labro nigro luteo-
que intus marginato.
Hab. Australia.
25. Lasio FULIGINEA, A. Adams. JL. testd orbiculato-conicd,
imperforatd, nigrd, liris transversis equidistantibus luteo-ar-
ticulatis ornatd; regione umbilicali impressd ; columelld tu-
berculis duobus, antico maore ; labro duplicato, nigro-margi-
nato.
Hab.
26. Lasio corrosa, A. Adams. L. testd turbinatd, imperforatd,
spird elevatiusculd, anfractibus rotundatis, rugosa, cinereo-
lutescente; anfractu ultimo subangulato; labio complanato ;
columelld simplict ; labro luteo marginato.
Hab. New Zealand (Hart).
27. Lasio concotor, A. Adams. L. testd turbinato-conicd, im-
perforatd; spird acutd, brunned, longitudinaliter oblique stri-
atd, transversim subliratd ; labio complanato, regione umbili-
cali impresso ; columelld arcuatd, anticée tuberculo terminatd ;
labro nigro-fusco marginato.
Hab. New Zealand (Hart).
Genus 16. CuLtorostoma, Swainson.—Ozystele, Philippi.
1. CHLOROSTOMA ARGYROSTOMA, Chemn.
Trochus argyrostomus, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f. 1562, 1563.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
2. CHLOROSTOMA AGRESTE, Chemn.
Trochus agrestis, Chemn. v. pl. . f. 1645, 1646.—Trochus rusti-
cus, Gmel.
Hab. South Seas.
3. CHLOROSTOMA NIGERRIMUM, Gmel.
Trochus nigerrimus, Gmel.; Chemn. vy. pl. _ . f. 1647.
Hab. New Zealand.
4, CHLOROSTOMA ATRUM, Lesson.
Trochus ater, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Moll. pl. 16. f. 2.—
Trochus atropurpureus, Jonas.
Hab. Valparaiso, under stones (H. C.).
5. CHLOROSTOMA M@&STUM, Jonas.
Trochus mestus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p. 113.
Hab. Chili.
6. CHLOROSTOMA TIGRINUM, Chemn.
Trochus tigrinus, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f. 1566.
Hab. Algoa Bay.
181
7. CHLOROSTOMA CARINATUM, Koch.
Trochus carinatus, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 2. f. 3.
Hab. Valparaiso, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).
8. CHLOROSTOMA EURYOMPHALUS, Jonas.
Trochus euryomphalus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p.113.
Hab. West coast of America.
9. CHLOROSTOMA STENOMPHALUS, Jonas.
Trochus stenomphalus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p. 114.
—Trochus tridens, Jonas, olim.—Trochus microstomus, D’Orbigny.
Hab. Valparaiso.
10. CHLOROSTOMA MERULA, Chemn.
Trochus merula, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f.1564, 1565.—Trochus Sinen-
sis, Gmel.—Trochus lugubris, Lamk.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
11. CHLOROSTOMA MARGINATUM, Nuttall.
Trochus marginatus, Nuttall, MSS.
Hab. Upper California.
12. CHLtoRosTomMa cicER, Menke.
Trochus cicer, Menke, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 3. f. 5.
Hab. 2
13. CHLOROSTOMA SAGITTIFERUM, Lamk.
Trochus sagittiferus, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p.
Hab.
14. CHLOROSTOMA TABULARE, Krauss.
Trochus tabularis, Krauss, Sudafrik. Mollusk. p. 97. t. 5. f. 30.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
15. CHLOROSTOMA L&VE, Chemn.
Trochus levis, Chemn. Conch. v. p. 171. f. 1670.—Trochus levi-
gatus, Gmel.—Trochus Richardi, Payraud.
Hab.
16. CHLOROSTOMA SAUCIATUM, Koch.
Trochus sauciatus, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 5. f. 7.
Hab. 2
17. CHLOROSTOMA BICANALICULATUM, Dunker.
Trochus bicanaliculatus, Dunker, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 5. f. 4.
Hab. 2
18. Catorostoma Preirrert, Philippi.
Trochus Pfeifferi, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 104.
Hab. ?
182
19. CHLOROSTOMA G ALLINA, Forbes.
Trochus gallina, Forbes, Moll. Kellett’s Voy.
Hab.
20. CHLOROSTOMA PULLIGO, Martyn.
Trochus ee go, Martyn.
Hab.
21. CHLOROSTOMA 1MPERVIUM, Menke.
Trochus impervius, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holland.—Trochus
suavis, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 42. f. 1.
Hab. New Holland.
22. CHLOROSTOMA ODONTIS, Wood.
Trochus odontis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 37.
Hab. Port Philip, on the rocks at low water (Jukes).
23. CHLoROsTomMa CAsTANEUM, A. Adams. C. testd obliqué
conicd, umbilicatd, castaned ; anfractibus planis, longitudinali-
ter obsolete nodoso-plicatis et oblique striatis, penultimo infra
marginato, ultimo acutangulo, basi concavo pallide fuscd, liners
viridi-fuscis radiatim pictd; umbilico infundibuliformi, per-
spectivo, intus albo, peromphalo albo lined elevatd cineto ; aper-
turd subrhomboided ; columelld supra sinuatd, basi dente ter-
minatd.
Hab.
24. CHLoROSTOMA uNDULOsUM, A. Adams. C. testd globoso-
conicd, imperforatd ; spird depressd, virescenti lineis undulatis
atro-purpureis longitudinalibus ornatd, longitudinaliter sub-
striatd ; labio complanato, margine columellari subtuberculato ;
labro intus sulcato, margine luteo, atro-purpureo articulato.
Hab. New Zealand (Kar/).
25. CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM, A. Adams. C. testd turbi-
natd, profunde umbilicatd, nigrd ; spird obtusd, longitudinaliter
subplicatd, transversim sulcosd ; anfractu ultimo rotundato, re-
gione umbilicali partim callo lutescente obtectd ; columelld
anticé bituberculatd ; labro nigro marginato.
Hab.
26. CHLorostoma ruGosuM, A. Adams. C. testd turbinato-
conoidali, profundeé umbilicatd, luteo-fuscd, nigro variegatd, lon-
gitudinaliter nodoso-plicatd, transversim sulcatd ; anfractu ul-
timo rotundato, infra suturam angustato ; columelld incurvatd,
antice bituberculatd, tuberculo supremo magno, prominente ; la-
bro fusco marginato.
Hab.
27. CHLoRosTtomMs corruGATUM, A. Adams. C. testd orbicu-
lato-conordali, profundé umbilicatd ; spird subacutd, longitudi-
183
naliter corrugato-plicatd et oblique striatd; anfractu ultimo
subrotundato, basi plano convexo, regione umbilicali albido sub-
calloso ; columelld tuberculis duobus, supremo magno.
Hab. 2
28. CHLOROSTOMA TROPIDOPHORUM, A. Adams. C. testd or-
biculato-depressd, profunde umbilicatd ; spird brevi, nigrd, trans-
versim sulcatd, cingulis transversis prominentibus ornatd ; an-
fractu ultimo carinato, basi concentricé exarato, regione wm-
bilicali albo sulco circulari circumdato; columelld tuberculis
duobus, supremo acuto, prominente.
Hab. Valparaiso.
29. CuHLoRosToMA MAcuLosum, A. Adams. C. testd conicd,
profundé umbilicatd, viridi-fuscd, maculis nigro-fuscis ornatd ;
anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter substriatis, transversim
striatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi concavo ; columella
anticé tuberculo acuto terminatd.
Hab. ?
30. CutorostoMA semiNoposum, A. Adams. OC. testd de-
presso-conicd, profunde umbilicatd, fusca ; anfractibus planulatis,
supernée subnodosis, longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractu
ultimo angulato, supra angulum cinguld transversd elevatd or-
nato, basi planiusculd ; columella tuberculis duobus, supremo
acuto, prominente.
Hab. e
31. CHLOROSTOMA ARTICULATUM, A. Adams. C. festd orbicu-
lato-conicd, umbilicatd, nigro-fuscd, cingulis transversis elevatis
albo-articulatis ornatd ; anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi cin-
gulis albo-articulatis instructo, regione umbilical viridi ; colu-
melld tuberculo parvo terminatd.
Hab. 2
32. CHLOROSTOMA XANTHOSTIGMA, A. Adams. C. testd conoi-
ded, imperforatd, glabra, nigrd, longitudinaliter oblique sub-
striatd ; anfractibus parum rotundatis, basi concentricé l-
rato, luteo-carneolo; regione umbilicali callo luteo obtectd ;
columelld arcuatd, basi dente terminatd et infra tuberculo in-
structd.
Hab.
33. CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM, A. Adams. OC. testd ovato-
conoided, imperforatd, castaned, levi, longitudinaliter oblique
striatd, striis transversis indistinctis insculptd ; anfractibus
rotundatis, suturd angusté canaliculatd, regione umbilicali im-
pressd ; labio curvato, basi dente et tuberculo terminatd ; labro
intus sulcato.
Hab. it
2
184
Genus 17. Gispsuwa, Leach.
Trochus, sp. Linn.—Steromphala, Leach.—Monodonta, sp. Lam.
1. GresuLa macus, Linn.
Trochus magus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1228.—Trochus tuber-
culatus, Da Costa.
Hab. British Islands.
2. GiBBULA FanuLum, Gmel.
Trochus Fanulum, Gmel., Petiver, Gazoph. t. 156. f. 15.
Hab. Malta.
3. GIBBULA DECLIVvIs, Forskal.
Turbo declivis, Forsk. Deser. Anim. p.126; Chemn. Conch. pl.171.
f. 1663, 1664.—Trochus Agyptiacus, Gmel.
Hab. Suez.
4. GIBBULA CINERARIA, Linn.
Trochus cinerarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1229.—Trochus
lineatus, Da Costa.—Trochus perforatus, Smith.—Trochus inflatus,
Blainv.—Trochus versicolor, Andrg.—Trochus lineolatus, Potiez and
Mich.—Trochus littoralis, Brown.—Trochus electissimus, Bean.
Hab. British Islands.
5. GIiBBULA SCABRA, Linn.
Trochus scaber, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. no. 510. p. 785; Chemn.
Conch. t. 171. f. 1667.
Hab. European Seas.
6. GIBBULA QuADRATA, Gmel.
Trochus quadratus, Gmel., Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 29. f. 45; Chemn.
Conch. pl. 171. f.1683.—Trochus Biasoletti, Philippi.—Trochus ma-
gulus, Deshayes.
Hab. Mediterranean.
7. GipBULA FuscaTa, Born.
Trochus fuscatus, Born, Test. Mus. Ceesar. t. 12. f. 1, 2.—Trochus
umbilicaris, Lamk. (not Linn.)
Hab. 2
8. GiBBULA CINEREA, Montague.
Trochus cinereus, Mout., Donov. Nat. Hist. Brit. Sh. v. t.155. f. 3.
Hab. Britain.
9. GrBBULA DivARICcATA, Linn.
Trochus divaricatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1229.—Trochus
rarilineatus, Michaud.—? Turbo sanguineus, Gmel.
Hab. Mediterranean.
10. GispBuLA TumipA, Montague.
Trochus tumidus, Mont. Test. Brit. t. 10. f. 4.—Tvrochus Racketti,
185
Payr.—Trochus patholatus, Dillw.—? Trochus nassaviensis, Chemn.
—Trochus nitens, Woodward.—Margarita undulata, var. trochifor-
mis, Forbes.—Fry, Skenea serpuloides, Macgillivray.
Hab. British Islands, Mediterranean.
11. Grsputa Apansonu, Payraud.
Trochus Adansonii, Payr. Cat.—Trochus radiatus, Phil.—Trochus
turbinoides, Desh.—Trochus eusinicus, Andrg.
Hab. Corsica, France.
12. Gipsputa AGATHENSIS, Recluz.
Trochus Agathensis, Recluz.
Hab.
13. GippuLa vARIA, Gmel.
Trochus varius, Gmel.—Trochus varians, Desh.—Trochus Gabal-
dianus (quibusd.).—Trochus levigatus, Gmel.?
Hab.
14. GIBBULA MULTICOLOR, Krauss.
Trochus multicolor, Krauss, Sudafrik. Moll. t. 5. f. 31.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
15. Gisppuna Puitsertt, Recluz.
Trochus Philberti, Recl.
Hab.
16. GisBuLA sucuUNDA, Gould.
Trochus jucundus, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 56.
Hab. 2
17. GippuLa Carensis, Gmel.
Trochus Capensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. no. 40; Chemn. Conch. vy
t. 171. f. 1661, 1662.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope.
18. GipBULA VULNERATA, Philippi.
Trochus vulneratus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
Hab.
19. GrseBuLaA FasciaTa, Born.
Trochus fasciatus, Born.—Trochus canaliculatus, Phil.—Mono-
donta ee Payr.
Hab.
20. GippuLa umBrLicata, Montague.
Trochus umbilicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 286.—Trochus umbili-
caris, Pennant.—Trochus umbilicalis, Da Costa.—Trochus oblique-
radiatus, Chemn.—Trochus cinerarius, Pultney.
Hab. British Islands.
186
21. GiBBULA ROTELLIFORMIS, Philippi.
Trochus rotelliformis, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
Hab. i
22. GipBuLA ADELAIDz, Philippi.
Trochus Adelaide, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
Hab. 2
23. GIBBULA OBLIQUATA, Gmel.
Trochus obliquatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat.; Wood, Suppl.
Hab. 2
24. GrpBuLA Fumosa, Philippi.
Trochus fumosus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
Hab. 2
25. GipBuLA suLcosa, A. Adams. G. testd conoided, umbili-
catd, maculis roseis flammulis albo-punctatis variegatd, an-
Sractibus paulum convexis, longitudinaliter substriatd, trans-
versim sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus, anfractu ultimo subangu-
lato, basi convewxiusculd, lineis impressis concentricis sculptd ;
aperturd suborbiculart ; columelld superné sinuatd, basi sub-
truncatd.
Hab. Sir C. Hardy’s Island, North Australia, 8 fathoms, coarse
sand (Mr. Jukes).
26. GipBULA MINDORENSIS, A. Adams. G. testd elevato-conoi-
ded, perforata, viridi-fuscd, fasciis pallidis longitudinalibus
ornatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, liris transversis subgranulosis
cinctis, ultimo subangulato, basi convexd ; columelld subrectd,
basi tuberculo terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, in coarse sand, 9 fathoms
(H. C.).
27. GipBuLA unposA, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoided,
umbilicatd, virescenti, lineis fusco-viridibus undatis longitudina-
libus pictd ; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim tenué liratis,
ultimo subangulato, basi convead ; aperturd expansd, intus iri-
descenti ; columelld superné sinuatd, basi rotundatd.
Hab. fe
28. GIBBULA PORCELLANA, A. Adams. G. testd depresso-conicd,
late umbilicatd, glabrd, solidd, nitidd, lacted, lineis radiantibus
undulatis pulcherrimé pictd; anfractibus planis cingulis pro-
minentibus, duabus maculis albis et rufo-fuscis vivide pictis
ornatd ; interstitiis transversim sulcatis, basi convexiusculd,
cingulis concentricis lineis maculisque rufo-fuscis ornatd ; um-
bilico perspectivo, intus concentricé lirato, margine lined elevatd
cincto; columellé subrectd, basi rotundatd.
Hab. New Holland.
187
29. GipBULA PuLCHRA, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conicd,
umbilicatd, rosed, ad suturam albo luteo fuscoque radiatim pul-
cherrimée pictd; anfractibus planis, biangulatis, transversim
sulcatis, sulcis rubro-articulatis, anfractu ultimo angulato, cin-
guld albo luteo nigro fuscoque eleganter pictd, basi convexd,
concentrice sulcatd ; umbilico intus albo, basi rotundatd.
Hab. Australia.
30. GrespuLa Kauinota, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoi-
ded, perforatd, virescenti, carneo cinereo variegatd ; anfractibus
rotundatis, lineis elevatis albo-articulatis, superne gibbosis; su-
turd profundd, anfractu ultimo rotundato, basi convexd, cin-
gulis articulatis concentricis ornatd, margine umbilici angulato,
lined elevatd cincto; columelld superné sinuatd, basi subtrun-
catd ; labro intus levi.
Hab. 2
31. GispuLa venusta, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoi-
ded, umbilicatd, viridi-fuscd, maculis albis prope suturas, cin-
gulis subdistantibus fusco rubroque articulatis, interstitiis l-
ratis, longitudinaliter oblique striatd ; anfractibus superne
gibbosis, rubro pictis; suturd canaliculatd, anfractu ultimo
rotundato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis fusco alboque articu-
latis, regione umbilicali roseo pictd; columelld sinuatd, basi
truncata.
Hab. Australia.
32. GispBpuLA puNctTo-costTaTa, A. Adams. G. testd turrito-
conicd, lutescenti, umbilicatd ; anfractibus superné cingulis tri-
bus nodulosis, rubro-articulatis nodulis punctatis, infernée liris
transversis nodulosis rubro-articulatis, infra, cinguld puncto-
nodosd basi pland, cingulis concentricis subnodosis rubro-arti-
culatis ornatd, margine umbilici lined elevatd cinctd ; columelld
subrectd, basi truncatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Island of Capul, on the reefs at low water (7. C.).
33. GipsuLA LEucosticTa, A. Adams. G. testd conoided, per-
Soratd, nigra, punctis lacteis pictd, anfractibus convexiusculis,
transversim liratd, longitudinaliter striatd, liris subdistantibus
albo-punctatis, interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis ornaté ;
anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis nigro
alboque articulatd ; aperturd subrotundatd ; columelld superné
sinuatd, basi rotundatd.
Hab. Gindulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground (ZH. C.).
34. GipspuLa nivosa, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoided,
umbilicatd, cinered, maculis nivosis subrotundatis pictd, trans-
versim suleatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; aperturd subrotun-
datd ; columelld flexuosd, basi rotundatd.
Hab. ?
188
Genus 18. Mon1vea, Swainson.—Talopia, Gray.
1. MonrILEA CALLIFERA, Lamk.
Trochus calliferus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 27.—Tro-
chus callosus, Wood.
Hab. Philippines.
2. MoniLeEA CALYyCuLUus, Wood.
Trochus calyculus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 2. f. 44.—Trochus
Belcheri, Philippi.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
3. MoniLeA BENZI, Krauss.
Trochus Benzi, Krauss, Sudafr. Moll. p. 99. t. 5. f. 32.
Hab. South Africa.
4, MoniLEea NucLEvs, Phil.
Trochus nucleus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.
Hab. ?
5. Moniuea LeNTIGINOSA, A. Adams. M. testd orbiculato-
conicd, umbilicatd, albidd, luteo fuscoque variegatd ; anfractibus
rotundatis, cingulis subgranulosis confertis ornatis, ultimo rotun-
dato, basi convexiusculd, regione umbilicali excavatd ; columellé
superné callosd, basi dente terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. Mo Ilo, island of Panay, 7 fathoms (H. C.).
6. Monies KALIsoma, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conoi-
ded, umbilicatd, lutescenti, cingulis purpureo-articulatis ornatd,
cingulis subdistantibus, supremis granulatis, infimis planis ; an-
fractibus planiusculis, ultimo subangulato, basi paulum con-
vexd, cingulis purpureo-maculatis insculptd ; columella superné
sinuatd, basi dente terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. ?
7. Montes pLtumBgEA, A. Adams. M. testd orbiculato-conoided,
umbilicatd, plumbed ; anfractibus rotundis, cingulis granorum
transversis in paribus dispositis ornatd, basi convexd; umbilico
mediocri, intus albo; columelld brevi, superne sinuatd, basi dente
terminatd ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. 2
8. Monriuea trrata, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conied,
umbilicatd, pallida ; anfractibus paulum convexis, liris trans-
versis elevatis distantibus, interstitiis decussaté striatis orna-
tis; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexd, margine umbilici
sulco cincto.
Hab. 2
9. Moninea pusitua, A. Adams. MM. testd orbiculato-conicd,
umbilicatd, rubescenti, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus planiuscu-
lis, cingulis granorum transversum distantibus (circa quatuor)
189
ornatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ; columelld in medio
sinuatd.
Hab.
10. MoniLEea swarnsonu, A. Adams. M. testd conoided, umbi-
licatd, albidd, nigro variegatd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis sub-
granosis, albo nigroque articulatis ornatis, ultimo subangulato,
basi planiuseuld, cingulis rufo-articulatis ornatd ; columelld
basi tuberculaté ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. 2
?
Genus 19. Marearitra, Leach.—Trochus, sp. Auct.
1, MarGarira HELICINA, O. Fabricius.
Turbo helicinus, O. Fabr. Faun. Greenland. p. 393.—Trochus ne-
ritoides, Gmel.—Turbo margarita, Montag.— Helix margarita, Las-
key.—Phorcus margarita, Risso.—Trochus margaritus, Gray .—Mar-
garita vulgaris, Leach.—Margarita arctica, Gould.—Margarita
helicina, Méller.—Margarita margarita, Brown.—Margarita heli-
coides, Beck.—Turbo inflatus, Totten.—Paludina inflata, Menke.
Hab. British Islands.
2. MarGARITA GRENLANDICA, Beck.
Margarita Grenlandica, Beck ; Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 10.
Hab. Greenland.
3. MARGARITA UMBILICALIS, Brod. and Sow.
Margarita umbilicalis, Brod. and Sow. Zool. Journ. iv. ; Conch.
Tllustr. f. 5.
4. MarGarita striaTA, Leach.
Margarita striata, Leach, Append. Ross’s Voy. to North Pole;
Gray, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 567.—Turbo carneus, Lowe.—Marga-
vita carnea, Sow.
Hab. 2
5. Marearita Guauca, Moller.
Margarita glauca, Moller, Ind. Moll. Greenland. p.
Hab. Greenland.
6. MARGARITA UNDULATA, Sowerby.
Margarita undulata, Sow. Conch. Ilustr. f. 4. —Turbo incarnatus,
Couthouy.
Hab. Casco Bay.
7. Marearita opscura, Couthouy.
Turbo obscurus, Couthovy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.ii. 100. pl. 3. f.2.
Hab. 2
8. MarGarita vAHLIt, Moller.
Margarita Vahlii, Moll. Ind. Moll. Greenland. p. 81.
Hab. Greenland.
190
9. MARGARITA ACUMINATA, Sowerby.
Margarita acuminata, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 7.
Hab. 2
10. MarGarITa COSTELLATA, Sowerby.
Margarita costellata, Sow. Conch. Mlustr. f. 15.
Hab. ?
11. MarGARITA ARGENTEA, Gould.
Margarita argentea, Gould, Invert. Massachuss. p. 256. f. 164.
Hab. Casco Bay. -
12. MARGARITA NITILIGINEUS, Menke.
Trochus nitiligineus, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p.
Hab. Misamis, island of Mindanao, sandy mud (#7. C.).
13. MarcGariva CINEREA, Couthouy.
Turbo cinereus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 99. pl. 3. f.9.
—Trochus costalis, Lovén.
Hass EST
14. MarGarirTa suLCATA, Sow.
Margarita suleata, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. f. 1.
Hab. Greenland.
15. MARGARITA SOLARIIFORMIS, Sowerby.
Margarita solariiformis, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. -
Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).
16. MARGARITA BICARINATA, Adams and Reeve.
M. bicarinata, Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, pl.11. f.11.
Hab. Eastern Seas.
17. MarGariTA CARINATA, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-conicd,
perforata, fused, liris transversis ornatd, superioribus duabus
costellis longitudinalibus decussatis, inferioribus planis, inter-
stitiis longitudinaliter tenuissimé striatis; basi planiusculé,
cingulis concentricis, interstitiis radiatim striatis insculptd ;
margine umbilici crenulato.
Hab. Catbalonga, coarse sand, 8 fathoms (H. C.).
18. Marcarita aAnGuLATA, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-
conicd, late umbilicatd, albidd, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus
supra angulatis, transversim omnino striatis ; basi convexd, con-
centricé striata ; umbilico magno, perspectivo.
Hab. Sandwich Islands.
19. MarGarita caLostoma, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided,
crassa, perforatd, transversim valdé sulcatd, albidd; anfracti-
bus subrotundatis, ultimo subangulato ; aperturd rotunda, intus
vivide violascenti iridescenti ; umbilico callo, columellari subob-
tecto ; labri margine argenteo.
Hab. Juan de Fuco, Upper California.
191
20. Margarita cuminer, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-conicd,
cinered, lineis fuscis undulatis pictd, late umbilicatd ; anfracti-
bus costellis transversis ornatis, ultimo tribus liris intermediis
cincto, longitudinaliter elevate striato ; umbilico magno, cinguld
erenulatd cinctd, intus lineis radiantibus et transversis elegan-
ter decussato.
Hab. Philippines.
21. Marearira vARiABILis, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculdto-
conicd, subdepressd, late umbilicatd, pallidd, fusco griseo al-
boque varié pictd; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim valdé
suleatis ; umbilico perspectivo, margine crenulato ; basi plani-
usculd ; labio margine subcrenulato.
Hab. 2
22. Marearira BALTEATA, A. Adams. UM. testd orbiculato-
conicd, vix umbilicatd, grised, fusco tessellatd ; anfractibus gib-
bosis, transversim valde sulcatis ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ;
basi planiusculd, concentricé sulcatd; columelld curvatd, vie
truncata.
Hab. 2
23. MarGariTa TESSELLATA, A. Adams. M. testd depresso-
conicd, late umbilicatd, levi, cinered, regulariter griseo tessel-
latd; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo subangulato; basi convexd;
umbilico intus albido; aperturd rotundd, intus viridi-irides-
centi.
Ha6b.
?
Subgenus Puotina, H. and A. Adams.
Shell smooth, subconical; spire depressed; axis covered by a
smooth callus ; columella ending in a simple point.
This section includes all the species of Margarita that are not
umbilicated.
1. PHotina T2N1ATA, Wood.
Trochus teniatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 12.—Trochus
icolor, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille.—Margarita teniata, Sow.
Hab. East Falkland (Don).
2. PHOTINA CZRULESCENS, King.
Margarita cerulescens, King, Zool. Journ. vol. v.
Hab. 2
3. PHOTINA EXPANSA, Sow.
Margarita expansa, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. :
Hab. 2
4. PHOTINA SIGARETINA, Sow.
Margarita sigaretina, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 14.
Hab. 2
192
5. Puotrna viouacea, King.
Margarita violacea, King, Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 346.
Hab. 2
6. PHOTINA LINEATA, Sow.
Margarita lineata, Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc.
Hab. ?
7. PHotina nigra, A. Adams... P. testd depresso-conicd, im-
perforatd, solidd, nigrd, levi ; anfractibus subrotundatis, trans-
versim sulcatis ; longitudinaliter oblique substriatd ; anfractu
ultimo subangulato; regione umbilicali impressd ; callo albo
obtecto.
Hab,
8. Puotina Fusca, A. Adams. P. testd obliqud, subconicd, ni-
tidd, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus parum convewis, transversim
sulcatis, ultimo subangulato ; aperturd subrotundatd, intus
viridi iridescentt.
Hab. ?
9. PHotina Sanpwicuiana, A. Adams. PP. testd orbiculato-
conicd, imperforatd, levi, albidd, viridi fuscoque maculata ;
anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo subangulato, apice roseo; aper-
turd apertd, orbiculatd, intus viridi margaritaced ; labio albo ;
umbilico callo albo obtecto.
Hab. Mataineka, Sandwich Islands.
?
Mr. Oswald then communicated the following remarks by Mr. Mack,
on the fact of black eggs being laid by a white duck of the ordinary
domestic breed :—
“« The egg (observes Mr. Mack) which is herewith sent was laid
by a white duck, one of two belonging to Mr. Dickinson of Mitcham,
which stray during the day on the common, but are confined at night.
The drake was lost about a month since, and then one of the ducks
commenced laying black eggs, the other still continuing to lay white
ones,—she laid ten or twelve and then ceased for some days ; she has
again commenced laying black eggs. The ducks are fed once a day
with barley, at the time the other poultry are fed.
“‘ Mr. Dickinson, showing the egg this morning to one of the
guards on temporary duty on the Brighton rail at Croydon, he said
he had a duck which laid the same colour, or even blacker, and that
he had raised (at East Bourne) two broods of ducks from black
eggs.”
Haling Cottage, Croydon, May 24, 1851.
J.Wolf, lith.
TAS NIGPTERA ERYTHROPYGIA Sefater
M. &.N . Har
>
J Wolf) iith
ATICOLLIS.
[Dn
TRI
a
l
193
June 10, 1851.
John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF BirpDs OF THE GENUS THNIOPTERA.
By Paiuie Lutruey Scuater, B.A., F.Z.S8. etc.
(Aves, Pl. XLI. XLII.)
TANIOPTERA ERYTHROPYGIA, Sclater. T. nigrescens ; vertice
Fronte guldque canescente-griseis ; maculd secundariorum albd ;
uropygio, abdomine toto crissoque, cum tectricibus caude supe-
rioribus et alarum inferioribus levitér brunneo-rufis ; rectricibus
brunneo-rufis nigro terminatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
Long. tot. 9 unc. 5 lin. ; ale, 5 unc. 7 lin. ; caudee, 4 une. 4 lin. ;
rostri 4 rictti, 1 une. ; a fronte, 6 lin.
Hab. in republic Equatoriana.
Wings and interscapulars black, growing lighter towards the crown,
and greyish white on front and throat; breast darkish grey ; outer
web of the last four or five secondaries broadly edged with white,
forming a white mark on the wing; lower back and tail-coverts and
whole body beneath below the breast, as also under wing-coverts, light
brownish rufous; tail-feathers the same, but broadly tipped with black.
For the loan of this and the following species I have to thank Mr.
Edward Wilson, who received them from M. Verreaux of Paris. I
was at first inclined to refer both species to the genus Agriornis of
Mr. Gould, but having had through Mr. G. Gray’s kindness an op-
portunity of examining the type of that form, Agriornis lividus* (Kit-
litz), I now consider them better placed in the present genus Teni-
optera, with which they agree in all their distinctive characters.
TZNIOPTERA STRIATICOLLIs, Sclater. 7. supra saturat2 fumoso-
brunnea ; uropygio paululim rufescente tincto; superciliis ru-
Fescente-albidis ; pennis cauddque nigris ; secundariis tertiartisque
levitér brunnescente marginatis ; infra leviter brunneo-rufa ; gut-
ture toto colloqgue albis nigro striatis ; rectricibus remigibusque
brunneo-rufis nigro terminatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
Long. tot. 9 unc. 5 lin. ; ale, 5 unc. 3 lin. ; caude, 4 unc. ; rostri a
rictu, 1] unc. 3 lin.; a fronte, 7+ lin.
Hab. in republica Equatoriana.
Above dark smoke-brown ; an obscure whitish line from the bill to
the top of the eye; quill-feathers brown-rufous, outer margins and
ends black ; secondaries, tertials, and wing-coverts nearly black, mar-
gined with light brown; beneath brown-rufous ; chin, throat and
neck white, with longitudinal strie of black ; tail-feathers brown-
rufous, the two outer broadly tipped with black; the rest have also
the outer web black, except the two medial, which are wholly black.
* Tyrannus gutturalis, Voy. de la Favorite, Ois. t. 11.
No. CCXXXI.—ProceEEDINGS oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
194
This species is of the same form as the former, from which it may be
distinguished by its shorter and weaker beak, and the want of the
rufous colouring on the rump and upper tail-coverts, as also by the
conspicuous striz on the neck and throat.
2. NoTES ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF TAILOR-BiRD.
By Dr. NicHotson.
It may appear irregular to use what has been meant and applied
as a specific name, as a generic one, but then that name appears to
me to include, and to be indiscriminately applied to, two or three di-
stinct birds, as we may gather by looking at the accompanying
sketch, by the examination of the species described by Colonel Sykes
as inhabiting the Dukhun, and by reading the following description,
taken from Forbes, ‘Oriental Memoirs,’ p. 34. vol. i., under the
name of Motacilla sutoria :—‘ The Tailor-bird resembles some of the
humming-birds at the Brazils in shape and colour ; the hen is clothed
in brown, but the plumage of the cock displays the varied tints of
azure-purple, green and gold, so common in those American beauties.”
Often have I watched the progress of an industrious pair of Tailor-
birds, in my garden, from their first choice of a plant, until the com-
pletion of the nest, and the enlargement of their young.
Now, it is evident either that Mr. Forbes alludes to a distinct and
an uncommon species, which I have never met with, or else he must
have mistaken the common Cinnyris or Sun-bird representing the
Humming-birds, and both sexes of which he has generally described
above. But then the Cinnyris builds a common-shaped nest in the
fork of a branch, in fashion resembling that of the humming-birds.
This is a resident bird, not very conspicuous, as it keeps hopping
about among the brushwood and plants. It has a loud, short, and
not unmelodious song ; its general cry is ‘ wheet, wheet, wheet,’ often
repeated ; but its alarm-cry is like ‘ cheertah, cheertah, cheertah.’
I have found its singular sewn nest containing eggs or young at
all seasons of the year, in May and in November; and this may be
owing to the vegetation of gardens being always kept up by means
of artificial irrigation ; for cultivated spots seem its favourite, if not
exclusive resort at least in the north of India. Though no doubt
it haunts suitable jungles, I never observed it there, nor ever disco-
vered its nest so situated; but I have found many nests in my gar-
dens, both at Surat and at Raghote, as well as in Cutch. It seems
to prefer the leaf of the Bringal (Solanum esculentum), or that of the
Cucurbita octangularis, for the purposes of nidification ; and it lays
four small white eggs, marked with faint dark spots at the larger
end. After selecting a fitting leaf, it proceeds by means of its feet
and beak to draw the edges together, perforating holes therein, and
securing their proximity by threads of cotton, with bunches at the
end to prevent their giving way. Then the nest is constructed inside
the leaf, now forming a sort of corve, with cotton; the entrance is at
the top, and the nest seems small in proportion to the bird. If this
ts Sher
ss
A alo,” '
J.Wolf, lith. M & N Hanhart. In
KQTAMITO PTTCTITT AMITC 7. Eels
EE \ yal A Ue een era U LLA J U ra) A LLOLS OIL
195
bird should prove a distinct species, I would suggest the name of
Sutoria agilis for it.
Weight of the male 23 drachms.
Length from bill to tail 54 inches. Alar extent 64 inches.
Head: bill long, slender and curved towards the point. Culmen
slightly divides the frontal feathers, and is nearly on a line with the
top of the head: there is an almost obsolete notch at the end of the
upper mandible. Tongue short, slightly extensible, and divided into
several filaments at the point. Gape wide, commissure under the
eye; a small denuded spot above the commissure. Nostrils basal,
pyriform, under a tegument; some small bristles and feathers re-
flexed from the canthus of the eye towards the bill and over the
nares. Eyes small. Iris greenish yellow. Eyelashes edged with
small feathers. Eyelids bare. Four remarkable (but inconspicuous)
bristles, like feathers, project from the back part of the occiput.
Wings short and perfectly rounded ; first quill only half as long as
the second; fourth and fifth quills are longest; the second, third
and fourth graduated ; the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh
quills are emarginate on the outer web.
Tail of twelve graduated feathers, the two outer being the short-
est ; under-coverts are long.
Legs long, the tarsus iths of an inch; the outer toe longer than
the inner. Hallux very strong, and as long as the outer toe, with a
large pad beneath the base, its claw the largest; the tarsus is co-
vered with seven scales in front and one entire behind; two large
scales lie across the front of the foot; the claws are curved and
sharp.
Eoatents of stomach a mass of insect exuvize.
Colours : all above dull green, tinged with ash, light brown towards
the end of the tail and quills, which are lighter on the edges. Two-
thirds of the front breadth of the neck, round the eye, the breast,
belly and thighs (except a chestnut spot on the hallux) are silver-
white ; there is, besides, a remarkable spot on the neck, of a brown
colour, as if the white feathers had been deranged, showing the
roots of a different colour. Bill ash-brown or horn-colour, the
lower jaw lighter, and both lighter on the edges, as also are the
legs and claws of the same colour; forehead of a fine chestnut ;
crown of olive-brown.
3. NoTEs ON A NEW SPECIES OF ARTAMUS, FROM INDIA.
By Dr. NicHotson.
(Aves, Pl. XLIII.)
These birds are only found in very thick jungles among the brush-
wood, where they are always moving about, and are shot with great
difficulty, and even then, if not killed outright, they are so tenacious
of life, that they creep into the first hole or crevice they come to.
The only note J ever heard was like ‘chick, chick.’ I think they
196
are residents, but the few I have seen just appear and are lost again
in a moment, so that I know little of their habits; the one figured
here had one leg and both wings broken, and still crept into the hole
of a jerboa-rat, from which I dug it out dead.
Male: weight 63 oz.
Length from bill to tip of tail 72 inches. Alar extent 10 inches.
Head large. Bill strong, narrow and sharp, gently arched on the
culmen ; a distinct notch near the tip of upper mandible ; gape wide.
Tongue horny and divided at the pomt. Nostrils basal, small. Eye
rather small. Iris of a silvery colour, tinged with yellow.
Wings rounded; first quill very short; third longest; second,
third and fourth quills emarginate on outer web.
Tail short, and nearly even at the end, of twelve feathers, 2$ inches
long.
Tarsus strong. Hallux and claw stronger than the other toes, and
as long as the inner toe, and has a large pad at its base; the outer
toe is shortest ; the claws are much hooked.
Contents of stomach were a few grains of Holcus spicatus and the
exuvize of insects.
Plumage is soft and loose.
Colours: the whole top of the head is covered with a cap of black.
Bill lead-colour at base and black at the poimt. The chin, the breast,
and all underneath white; the body all above of a leaden colour.
Quills and tail of a light black, edged with light on both webs; the
outer web of the outer tail-feather is white, as well as the tips of the
first five on each side. Feet and legs black.
I propose for this species the name of Artamus cucullatus.
4. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING OF THE NIGHTINGALE
In Captivity.
By H. Haney, Serceant-Masor Ist Lire Guarps.
Being of opinion that any bird which breeds in this country in a
wild state, might, by studying its habits, be brought to do so ina
state of captivity, I made preparations during the winter of 1844 for
trying the Nightingale, which I considered to be the most retired in
its habits of any of our summer visitants. I had a cage made, 4 feet
long by 3 feet high, the back, ends and top solid, with a wire front,
in which I placed a small Scotch fir-tree, planted in a flower-pot ; to
each end of the cage I attached a common-sized canary’s breeding-
cage, communicating with the large cage by a hole about 4 inches
square. I broke a new birch-broom, and filled up the cages at each
end, to make them resemble as near as possible the bottom of a thick
hedge, and then put in a plentiful supply of withered oak-leaves and
moss, of which the nightingale forms its nest, covering the fronts of
the two small cages with green glazed calico: I placed the cages high
up against a wall facing a landing-window. The following spring,
that is, about the latter end of April 1845, I directed a bird-catcher
(Blake, of John-street, Tottenham-court-road), who goes to Watford
197
every season to catch nightingales, to brmg me a cock and hen bird
which had paired naturally ; he did so, and, fortunately, they meated
off very readily. By “ meating off,” I mean that such birds as live
on insect food will not peck at dead food until taught to do so, which
is effected by enclosing meal-worms in a small glass tube, corked up
at each end, and then placing the tube in their food ; on pecking at
the worm the beak slips off the glass amidst the food, which they
swallow, and will afterwards go to it without the aid of a tube. On
finding my birds feed freely in the small cage, in which until then I
had confined them, I turned them into the place I had fitted up for
them, and was much gratified, about a week afterwards, to observe
the hen bird flying about with an oak-leaf in her beak. She made
her nest in one of the small cages at the end of the large one ; laid
four eggs, of which she hatched and brought up three young ones.
During the time she was sitting, the cock sang as well and as loud as [
ever heard one in a wild state: when the young were excluded he left
off singing, and was most assiduous in assisting to feed and rear them.
June 24, 1851.
J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following communications were made :—
1. ON A NEW GENUS OF ANOMIAD&, IN THE COLLECTION
oF Mr. Cumine.
By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P.B.S. erc.
TEDINIA.
Shell irregular, loosely lamellar ; upper or right valve with a broad
cardinal groove, and with three muscular scars, the upper small, ob-
long near the cartilage, the other two large, subcentral, upper sub-
trigonal, lower oblong, transverse, united by a nearly straight medial
cross line ; left or attached valve with an elongated, triangular, con-
vex cardinal ridge, with a deep groove on each side, having the car-
tilage on its inner edge, with two muscular scars, one small, half ob-
long near the cardinal ridge, the other large, subcentral, subcircular,
and with a roundish circular hole near the upper edge, with a slight
impression showing the grooves to the margin some distance from
the cardinal ridge; the plug shelly, fixed into and exactly fitting the
hole, with a triangular base sunk into the surface, commencing from
the apex of the shell on the outer surface, and formed of erect shelly
longitudinal plates within.
The shell has the plug and much the external appearance of the
subgenus Pododesmus, but differs from it and all the other Anomia-
198
de in the following particulars: 1. That the line which indicates the
junction of the two edges of the smmus which forms the perforation,
instead of being placed on the side of the ridge which supports the
cartilage, is placed at a considerable distance from it; 2. The sides
of the sinus are firmly soldered together, leaving only a circular hole ;
3. The support of the cartilage, instead of being merely a ridge or
process, here forms a large elongated subtriangular talus, like that
found in the genus Ostrea; 4. It differs greatly in the number and
form of the muscular scars ; the two large ones in the free valves are
placed as in the genus Placunanomia, and there is a third anterior
one in each valve not found in any genus of the family, and very un-
like the third scar of the genus dnomia. I know only of a single
specimen of the genus, which is in the collection of Mr. Cuming,
who believes that it came from California. It may be called Tedi-
nia pernoides ; subquadrangular, reddish, subsquamose, obscurely
radiated, internally reddish brown.
2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMUS FROM
Austrauia. By Lovextu Reeve, F.L.S. erc.
(Mollusca, Pl. XII.)
Butimus Maconeuui. Bul. testd acuminato-oblongd, tenuiculd,
suboblique convolutd, spird brevi, suturis rudibus, anfractibus qua-
tuor ad quinque, minuté et creberrime spiraliter undulato-striatis,
ultimo valde inflato, columelld subcontortd, aperturd subampld,
labro simplici ; brunned, maculis parvis punctisque nigris undique
pictd et seriatim fasciatd, maculis infra suturas regularibus, aper-
ture fauce fuscescente.
Hab. Brisbane, Moreton Bay, Australia.
This fine species has been forwarded to me from the Manchester
Museum of Natural History, with the above name attached to it in
manuscript, by Captain Brown. It is chiefly remarkable on account
of its absolute similarity in texture, in colour, and in pattern, to Helix
Falconari of the same locality. It appears to differ in nothing but
in that difference of convolution which characterizes the respective
genera. Mr. Cuming possesses an exactly similar un-umbilicated
specimen ; and none of several examples of H. Falconari, with which
it has been compared and which are all largely umbilicated, present
any indication of an intermediate form. It is the first instance on
record of a strictly typical richly painted Bulimus and Helix agreeing
in colour, in pattern, and in all respects save that of form.
3. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DENTITION OF THE TIGER BEETLES.
By J. O. Westwoop, Pres. E.S., F.L.S. ere.
_ Mr. Westwood directed the attention of the meeting to the neces-
sity which existed of a more precise examination and description of
the diversity in the dentition of the mandibles of insects, especially
Proc. Z.8. Mollusca. Xd
Punted by Hullmandel & Walton.
BULIMUSs
MACONELLI, Reeve
199
Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, than had hitherto been bestowed
thereon. In the higher orders of animals so much importance had
been given to this character, that it was remarkable that, in general,
entomologists contented themselves with examining, describing, and
figuring a single mandible as affording a sufficient diagnosis of the
structure of both of the mandibles, overlooking the necessary result
which arose from the circumstance of the horizontal instead of per-
pendicular action of these organs in insects, and the variation in the
position of the teeth which such action must necessarily induce. In
general, indeed, the teeth of the mandibles were not greatly developed,
and there was a general similarity between the two jaws; but when
these organs are of an increased size, and especially when the extre-
mity of one jaw laps over that of the opposite one, a diversity in the
dentition will necessarily exist. It was likewise necessary to examine
the mandibles of both sexes of a species, as it occasionally happened
that there was considerable difference in their dentition. These ob-
servations were illustrated by the case of the Tiger Beetles (Cicinde-
lide), which offered a much greater range of diversity in their denti-
tion than had hitherto been supposed. It was chiefly to the genus
Megacephala that Mr. Westwood directed the attention of the
members. .
In the type of that genus (Megacephala senegalensis, Latr., Dej.,
Cic. megalocephala, Fabr.), an apterous species from Senegal, the
right mandible of the male has two large, nearly equal-sized, acute
teeth in the middle of the inner margin, the extremity being hooked
and very acute; there is also a small tooth at the base of the large,
broad, compound basal tooth. The left mandible is nearly similar, ex-
cept that the two teeth in the middle of the inner margin are unequal
in size, the upper one being the smaller of the two. The figure of the
jaws of this species, given in the Crochard edition of the Animal
Kingdom (Ins. pl. 16. f. 2 a), is very incorrect, being apparently
reversed. The dentition of the female is almost identical with that
of the male. In the allied bat-winged African species, Megacephala
4-signata, Dej., from Senegal, the toothing of the mandibles is simi-
- larly arranged, but the two teeth in the middle of the mner margin,
in both sexes, are broad and obliquely truncate. In the male of
M. euphratica (which has recently been observed to extend from
Spain to India), the teeth are nearly as in M. senegalensis, except
that the subapical tooth of the left mandible is considerably smaller.
But in the species lately received from the north-west of Australasia
(M. Australasie, Hope), we find a different arrangement as well as
number in the teeth, the right mandible having three teeth in the
middle of the inner margin (exclusive of the small tooth* at the hase
of the upper side of the large compound basal tooth), the upper one
small, the middle one very small, and lower one large, all being acute.
The left mandible has also three teeth in the same position,—the
* This small tooth exists in all the species, and in both sexes; and as it appears
to form part of the great basal tooth, I have omitted noticing it in the descriptions
given in this paper.
200
upper one very small, and the middle and lower one large and nearly
equal in size.
On turning to the New-World species of the genus, we find four
variations in the dentition of the mandibles; the group of pale spe-
cies typified by M. equinoctialis, De}. (bifasciata, Brullé), corre-
sponds almost identically in the dentition of both sexes with the old
type (M. senegalensis), as described above, the right mandible having
two equal-sized large acute teeth in the middle of the inner margin,
and the left one also two, the upper one being very small. For this
group I have proposed the subgeneric name of Ammosia, in allu-
sion to their habits, which differ materially from those of the other
species.
a black-coloured species from South America (M. sepulchralis,
Fabr., M. variolosa, Dej.) differs from the Ammosie in the left man-
dible, while the inner margin has only one tooth in the middle, of
considerable size, and exhibiting on its wader side a minute tooth,
being all that remains of the large middle tooth of the left mandible
of the Ammosie. This species is the type of Mr. Hope’s subgenus
Anaira.
Another very fine Brazilian species (M. testudinea, Klug) differs
in the dentition of the sexes in a more striking manner than any of
the preceding. The right mandible of the male is long and sickle-
shaped, with a small tooth obliquely truncated below the middle of
the inner margin, and between this and the tip of the jaw is a mi-
nute acute tooth. The left mandible has two teeth on the inner
margin above the middle, the lower one broad and acute, but rather
obliquely truncate, whilst the upper one is very small. The right
mandible of the female, on the contrary, has two very large equal-
sized teeth in the middle of the inner margin, whereas the left jaw in
this sex is quite similar to that of the male.
There still remains a numerous group of American species (the
type of which is Cie. Carolina, Linn.), which differ from the rest of
their continental brethren in possessing three teeth in the middle of
the inner margin of each jaw, thus resembling the Australian species
above noticed, and hence I proposed the name of Tetracha, or four-
toothed, for this group, counting the acute apical portion of the man-
dible as a fourth tooth. In general, in both sexes, the tooth next
below the apex of the jaw is equal in size to, or even larger than, the
apical part or tooth itself (thus differmg from the Australasian spe-
cies), and the middle of the three teeth is smaller than the rest ; but
in the left mandible in the males the tooth below the apical tooth is
even still larger, whilst the middle tooth is much smaller, and the lower
tooth is quite minute. In the female, on the contrary, the middle
one of the three teeth of the inner margin is rather larger than the
Mapper one (which is only of a moderate size), and the lower one is
small.
From these particulars (united with the peculiarities of colouring,
geographical range and habits of the species) we are enabled to pro-
pose well-founded subgenera, a task which has hitherto been con-
sidered hopeless in the genera of Cicindelide. The Old-World spe-
we
id)
a
M & N Hanhart
201
cies thus seem to form only one group, divisible however into still
smaller sections from the presence or absence of wings, and form and
colouring of the elytra; the Australian species stands alone; and the
New-World species constitute the four following subgenera :—
Ammosia, Westw. Type, M. bifasciata, Brullé.
————,, Westw. Type, M. testudinea, Klug.
Anatra, Hope. Type, M. sepulchralis, Fabr.
Terracua, Westw. Type, M. Carolina, Linn.
July 8, 1851.
In consequence of the death of the President, no meeting was held
on this day.
July 22, 1851.
John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S. &c., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. ON THE LARGEST KNOWN SPECIES OF PHALERIDINE Birp.
By Cuarues Lucien, Prince Bonaparte.
(Aves, Pl. XLIV.)
Among the new additions lately made to the British Museum I was
struck by one of the Alcide, which I had never seen before, and
which was very properly placed close by two beautiful specimens of
my singular Ceratorrhina, also lately added to the zoological treasures
of the English nation. The bird which is the subject of the present
note is evidently the Labrador Awk of Latham, so miscalled from
the erroneous impression that it came from those eastern shores of
America, but too well described not to be recognized. Gmelin com-
piled his lca labradora from the description of Latham, and all
those who did not follow him blindly, have referred that indication
to an immature state of the Razor-bill (Mormon arctica), a course in
which they were led by geographical consideration only. Although
our bird belongs to the family of the Alcide, it is not even an Alcine,
as the Razor-bill, but, as is shown by the nakedness of the cere, it
belongs to the other subfamily, or Phaleridine, of which it is at pre-
sent the largest known,
202
In its family it is certainly allied to Ceratorrhina, but well de-
serving to constitute a genus by itself. The bill still more com-
pressed, is in fact much more angulated beneath, and covered at the
base, not by a bony process or horn, but by a soft membrane or
saddle, which leaves a simple slit along the margins for the imper-
vious nostrils.
Genus novum PHALERIDINARUM.
SAGMATORRHINA, Bp. Saddle-Bill.
Rostrum duplo longius quam altum; maxilla ad basin recta cerd
maaximd induta, apice incurva ; mandibula ultra medium statim
adscendens, angulum obtusum constituens ; nares lineares, mar-
ginales.
As the bird has been so well described by Latham, Mr. G. R. Gray
very properly suggests that its specific name should be taken from
that author.
SAGMATORRHINA LatHami, Bp. Maaima; nigricans; subtus
albido-fuliginosa: rostro pedibusque rubris; cerd palmisque
nNugris.
Long. 16 poll.; rostr. 2 poll. long., 1 altum, $ latum ad basin, 3 ad
med. ; alee 7} poll.; cauda 3}; tars. 14; digitorum longissimus 23.
This species is the largest of the subfamily, which is well known
to contain the dwarfs of the Water birds; it is one-third larger than
Ceratorrhina monocerota, of which it has precisely the colouring,
wanting only (at least in the state we have it) the little white feathers
above the eye and at the corners of the mouth. The proportions of
wings, tail, feet and toes are the same: the bill and toes must have
been reddish ; the cere and membranes black. Like the Cerator-
rhina, it seems to be confined to the North-western Arctic regions of
America ; and we are led to believe it does not extend to the Siberian
shores, from the circumstance of its not having been noticed by
Russian naturalists.
The well-marked family of Alcide forms, with the Colymbide,
Podicipide and Spheniscide, the great section of the Urinatores,
which, with the Lamellirostres, constitutes alone the Order dnseres,
as it must be restricted to the web-footed Precoces of Prof. Owen.
The other two sections, Longipennes and. Totipalmi, constitute now
the Order Gavie of my Conspectus, being, in fact, web-footed Altri-
ces, which have no more right to remain in Anseres than the Pigeons
among the Galline,—than the Herodiones among the Gralla. The
passage between my Gavie or web-footed Altrices, and my Herodiones
or grallatorial Altrices, is beautifully exemplified by that most re-
markable bird the Baleniceps, whose affinity with Pelecanide has so
well been pointed out, and even exaggerated, by Mr. Gould. On the
other hand, it is no less obvious that the Longipennes, some of which,
with tumid bills, have been considered as Sea-Pigeons, connect them
(the Gavie) with the Columbe; whilst between the two subclasses
the connections and correspondence (affinity and analogy) take place
203
in different degrees and by different means and sides, chiefly as
exemplified in the following table :—
AVES.
1, ALTRICES (Insessores). 2. PRACOCES (Grallatores).
1. Psrrract.
2. ACCIPITRES.
3. PASSERES.
a. OSCINES.
&. VOLUCRES.
4. CoLuMBz&.
a. INEPTI. 8. STRUTHIONES.
b. GYRANTES. 9. GALLINZE.
Baa (icamanés 10. ANSERES.
a. TorTIpALMI. a. LAMELLIROSTRES.
b. LONGIPENNES. 4. URINATORES.
6. HERopIonEs. 7. GRALLZ&.
a. ALECTRIDEs.
6. CuRSORES.
2. On THE CHANGE oF CoLouR IN Aa CHAMaZLEON (CHAM#-
LEO VULGARIS). By H. N. Turner, Jun.
Notwithstanding that the peculiarity of the Chamzeleon in changing
its colour is so universally known, and that an illustrated work
on the subject was published by Van der Héven, I have thought that
a careful record of the varieties of tint, presented by the specimen
which has lived for some time in my possession, might prove ser-
viceable to the naturalist if compared with similar observations upon
other species and upon the same one under different circumstances,
and might also assist in the determination of the means by which it
is effected, the influences by which it is regulated, and the objects
which it serves in the ceconomy of the animal.
Its general tints vary between different shades of brown, olive, yel-
low, and light green, the last-named being the most rarely observed,
and the yellow being the tint usually assumed when the animal has
been hidden from the light. This is the colour it always presents if
taken for inspection at night, and when brought into the influence of
lamp-light it appears at first almost white, but may soon be seen to
darken and some of the markings to appear. The side that is next
the light will change rather sooner than the other, the changes being
always gradual. It has three distinct sets of markings, the first to
appear being two ranges of irregular distant elongated spots, which
may appear either as a dark tint upon the ground-colour when that
is light, or a light one if it be dark. These marks are never entirely
absent when either of the other sets is present, although sometimes
but faintly discernible.
204
The other two sets of markings consist of an irregular marbling,
and a number of full round spots; the latter never appear otherwise
than as dark upon the ground-colour, and the marbling, which is ge-
nerally also dark, only occasionally appears a little lighter than the
ground-colour, and then of a different tone; either may be visible
without the other, or both may be distinctly traceable. Sometimes
the marbling will be apparent together with such of the spots as are
placed within its intervals, those upon the surface occupied by the
marbling being amalgamated with it.
When the general colour is light yellow or pale greenish, which is
the case if the animal be suddenly brought into the light, the elon-
gated spots, which form two rows on each side, will begin to appear
of a very delicate purple tint. After that the marbling gradually
shows itself, and the general tint begins to darken; when some time
has elapsed a brown colour is assumed, and the elongate spots, at first
purple of a darker tint than the yellow ground-work, are seen to be
brown, of a lighter and rather richer tint than that which now per-
vades the whole. These distinctions may go on increasing, may then
decrease and again increase ; the spots may appear, may come and go
with different degrees of intensity, so that the variety of appearances
presented is almost indefinite. When visited in the day-time, the colour
is generally brown, sometimes without markings, generally with the
elongate spots of a lighter tint, and the marbling or the round spots,
or both, more or less apparent. Occasionally it presents a uniform
dull olive, and then has no markings. Sometimes it is of a light drab
colour, with the different marks faintly indicated. The ventral series
of prominent scales remains constantly white, as stated by Van der
Hoven, not participating in the changes of the surrounding parts.
This author does not in any of his plates represent the longitudi-
nal rows of markings as a decided dark upon the ground-colour, nor
is the marbling anywhere clearly shown as pervading the whole body ;
neither does he give the deep brown tint with the marbling as a dark,
and the longitudinal rows of spots definitively marked as a light.
I have never seen my specimen present anything like the appear-
ances delineated in his plates 4 and 5, probably because I have not
irritated it.
It has generally been imagined that the purpose of this singular
faculty accorded to the Chameeleon is to enable it to accommodate its
appearance to that of surrounding objects, but the observations of
Van der Héven seem to negative that idea, and the few experiments
I have made with that view have not led to any such results. The
box in which it is kept is of deal, with a glass at the top and a
piece of flannel laid at the bottom ; a small branching stick being
introduced by way of a perch. I have introduced at various times
pieces of coloured paper, covering the bottom of the box, of blue,
yellow and scarlet, but without the slightest effect upon the appear-
ance of the animal. Considering that these primary colours were
not such as it would be likely to be placed in contact with in a state
of nature, I next tried a piece of green calico, but equally without re-
sult. The animal went through all its usual changes, without their
205
being in any way modified by the colours placed underneath it. The
general tints approximate, as may readily be observed, to those of the
branches of trees, just as those of most animals do to the places in
which they dwell; but I have never seen the faculty of changing
called into play with any apparent object. It is only when the light
is removed that the animal assumes a colour which absorbs but little
of it.
Regretting that I have not been able to attain any more definite
conclusions, I offer these few remarks, hoping that to some naturalist,
who may undertake the investigation of these singular phenomena,
they may prove not to have been thrown away.
Pimlico, July 1851.
3. On THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE EpENTATE MAMMALIA.
By H. N. Turner, Jun.
In offering to the Society a summary of my observations on the
craniology of the Edentate order, I have not so great a number of
hitherto unrecorded facts to bring forward as in some of my former
communications. The very remarkable modifications which this order
is seen to present, not only in comparison with the rest of the Mam-
malian class, but also among its own members, and the wonderful
variety of extinct gigantic species which the New World has yielded
to research, have caused the osteology of the group to be more mi-
nutely investigated ; while the small number of species and the striking
external differences which they exhibit, have left but little room for
doubt in the minds of naturalists as to their true arrangement. I will
therefore simply point out such of the cranial peculiarities as seem to
be characteristic of the order and of its families and genera, dividing
it, as appears to me necessary, into five families, since the two forms
inhabiting the Old World differ so much from each other, and from
the three groups into which those of the New World naturally divide
themselves, that although each consists of a single genus, and one of
but a single species, it seems requisite that both should stand di-
stinct. It will also be necessary to remodel the genera of the Arma-
dilloes, and to define them anew by their external characters as well
as by those of the skull, since the presence of a tooth in each of the
intermaxillary bones of a single species of the family has prevented
the essential similarities and differences from being duly appre-
ciated.
Although some few naturalists may still associate this order with
the true Ungulata, for the sake of keeping the divisions of the class
within the predetermined number five, I think that most of those
who have given particular attention to the subject will agree, that
so natural and strongly-marked a group is well worthy of isolation,
which was the opinion of Linnzeus and Cuvier, although the former
wrongly associated with it a few genera belonging properly to other
groups.
The characters possessed in common by the members of so diver-
206
sified an order, must be expected to be comparatively few; those
which I have observed in the skull are as follows :—
The tuberosity of the maxillary bone is articulated by the whole
of its upper surface to the frontal and orbitosphenoid bones.
The zygoma is flat and straight, projecting at once outwards and
forwards, its articulating surface being more or less confluent with a
concavity at the inner side of it which forms a portion of a more or
less elongated cone, whose apex would point backwards. In such
forms as have the articulation longitudinal, the glenoid surface is
distinguishable from that of Rodents by its posterior termination,
which is zo¢ a thin free edge like the anterior.
The alisphenoid bone never extends high, so that the pterygoid
ridge forms its upper boundary, or even extends above it.
The absence of enamel in the teeth, when they exist, must also be
named among the cranial characters.
Fam. 1. BRADYPODID.
The intermaxillary bones confined to the lower part of the nasal
opening ; the maxillary bones provided with simple teeth, shortened,
their malar processes much pushed forwards upon them, and the
molar series converging behind; the posterior palatine foramina re-
placed by a series of minute openings extending the whole length of
the palate ; the malar bone having a descending masseteric process
transversely compressed, longitudinally extended, and with a di-
stinct superadded process arising between its frontal and zygomatic
processes ; the foramen rotundum distinct, and opening exteriorly at
the base of the pterygoid process some distance below the spheno-
orbital foramen and anterior to the foramen ovale; the zygoma
straight and trigonal, its origin thick and extensive, reaching back
quite to the posterior part of the squamous bone ; the mastoid bone
with a wide digastric fossa, and a strong thick styloid process, ter-
minating in a circular concavity for the reception of the stylohyal
bone; the lower jaw widened anteriorly with an extended symphysis.
It must be observed that the superadded process of the malar bone
is peculiarly characteristic of this family, and is quite distinct from
any of the processes of that bone to which special names have been
assigned. It is situated between the frontal or postorbital and zygo-
matic processes, both of which seem also to exist in a more or less
rudimental form in most of the known species ; and when the latter
is wanting as in the genus Cholepus, the fact that the new process
stands aloof, above the zygoma, is enough to prevent its being taken
for the zygomatic process, which in all mammalia possessing a com-
plete zygomatic arch either abuts simply against the extremity of the
zygoma, or more generally seems to support it from beneath.
The zygomatic process is well developed in the Megatherium, and
completes the arch, leaving the other, which might be called the
supratemporal process, projecting above it. In Mylodon robustus
the frontal process is reduced to a slight angle upon the base of the
supratemporal process. In the Scelidotherium the process existing
207
above the zygomatic process appears to be broken off, but the obli-
quity of its base renders it improbable that it would be the true
frontal process so largely developed.
The circular pit for the attachment of the stylohyal bone is pre-
cisely similar in the Sloths to that in the large fossil genera, and it
is somewhat remarkable that Prof. Owen, while describing the cha-
racter in these extinct forms, should have made no allusion to its
existence in the recent Sloths, even though Cuvier expressly points it
out. The tongue is largely developed in this family, and the living
sloth may be seen to make great use of it in takmg food into its
mouth, as was observed by Mr. Ball, in a short communication pub-
lished in the ‘ Proceedings’ some years back. On the other hand, it
is long and slender in the insect-feeding tribes, so that the maximum
degree to which it was developed in the Glossotherium is certainly
no indication that such was the food of that remarkable genus.
Cuotepvs, Illiger.
Intermaxillary bones small, produced anteriorly ; postorbital pro-
cess well-developed; malar bone with a well-marked frontal process,
but no zygomatic process, the supratemporal process projecting
backwards or bent a little upwards; pterygoid bones inflated ;
crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge ;_ tym-
panic bone reduced to a simple ring; lower jaw produced ante-
riorly, straight below, its condyle depressed; teeth z=» simple,
rounded, the anterior ones in each jaw enlarged, trigonal.
C. didactylus.
Brapypus, Gray.
Intermaxillary bones reduced or wanting; postorbital process
slightly developed ; malar bone with the frontal and zygomatic pro-
cesses slightly marked, the supratemporal process rising obliquely ;
pterygoid bones inflated ; crotaphite impression terminating at a con-
siderable distance from the occiput ; tympanic bone well-developed,
forming a bulla; lower jaw with a flattened square process in front,
deep posteriorly, the lower outline convex, the condyle elevated ;
teeth —, simple, rounded, the anterior ones similar, small in the
upper jaw.
B. crinitus.
In addition to the character of the pterygoids, which, in the absence
of actual knowledge, might possibly have belonged to age or sex, I
find this species to be clearly distinguishable from those of the next
genus by the great distance that intervenes between the posterior
termination of the temporal fossee and the occiput, which is much
greater in the old specimens even than in the young of the genus Are-
topithecus. The occiput also differs from them in being proportionally
smaller, of a rounder form; the digastric fossee converging a little
superiorly, instead of diverging as in the other genus. The lower
jaw also presents a character more decided than the anterior pro-
208
duction which Mr. Gray points out in his paper on the genus Bra-
dypus: it is much deepened behind, rendering the lower outline
very convex. And further, there are certain characters pointed out
by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ which appear to be constant, so
far as I have been able to observe, as it is only in young specimens
that the sutures are discernible. They are, first, that in this species,
the di a collier, the nasal bones are bevelled towards the middle pos-
teriorly, so that they form a point between the frontals, while in the
other species they are bevelled in the opposite direction, the frontals
descending between their extreme points. Secondly, that the pala-
tine bone forms but a narrow slip within the orbit, and the alisphenoid
bone occupies a much larger portion of the temporal fossa than in
the other species.
The skull spoken of by Mr. Gray as being taken from a skin, pre-
sents characters intermediate between the other one and that upon
which the B. afinis is founded, therefore I refrain from inserting the
latter as a species until further evidences are obtained.
ARCTOPITHECUS, Gray.
Intermaxillary bones short and small; postorbital process slightly
developed; malar bone with the frontal and zygomatic processes
slightly marked, or the former wanting, the supratemporal process
rising obliquely ; pterygoid bones compressed and simple; crota-
phite impression extending to very near the occipital ridge ; tympa-
nic bone well-developed, inflated ; lower jaw with its inferior outline
concave posteriorly, its condyle elevated ; teeth —, simple, rounded,
the anterior ones similar, small in the upper jaw.
A. GuLARIS. dia dos brulé.
A broad patch of soft yellow hair between the shoulders, and a
black line running through it down the back; the upper anterior
molars proportionally larger, and the second less, than in the fol-
lowing species; the occiput again affords us a very good distinction,
as it is much wider and not so deep as in the following species, and
the foramen magnum not so large. Two skulls in the British Museum
present these characters, and evidently belong to adult, probably
aged, individuals; that of the skeleton, also from Bolivia, seems
referable to the other species.
A. MARMORATUS.
Fur everywhere more or less lengthened, no yellow spots, dorsal
line grey brown; anterior upper molars very small, the next rather
larger than those which follow; occiput deeper and narrower than
in the preceding species, its foramen larger.
The A. Blainvillii is not distinguishable by external markings, and
the skulls bearing that name in the Museum collection all present a
general robustness, such as age and sex might very probably occasion.
One of them, which, from retaining some of the sutures, seems to be
younger than the others, has the frontal bones less swollen, and the
209
lower jaw with its angular process as much produced as in those
labelled marmoratus, though deeper, but not so deep as in the others.
The A. flaccidus may be only a local variety, the skulls not being
very clearly distinguishable, for there are not two between which
some individual peculiarities may not be traced.
The skull to which the name problematicus is given is evidently
young, having all its sutures well-marked, and in the absence of the
fur cannot be safely looked upon as the type of a species. It agrees
with the others in the character of the occiput, which distinguishes
them all from the a. gularis, as well as from the Bradypus crinitus.
The palzontologist is well aware of the uncertainty of establishing
species upon trivial details of form, although slight distinctions are
in some cases known to afford a true indication: the skulls of the
Three-toed Sloths vary greatly, and all present a coarse, rough-hewn
appearance which must detract from our confidence in little differ-
ences of detail. With regard to the lower jaw, they certainly do not
present differences so strikingly characteristic as those upon which
the species of Mylodon are established.
MercatTHeErivum, Cuvier.
Intermaxillary bones lengthened and prominent ; postorbital pro-
cess lengthened and drawn out, but not inflated; malar bone with its
frontal and zygomatic processes well-developed, the latter attached
firmly to the zygoma; the supratemporal process rising obliquely ;
pterygoid bones compressed, and not inflated ; crotaphite impression
approaching near to the occipital ridge; tympanic bone attached,
small, and not inflated; (immediately in front of the circular facet
for the stylohyal bone there descends a strong process, which may
probably belong to the tympanic bone and form a portion of a vaginal
process ;) lower jaw produced in front, deepened in the middle by the
extensive implantation of the molars, the condyle much elevated ;
teeth =", quadrate, grooved transversely on the crown when worn,
the caementum being thickened on the anterior and posterior surfaces ;
the posterior upper one small.
M. Cuvieri.
Dr. Lund figures a tooth having the characters of this well-known
_ genus, but of smaller size, under the name of Megatherium Laurillardi.
MeGatonyx, Jefferson.
General cranial characters unknown ; teeth ?—, subelliptical, with
4—4
a ridge on the inner side.
M. Jeffersonit.
Mytopon, Owen.
Intermaxillary bones small (lost in the skeleton) ; postorbital pro-
cess but little developed, thick ; malar bone with the frontal process
indicated by a slight angle, the zygomatic well-developed, touching
No. CCXXXII.—Proceepinés or tHE Zoo.oeica Society.
210
the zygoma, the supratemporal process rising obliquely ; pterygoid
bones thin and compressed ; crotaphite impression approaching near
to the occipital ridge; tympanic bone reduced and separate; (the
foregoing characters can of course apply only to the Mylodon robustus,
it being the only species of which the cranium is known ;) lower jaw
broad and more or less prolonged in front, the lower outline straight,
the condyle depressed ; teeth —, the anterior ones rounded or tri-
gonal, the posterior ones larger, trigonal in the upper jaw, gradually
becoming bilobed in the lower. The species can only be characterized
by the lower jaw, as it is the only part that is known in all of them.
The characters are taken chiefly from Prof. Owen’s works.
M. Darwinit.
Lower jaw much produced anteriorly, with a double mammelliform
tuberosity upon the symphysis below. The first tooth rounded or
subtrigonal, the second subelliptical, with a slight depression on the
inner side; the third subquadrate, grooved on the inner side; the
posterior internal angle produced ; the fourth bilobed, sharply grooved
on the inner side.
M. Haran.
Lower jaw with the symphysis short; the second tooth sub-
quadrate, grooved on the inner side, with the posterior internal angle
produced ; the third trapezoid, obliquely placed, with the inner side
rounded ; the fourth bilobed, the inner groove biangular, and a small
shallow one anterior to it.
M. rosustus.
Lower jaw produced and very broad anteriorly, the first tooth
round, the second subtrigonal, grooved internally, the third sub-
quadrate, oblique, the fourth bilobed, with a deep scallop on the
inner side and a smaller one anterior to it.
GLossoTHERIUM, Owen.
Crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge ;
tympanic bone reduced and separate. The general cranial characters
are unknown, but the fragment is recognizable by the great size of
the surface for the stylohyal bone, and of the precondyloid foramen.
ScELIDOTHERIUM, Owen.
Malar bone with a well-developed zygomatic process; the cha-
racter of its frontal process cannot be determined through mutilation
of the specimen ; crotaphite impression approaching near to the occi-
pital ridge ; tympanic bone reduced and separate ; lower jaw greatly
curved below, its condyle depressed ; teeth —. transversely extended,
the anterior ones fully as large as the others, the first in each jaw
elongate trigonal, the others gradually becoming bilobed, the last
upper one trigonal. “8
S. leptocephalum.
211
Piatyonyx, Lund.
This genus is proposed by Dr. Lund, to include a series of species
discovered by him, the first three of which he had previously referred
to the genus Megalonyz, and Prof. Owen, in the conspectus at the
end of his memoir on the Mylodon, has placed them in his genus
Scelidotherium; but I prefer to adopt, for the present, Dr. Lund’s
latest arrangement, since in the lower jaws figured, the last lower
molar has a deep groove on its posterior side, and the fourth species,
of which an entire skull is figured (tab. 38), agrees in this cha-
racter, and shows a marked distinction from the S. /eptocephalum in
the zygomatic arch being incomplete ; the malar bone has no frontal
process, and but a slight angular indication of the zygomatic process.
P. Cuvieri. P. minutus.
P. Bucklandi. P. Brongniartii.
In addition to these, Dr. Lund represents a metacarpal bone of a
species which he calls P. Owenii, and an os scaphoides of the foot of
another, which he names P. Agassizii.
The genera Celodon and Sphenodon of Dr. Lund seem open to
the objection suggested by Prof. Owen, namely that the teeth would
be first developed in the form of hollow obtuse cones, not assuming
the cylindrical form until worn down to the part which has acquired
in process of growth the normal thickness; but while I feel natu-
rally cautious of introducing into my category any genera or species,
the establishment of which is not made fully satisfactory to my mind,
I must not be considered as rejecting any of those of Dr. Lund,
when his illustrations and lists of names are the only evidences I can
attain ; since his original specimens are far beyond my reach, and my
ignorance of the Danish language prevents my comprehending his de-
scriptive memoirs.
Fam. 2. Dasypop1p.
The nasal bones long, of nearly uniform width, their extremities
projecting forwards beyond the intermaxillaries ; the intermaxillaries
are portions of cylinders, reaching further especially on their palatal
surface than in the other families; the maxillary bone swollen and
provided with simple teeth ; its zygoniatic process projecting boldly
outwards, and a ridge continued from it for the masseter, the molar
series diverging behind; the posterior palatine foramina are replaced,
by a row of minute openings extending the whole length of the
palate ; the malar bone, when there is a descending masseteric pro-
cess, or a rudiment of one, has it compressed longitudinally, extended
transversely ; the foramen rotundum is included in the foramen sphe-
no-orbitarium ; the zygoma is flat, gently twisted upwards towards
its extremity ; the mastoid bone with a deep narrow groove, con-
taining one or more mastoid foramina; the basi-occipital bone with
a transverse depression just anteriorly to the edge of the foramen
magnum, and (excepting in the genera T'olypeutes and Glyptodon)
with an articular surface upon the lower edge of that foramen
receiving the odontoid process of the axis when the head is deflexed ;
212
the occipital condyles are portions of cylinders, placed horizontally,
each in a line with the paroccipital process ; the precondyloid foramen
is placed close to the condyle ; the supra-occipital bone is broad above,
forming on each side a strong thickened ridge; the lower jaw is
narrowed and slenderly produced anteriorly.
The true affinities existing among the various Armadilloes have
been rightly perceived by the Baron Cuvier, and are well pointed out
in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ ; but he did not designate the subgenera
by any particular names, and naturalists, for the most part, have
adopted the arrangement of Mons. F. Cuvier, which limits the genus
Dasypus to the single species that has teeth in the intermaxillary
bone, and unites all the rest, excepting the Giant Armadillo, under
the generic name Tatusia. Mr. Gray, in the ‘ List of Specimens of
Mammalia in the British Museum,’ has adopted in addition the
genus Xenurus of Wagler, and it will be further necessary to make
use of Illiger’s genus Tolypeutes for the Apara or Three-banded
Armadillo. The species v/osus and minutus must be associated, as
Baron Cuvier has done with the Encoubert in the genus Dasypus.
The groups recognized in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles’ being thus
restored and the names proposed by other authors applied to them,
I shall proceed to characterize them by their external armour, by
which they may very easily be distinguished, and to add the cha-
racters of the cranium, in which my observations have been assisted
by the immortal work alluded to.
TATUSIA.
Ears thrown backwards and approximated ; plates of the head of
irregular shape and smooth; those of the scapular and pelvic shields
much smaller than those of the bands, and surrounded with others
smaller still; fore-feet with four toes, the claws straight, the index
and medius nearly equal, the pollex and annularis small; maxillary
bone terminating in a pointed process behind; teeth rather small,
none of them being further back than the root of the malar process ;
this process concave anteriorly, projecting outwards and backwards ;
the infra-orbital canal entirely below it; malar bone simply a portion
of an inverted arch, hollowed on the outer side for nearly its whole
length by the masseteric impression, merely abutting against the
zygoma; palatine bone reduced in vertical extent, being encroached
on above by a large thickened portion of the ethmoid bone which
appears in the orbit, the sphenopalatine foramen being a narrow
fissure between them ; pterygoid bone simply bordering the termi-
nation of the palatine, without hamular process ; zygoma compressed
and elevated, its glenoid surface circular ; tympanic bone reduced to
a ring; mastoid narrowed ; lower jaw slender, its condyle but little
elevated, transverse and flat, coronoid process elevated.
T. SEPTEMCINCTA.
Ears about one-third of the length of the head ; plates smooth ;
tail as long as the body.
T. afinis of Dr. Lund may possibly be identical.
213
T. HYBRIDA.
Ears about one-fourth of the length of the head; plates of the
pelvic shield convex and elevated ; tail about two-thirds of the length
of the body. The characters of this species, which was named by
M. Desmarest, are carefully pointed out by Mr. Martin in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings ’ of the Society, January 1837.
Cuvier speaks of a third species brought from Brazil by M. de
Saint-Hilaire, under the name of Tatou verdadeiro, differmg from
the mule Armadillo in having the tail terminated by a horny sheath
of one piece, the bands broader, and the plates of the pelvic shield
larger.
Dr. Lund figures two ossicles of a Tatusia, indicating dimensions
much greater than those usually attained by specimens belonging to
the genus, and applies the name Dasypus punctatus. I find in the
Museum of the College of Surgeons a recent carapace, denuded of its
horny epidermal scutes, and wanting the scapular shield; it is as
large as Dr. Lund’s figures would imply, and has the same punctate
depressions in the grooves which mark the surfaces of the component
ossicles. It differs from a smaller one, still a large specimen, also
denuded of the epidermal scutes, in the latter having the central area
of each ossicle a little elevated at its posterior margin, and the punc-
tate depressions fewer and smaller behind this area than in front of
it ; while in the larger specimen they are all about equal in size.
It is difficult to compare these specimens with those which retain
their natural covering ; but the punctate character seems to belong
to the genus rather than to the species, it not being perceptible until
the horny scutes are removed: and whether the Tatusia punctata
be a species, or merely a large variety of one of the others, it would
appear not to be extinct.
CuiamyrpHorus, Harlan.
Plates of the head, the scapular shield and the body forming an
uninterrupted series, each a parallelogram, those of the neck smaller,
and those of the muzzle irregular ; pelvic shield small, flat, or slightly
convex, placed vertically, at right angles to the dorsal armour, and
composed of concentric semioval rows of trapezoid plates ; fore-feet
with five toes, the medius being the longest, the two inner claws the
smallest, and the three outer ones very deep and compressed ; frontal
bone with a large thickened process above the eye ; malar bone thin,
deep anteriorly, with a rudiment of a descending masseteric process
assuming a transverse position ; auditory process bending forwards
round the base of the zygoma; lower jaw with the ascending ramus
much elevated, the condyle higher than the coronoid process.
C. truncatus.
Dasyrvs.
Head broad behind, ears wide apart, its plates irregular, marked
like those of the body ; those of the scapular and pelvic shields ob-
long parallelograms, like those of the bands, but becoming penta-
gonal or hexagonal towards the neck and croup—all the plates
214
marked with an indented pattern ; bands about six or seven ; fore-
feet with five toes, the index nearly as thick as the medius, which is
the longest, the claws a little twisted outwards; maxillary bone ter-
minating behind in a strong vertical column formed by the alveolus
of the last tooth, and concealing the sphenopalatine and pterygo-
palatine foramina ; teeth rather large ; malar process compressed in
the antero-posterior direction, suddenly projecting, concave anteriorly ;
infra-orbital canal short, pierced through the base of the process ;
malar bone angular, with a rudiment of a descending process, com-
pressed in the antero-posterior direction ; its zygomatic process deep,
extending beneath the zygoma; palatine bone ascending into the
orbit ; no appearance of the ethmoid within the orbit; pterygoid
bones with well-defined hamular processes, bent outwards; zygoma
well-developed, flat; its glenoid surface slightly convex, reniform ;
tympanic bone well-ossified, forming a bulla ; auditory process largely
developed ; mastoid bone very broad, placed entirely in the occipital
region ; lower jaw deep and thick, its ascending ramus high ; coronoid
process largely developed, condyle broad.
D. SEXCINCTUS.
Muzzle broad ; plates large, distinct, but slightly indented ; bands
six or seven, zo separate band on the anterior edge of the scapular
shield; terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield small; hairs
few, white ; teeth Pate the first upper one on each side being in the
intermaxillary bone.
D. viLuLosus.
Muzzle broad; plates closely united, roughly tubercular, those of
the bands closely united and small; bands eight ; a separate band on
the anterior edge of the scapular shield, behind the row of nuchal
plates; terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield large and fal-
cate ; hairs profuse, brown.
D. MINUTUS.
Muzzle tapering, narrow at the end; plates of the head smooth,
those of the shield and bands closely united, and flatly tubercular ;
terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield large and falcate ;
bands six or seven; a separate band on the anterior edge of the sca-
pular shield, behind the row of nuchal plates ; upper parts with black
hairs; sides of the head and limbs with brownish hairs; under parts
with whitish hairs ; teeth =, none in the intermaxillary bones, nasal
and intermaxillary bones lengthened.
Xenvurvus, Wagler.
Head broad behind, ears wide apart, its plates irregular, smooth ;
those of the scapular shield irregular in the middle, hexagonal towards
the sides ; bands twelve, composed of short and square plates ; pelvic
shield with square plates in the middle, becoming hexagonal towards
the sides; tail almost naked; fore-feet with five toes, the imdex
longest, but very slender, the three outer toes rapidly diminishing in
215
length, but furnished with large claws, twisted outwards ; maxillary
bones articulated posteriorly by suture to the palatine, its malar pro-
cess thick, rounded anteriorly ; malar bone but slightly angular, its
zygomatic process extending beneath the zygoma; palatine bone
ascending into the orbit, and pushing up the sphenopalatine foramen
into a fossa which contains the foramina of the orbit ; pterygoid
bones with their hamular processes styliform, projecting backwards ;
zygoma small, rounded above ; tympanic incompletely ossified ; mas-
toid bone broad, placed obliquely ; lower jaw slender, its condyle
elevated, reniform ; coronoid process feebly developed, lower than the
condyle.
X. UNICINCTUS.
Cuvier mentions a species with a shorter and more entirely naked
tail ; it is probably the same that has been called nudicaudis by Dr.
Lund. YX. antiquus of the same distinguished author may possibly
be identical.
Priopontes, Frederick Cuvier.
Head broad behind, ears wide apart; plates of the head and body
as in Xenurus ; tail closely covered with quadrangular scales, placed
in a quincuncial arrangement ; fore-feet as in Yenwrus, the outer toe
much reduced; maxillary bone articulated posteriorly by suture to
the palatine; teeth numerous and minute ; infra-orbital canal long,
commencing below the malar process, and terminating nearly on the
middle of the bone; malar bone forming simply a portion of an in-
verted arch, round, and devoid of processes ; palatine bone ascending
into the orbit; pterygoid bone strongly developed, with an angular
termination ; zygoma rather small, the glenoid surface lengthened,
the lower part of the squamous and the alisphenoid bone forming a
longitudinal swelling within it; tympanic bone small, and loose ;
mastoid bone broad, forming the sides of the occiput which are
rounded ; lower jaw thin and compressed, condyle longitudinal, but
little elevated ; coronoid process much reduced.
P. gigas.
TOLYPEUTES, Illiger.
Head broad behind, ears wide apart ; plates very closely articulated
to each other, their surface divided by impressed marks, and studded
with blunt tubercles, those of the scapular and pelvic shields varying
from a square to a pentagonal or hexagonal form ; bands three, com-
posed of oblong parallelograms, equally subcircular, and closely arti-
culated; fore-feet four-toed, the outer being absent; the medius
slightly longer than the index, with a much larger claw, both having
an outward twist; maxillary bone articulated posteriorly to the pala-
tine, its malar process standing suddenly outwards, compressed ; infra-
orbital canal commencing below and behind its root, rather lengthened,
rising a little in its course; teeth rather large ; malar bone slender,
and simply abutting by an oblique suture against the zygoma ; pala-
tine bone ascending into the orbit, pterygoids with blunt hamular
216
processes, a little bent outwards; zygoma rather narrowed, glenoid
surface flat, reniform ; tympanic bone reduced to an annular form ;
lower jaw slender, condyle moderately elevated, reniform, coronoid
process elevated.
T. TRICINCTUS.
Cuvier cites the Cheloniseus of Fabricius Columna as being this
species, but represented with four bands instead of three; the last
row of plates of the scapular shield is composed of oblong parallelo-
grams like those of the bands, which may have given rise to such
an error.
CuLAMYDOTHERIUM, Lund.
Judging by the plates that accompany Dr. Lund’s Memoir, this
appears to be a genus of extinct gigantic Armadilloes, having the body
provided with moveable bands like the recent ones, and teeth of a
compressed form, and irregularly fluted; two species are distin-
guished.
C. Humboldtii. C. giganteum.
Heteropon, Lund.
Distinguished by the unequal sizes of the teeth: the fragment of
the lower jaw figured contains six teeth, of which two are much larger
than the others.
H. diversidens.
Euryopon, Lund.
Dr. Lund figures a tooth resembling those of the Armadilloes, but
apparently broader in proportion to its antero-posterior diameter.
E.. latidens.
GLyYPTODON, Owen.
Carapace ovoid, without distinction of shields or bands, composed
of small hexagonal pieces with sculptured surfaces ; teeth divided into
narrow transverse lobes ; malar bone with a lengthened descending
process, placed transversely ; zygoma flat, its glenoid surface elevated,
transversely elongate, looking a little backwards; mastoid propor-
tionally small, placed laterally.
G. CLAVIPES.
The central tubercle upon each ossicle large, round, or subhexagonal,
conspicuous above the surrounding ones, which are small, and more
cut up by reticulate depressions.
G. ORNATUS.
The central tubercle of each ossicle not conspicuously marked above
the rest ; all more finely granular.
This may possibly be the young of that to which the name reficu-
latus has been applied, and which, therefore, I will at present omit.
217
G. TUBERCULATUS.
Ossicles approaching to a square or rhomboidal form, their surface
divided into numerous irregular elevations.
The genus Hoplophorus of Dr. Lund appears to be identical with
Glyptodon ; he figures two teeth in which the characters of that
genus are clearly shown, and several detached ossicles and portions of
carapace bearing a general resemblance to the species of Glyptodon,
principally to the G. ornatus. He distinguishes two species, the H.
Luphractus and H. Selloi. Prof. Owen refers to the H. Euphractus a
portion of carapace brought home by Mr. Darwin, and figured in the
‘Voyage of the Beagle,’ which very closely resembles those afterwards
figured in the ‘Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia and Aves in the Museum
of the Royal College of Surgeons’ under the name G. ornatus.
I am not as yet acquainted with the Pachytherium magnum of
Dr. Lund’s catalogues.
Fam. 3. MyRMECOPHAGID.
The nasal bones simple, of uniform width, emarginated at the
ends ; the intermaxillary bones much reduced ; the maxillary bones
much lengthened, toothless, the malar process projecting backwards,
outwards and downwards ; the posterior palatine foramen single, or
wanting ; the malar bone reduced to a slender stylet free at the pos-
terior end; the foramen rotundum included in the foramen spheno-
orbitarium ; the zygoma very small, and pushed quite to the anterior
superior angle of the squamous portion ; the supra-occipital bone en-
croaches upon the upper surface of the skull, and has a median pro-
tuberance ; the lower jaw much lengthened and slender at the end,
without coronoid process.
Not having seen the skull of the little Two-toed Ant-eater, I have
used a little caution in characterizing this family. For example, I
have avoided alluding to the peculiar character of the pterygoids, as
Cuvier informs us that they do not enclose a long canal as in the
larger species. I therefore limit the diagnoses of the genera to the
few points, in which, in the absence of a skull of the small species,
they are known to differ*.
Myrmecornaaa, Linneus.
Fore-feet with four toes; hind-feet with five toes; palatine and
pterygoid bones united beneath the nasal canal for their whole length.
M. susara, Linn.
Varied with black and grey, the latter predominating on the head,
back, sides, fore-limbs and tail; throat, a mark running obliquely
from the shoulder upwards and backwards, and hind-limbs black ; fur
very coarse ; tail but little longer than the body, very bushy.
* T have since seen the cranial portion of the skull of the Little Ant-eater, and
find that although the pterygoid bones do not enclose the nasal canal below, they
resemble those of the larger species in their great extent backwards.
218
M. TamManpbva.
Head, shoulders, fore-limbs, outside of the hind-limbs, and middle
third of the tail white ; a stripe from each side of the neck over the
shoulder and remaining parts black ; tail but little longer than the
body, its terminal third scaly. Varies chiefly by the diminution of
the intensity of the black.
I have found that the Yellow Ant-eater, hitherto considered to be one
of the varieties of this species, differs remarkably in the length and size
of the tail; the ears also appear to be larger, but this latter character
is less decisive, owing to the different degrees to which they may
shrink when dry. A specimen in the British Museum, and one in
that of this Society, resemble each other exactly, while a young pale
specimen of M. Tamandua has a tail proportionally of the same length
as the larger and darker individuals. Under these circumstances I
have been induced to propose a name for the Yellow Ant-eater, deem-
ing it probable that the species may be distinct.
M. LONGICAUDATA.
General colour uniform light ochraceous, a paler line runs down
the middle of the back ; tail nearly double the length of the body,
its terminal half covered with small scales and a few scattered black
hairs; ears large, round, about one-third the length of the head.
Although the flanks show a slightly darker reflection in certain di-
rections of the light, there is no trace of the mark which runs across
the shoulder.
On referring to the figure, in Krusenstern’s Voyage (tab. 6 e),
on which M. Desmarest founded his Myrmecophaga annulata, I find
it to be a very excellent representation of a Coati-mondi, probably
the brown species. The head is bent downwards, the tongue pro-
truded, and curved beneath the left fore-foot ; from under the further
side of the foot there comes a small twig of a tree, which, if it were
not branched, would look like a continuation of the tongue. But
the figure published in Griffith’s translation of the ‘ Régne Animal’
is not so easy to interpret. The general form of the body is more
like that of an Ant-eater, though rather too long and slender ; the
tapering head and the dark stripe from the end of the muzzle to the
eye remind one of the Myrmecobius, which was not known until
several years afterwards ; the tail is just such as a Coati-mondi might
have supplied. The figure is said to have been drawn from a stuffed
specimen, but the authors do not state where the specimen existed,
and possibly may never have seen it.
Cuvier asserts, with much probability, that the animal from which
Buffon took his figure of the Tamandua was made up of the skin of a
Coati-mondi, to which striped markings had been artificially applied.
CycLoruurus, Gray.
Fore-feet with two toes, the outer one much the larger; “the pala-
tines only meet below for two-thirds of their length, and the bony
canal of the nares there terminates, the pterygoids not meeting, but
presenting only two long parallel and little prominent crests.”
219
C. DIDACTYLUS.
Dr. Lund inserts in his lists of fossil species one which he has
named Myrmecophaga gigantea, but I have seen no representation of
any portion of the animal among the figures published.
Fam. 4. Manip.
The intermaxillary bones small, having ascending processes run-
ning upwards and backwards; each encloses a separate incisive fora-
men ; the maxillary bones short, toothless, their malar processes pro-
jecting backwards, outwards and downwards; the palatine bones
much spread out in front, and with distinct posterior palatine fora-
mina; the malar and lacrymal bones wanting, but a large lacrymal
opening ; the alisphenoid bone much reduced ; the zygoma deep, thin,
concave exteriorly, and pushed downwards to the anterior and inferior
angle of the squamous portion; the occipital condyles prominent,
oblique, the precondyloid foramina at some distance anterior to them.
This family consists of but one genus, containing several well-
marked species.
Manis, Linneeus.
In characterizing the species of this genus, I give the number of
scales in each transverse row, instead of the number of longitudinal
rows, which has been the usual method adopted. The number in
each case will appear much less, but it will be recollected that this is
owing to the scales of one row being alternate with those of the next
one.
M. pentapactyta, Linn. (macroura, Desm.)
Each transverse row of scales composed of three on each side of
the median one; scales striated at the base, smooth at the end, the
striated part distinctly separated from the smooth portion; ends of
the scales simple; under parts naked; tail very broad at the base,
about equal to the body in length ; fore-feet five-toed, the claw of the
medius much the largest, that of the annularis next, that of the index
much less, the other two very small ; hind-feet with lengthened claws;
limbs scaled to the bases of the claws.
M. savanica, Desm.
Four scales on each side of the median one in each transverse row,
the lower ones on each side, and the lateral ones beneath the tail,
keeled and pointed at the ends ; tail broad at the base, equalling the
head and body in length; under parts with short white hairs ; imbs
scaled to the bases of the claws; fore-feet with the middle claw
largest, the index a little less than the annularis, the others very
small ; hind-feet with lengthened claws.
M. TemMMincx11, Smutz.
Body altogether very broad; scales broad, three on each side in
every transverse row, striated to the tips which are rounded, none of
them carinate ; under parts naked ; tail about the length of the body,
broad and rounded at the end ; limbs scaled to the bases of the claws;
220-
fore-feet with the middle claw largest, the two next less, the remain-
ing two much less ; those of the hind-feet vertical, truncated.
M. rerrapacty.a, Linn. (Africana, Desm.)
Scales large, three on each side in every transverse row, striated to
the tip, which is square, with a point projecting from the middle,
the lower ones at the sides and the lateral ones beneath the tail cari-
nate; tail double the length of the body, a little narrowed at the
base, soon becoming broad; limbs only scaled at the base, then
covered with black hairs like the under parts; fore-feet with the
middle claw very long and compressed, the index and annularis much
less and nearly equal, the minimus less still, the inner toe very small;
hind-feet with lengthened claws, nearly equal.
M. muttiscutata, Gray, Proc. Z. S. Feb. 1843.
Five scales on each side of the median one in every transverse row;
scales striated to the tip, which is square, with a median point;
those on the sides of the trunk and limbs, and the lateral ones be-
neath the tail, carinate ; tail nearly double the length of the body, of
moderate width ; under parts with short whitish brown hairs ; fore-
limbs scaled to the carpus ; toes all well-developed, except the thumb,
which is small, the medius longest; hind-feet scaled nearly to the
base of the claws, which are all lengthened and well-developed, ex-
cept the thumb, which is small; the annularis nearly as long as the
medius.
M. aurita, Hodgson.
Fam. 5. ORYCTEROPODIDZ.
The nasal bones long and much spread out behind, narrowed and
not projecting anteriorly ; the intermaxillaries well-developed, pro-
minent below, not enclosing foramina; the maxillary bones length-
ened and deep, provided with compound teeth; the palate termina-
ting soon with a strong transverse ridge, having a pair of large poste-
rior palatine foramina ; the lacrymal bone large, extending much upon
the face; the malar bone large, extending much upon the face, but
its zygomatic process small and slender; the frontal bone large and
swollen, with a small and contracted post-orbital process ; the parie-
tals extended downwards at their anterior inferior angles to articulate
with the alisphenoids; the zygoma slender, twisted as in the Arma-
dilloes ; a strong post-articular and a post-auditory process, and just
within the latter a short truncate styloid process, not enclosed by any
vaginal process, as the tympanic bone is much reduced and separate ;
the occipital condyles hemicylindrical, but with a portion of articular
surface continued from them upon the lower edge of the foramen
magnum ; the paroccipital processes in a line with them, but distinctly
separated.
As this family consists, so far as is yet satisfactorily known, of a
single species, its characters might be multiplied to almost any extent ;
should another form be discovered, they will of course need revision.
221
This communication having extended far beyond the length that I
at first contemplated, notwithstanding that I have limited myself in
most cases to the distinctive peculiarities of the skuil, it will readily
be seen that, had I entered upon the whole osteology of the order, or
even introduced in every instance the characters by which the genus
or species may be known externally, I should have swelled this little
monograph to such a degree as almost to preclude its imsertion in the
‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, and entailed upon myself an amount of
labour from which I would by no means shrink, but fear I shall be
compelled to defer until more favourable opportunities present them-
selves; but I trust that the little I have as yet accomplished may
afford the naturalist a clearer insight into the relations of the living
Edentata among themselves, and with those that formerly peopled
the portion of the world which was then, as now, the principal abode
of this remarkable group.
Pimlico, July 1851.
4. A Monocrapu oF Scutus, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS
MOo.LuvscA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FIsSURELLID.
By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.
Genus Scutus, De Montfort.
Animal with the head proboscidiform ; tentacles thick and subu-
late, with the eyes on tubercles at their outer bases; mantle reflexed
over the sides of, and nearly covering, the shell; sides of foot with a
series of short cirrhi.
Shell oblong, scutiform, flattened ; apex dorsal, oblique, posteriorly
inclined ; margin of aperture sinuated in front; muscular impression
horse-shoe shaped, open anteriorly.
Parmophorus, Blainv.—Dascinus, Rafin.—Scutellites, Auct.—
Scutum, Sow. jun.—Parmophora, Desh.—Emarginula, sp. Sow.—
Patella, sp. Lamk.
1. Scurus uneuts, Linn.
Patella unguis, Linn. Mus. Ludovic. Ulric. Regin. p. 69. no. 419.
—Patella ambigua, Chemn.—Scutus antipodis, Montf.—Parmo-
phorus australis, Lamk.—Parm. elongatus, Blainv.
Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming.
2. Scutus ELonGatus, Lamarck.
Patella elongata, Lamk. Ann. du Mus. i. p. 310.—Parmophorus
elongatus, Lamk. Hist.—Hmarginula elongata, Sow. Gen.
Hab. East Australia. Mus. Cuming. Also occurs fossil.
3. Scurus GRANULATUS, Blainv.
Parmophorus granulatus, Blainv. Bullet. des Scienc. 1817; Lamk.
Hist. An. s. Vert. vol. vii. pt. ii. p. 5; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 139. f. 4.
Hab. Port Essington, on the rocks, low water. Mus. Cuming.
222
4. Scurus corruGatus, Reeve.
Parmophorus corrugatus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842 ; Conch.
Syst. pl. 139. f. 1.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
5. Scurus TUMIDUS, Quoy et Gaimard.
Parmophorus tumidus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 69. f. 6.
—Parm. gibbosus, Anton.—? Parm. breviculus, Blainv. Bull. des Sci.
1817; Sowerby’s Gen. (Emarg.) fig. 2.
Hab. Madagascar. Mus. Cuming.
6. Scurus impricaTus, Quoy et Gaimard.
Parmophorus imbricatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 69.
f. 17, 18.
Hab. Island of Burias. Mus. Cuming.
7. Scutrus aneustatus, A. Adams. SS. testd elongatd, subqua-
drangulari, lateribus angustatis, coarctatis ; dorso plano, con-
centrice striato, vertice subcentrali, postice declinato ; eatremi-
tate anticd sinuatd, posticd excurvatd, subelevatd.
Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
5. A MonoGRAPH OF THE GENUS MonoptyGMa oF LEA.
By Arruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
Genus Monoptyema, J. Lea. (? Menestho, Mill.)
Animal unknown.
Shell subulately turreted, transversely striated, apex simple, acute ;
aperture oval, longer than wide, rounded and entire in front ; colu-
mella with a single oblique fold.
This genus differs from ct@on in being elongated, and in having
an oblique fold, instead of a transverse plait on the columella.
1. Monoptryema striata, Gray. WM. testa turrito-subulatd, so-
lidd, olivaced, anfractibus planis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis
profundis, distantibus ; aperturd oblongd, intus albd.
This species, which is typical, is a very thick and strong shell, with
a somewhat convex lateral outline, and strongly transversely grooved
across the flattened whorls. Mus. Cuming.
2. Monoptryema Futva, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-subulatd,
graciliori, solidd, fulvd, anfractibus planis, transversim sulcatis,
sulcis profundis, distantibus ; aperturd oblongd, intus fused.
This elegantly-formed shell is more slender than M. striata, and
of a different colour; the transverse grooves are also much closer
together, and their edges are rounded; the twist of the columella is
not so distinct, and the aperture is brown internally. Mus. Cuming.
3. Monopryema GRANULATA, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-tur-
ritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus planiusculis, gradatis, longitudi-
223
naliter corrugato-plicatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis profundis,
valde distantibus ; interstitiis levibus ; apertura oblongd, colu-
melld plicd subproductd.
This is a rather short and obtuse white and solid species, very
strongly grooved transversely, and with the whorls longitudinally
corrugately plicated. Mus. Cuming.
4. Monopryema tauta, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-subulatd,
albidd, tenui, subpellucidd, anfractibus planiusculis, longitudi-
naliter eleganter striatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis distanti-
bus, interstitiis crenulatis ; aperturd oblongd, columelld obliqud
et curvatd.
A very beautifnlly-sculptured species, dredged from 10 fathoms,
at Bolinao, by Mr. Cuming ; the outline is subulated, and the whorls
rather flattened and longitudinally striated. Mus. Cuming.
5. Monopryema ama@na, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-acuminatd,
tenui, subpellucidd, albidd, longitudinaliter substriatd, anfrac-
tibus convexiusculis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis valdé distanti-
bus, interstitiis eleganter punctatis ; aperturd oblongd, antice
dilatatd, columelld rectd.
This is a most exquisite species, both in form and sculpture ; the
whorls are rounded and punctate-striate, and the shell is nearly pel-
lucid; it is from Bolinao, 10 fathoms water. Mus. Cuming.
6. Monoptyema casta, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-turritd, albd,
tenui, semipellucidd, anfractibus convexiusculis, transversim sul-
catis, sulcis subconfertis, interstitiis pulcherrimé striatis ; aper-
turd oblonga, antice productd, columelld obliqud, subtortuosd.
This pure white ovate form is from the China Seas, being collected
by the writer during the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang. The whorls
are grooved, with the interstices striated. Mus. Cuming.
7. Monopryema spectosa, A. Adams. WM. testd turritd, subu-
latd, albidd, tenut, semipellucidd, anfractibus octo, convexius-
culis, suturd profundd, cingillis transversis elevatis, interstitiis
concinné cancellatis, ornatd; aperturd oblongo-ovali, columelld
subrectd, superné plicd obliqud subobsoletd instructd.
Hab. Baclayon; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
An elegant semipellucid species, resembling an elongated Acton,
with the whorls encircled with elevated cingilli, and the interstices
cancellated.
8. Monortyema sprrata, A. Adams. WM. testd turritd, albd,
epidermide fusco tectd, anfractibus octo, planiusculis, gradatis,
suturd canaliculatd, plicis longitudinalibus, angustis, confertis,
et sulcis transversis decussatim ornatd ; apertura oblongd, labio
plicd unicd obliqud instructo.
Hab. Camaguin; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
A small turreted species, covered, in the living state, with a light
brown epidermis, and with the surface regularly and beautifully de-
cussated with raised lines.
224
9. MonorpryGMA TENELLA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-turritd,
albd, subpellucidd, anfractibus quatuor, convexiusculis, trans-
versim tenuiter striatd; aperturd ovali, labio subreflexo, plicd
obsoletd instructo; labro dilatato, margine flecuoso incrassato
et subreflexo.
Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.
A small Rissoa-like shell, with only a faint indication of a plait on
the columellar lip ; the aperture dilated, and the outer lip expanded
and slightly thickened anteriorly.
10. MonopryGMa sty~ina, A. Adams. M. testd subulatd, in
medio incrassato, albd, subpellucidd, anfractibus 9-12, planius-
culis, transversim tenuiter sulcatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ;
aperturd oblongd, labio superne plicd obliqud instructo ; labro,
in medio, subrecto.
Hab. Catanuan; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
A remarkable white subulate shell, with the middle whorls, espe-
cially those near the apex, enlarged.
1l. Monorryema suturauis, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-
turritd, subumbilicatd, albd, nitidd, subdiaphand, anfractibus
septem planis, suturd canaliculatd, transversim suleatd, an-
fractu ultimo subsoluto, fasciis angustis, albo articulatis, or-
nato; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio plicd evanidd instructo.
Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.
A small white species, with the last whorl nearly free, and having
the suture deeply channeled.
6. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SHELLS, FROM THE CUMINGIAN COL-
LECTION; witH A NoTE ON THE GENUS NEMATURA.
By Arruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.
PyRAMIDELLA METULA, A. Adams. P. testd subulatd, turritd,
apice obtusiusculo, albidd anfractibus decem planulatis, longi-
tudinaliter costatd, costis confertis equantibus, interstitis
lineis transversis elevatis ornatd ; apertura ovali, labio incras-
sato, in medio plicd unicd instructo; labro margine subin-
crassato.
Hab. Mizamis, Cagayan. Mus. Cuming.
A small elongated species, somewhat resesembling a Rissoina, with
the intervals between the ribs finely cancellated, and the whorls very
numerous.
PyraMIpELLA Acuis, A. Adams. P. testd subulatd albd nitidé,
anfractibus octo planiusculis longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis
equalibus subconfertis, interstitiis levibus; aperturd semiovatd,
labio subincrassato plicd unicd munito ; labro subdilatato.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
This is a slender subulate species, likewise resembling in appear-
ance a Rissoina.
225
Lacuna CaRiniFrerRA, A. Adams. L. testd ovatd, spird acuminatd,
anfractibus quatuor, late umbilicatd, fulvd, anfractu ultimo
angulato, carind transversd elevatd, rufo-fusco articulatd, or-
nato; apertura semiovatd ; labro acuto, angulato, labio recto,
Jissuré umbilicali elongatd.
Hab. Borneo. Mus. Cuming.
The single prominent keel round the periphery of the last whorl
is the principal feature of this species. '
Veutina Sirkensis, A. Adams. VJ. testd nigro-fused, epider-
mide liris elevatis transversis confertis obtectd, longitudinali-
- ter valde sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus ; aperturd ovali, intus
sulcatd; labro margine reflexo, nigro, incrassato ; postice non-
producto supra anfractum ultimum.
Hab. Sitka. Mus. Cuming.
The dark brown colour and oval form distinguish this species from
V. levigata, which also has the outer lip arched and expanded poste-
riorly.
Orina rusca, A. Adams. 0. testd magnd, solidd, semiopacd,
Jused, sine epidermide, dorso convexd, longitudinaliter subpli-
catd, transversim tenuiter striatd, labio lato, plano, et exca-
vato ; labro recto, non refleco aut expanso.
Hab. Benguela. Mus. Cuming.
The large size of this species, and its convex form, distinguish it
from O. otis, and its absence of bands, and the outer lip not being ex-
panded, from O. zonata, Gould, the only two species at present known
to me.
7. Nore on Nematura, sy A. ApAms.
The genus Nematura, established by Mr. Benson, appears to have
the closest affinity with Bithynia of Leach, but the horny opercu-
lum, with grooved margins, and the contraction of the aperture, will
distinguish them. There appear to have been found at present but
six species, three of them known, and three here indicated for the
first time ; in the rivers and streams of the East are doubtless many
more; they are usually found adhering to the under surface of dead
floating leaves.
1. Nematura Dexra, Benson. WN. testd magnd, pallide fulvd,
globosd, levi; apertura orbiculari, peritremate simplici.
Mus. Cuming.
2. NematuraA MINIMA, Benson. WN. testd parvd, corned, semi-
pellucidd, ovali, spird subproductd ; politd, fasciis rufis sub-
obsoletis ornatd ; aperturd orbiculuri, peritremate simplici.
Mus. Cuming.
No. CCXXXIII.—Procerpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
226
3. Nematura pouiTa, Sowerby. WN. testd magnd, castaneo-
fused, compressd, subvaricosd ; aperturd ovali, peritremate an-
tice striato ; regione umbilicali lird callosd cireumdato ; punc-
tato-striatd.
Mus. Cuming.
4. Nematura oxivacna, A. Adams. JN. festd ovatd, opacd,
olivaced, viridi-fusco reticulatd ; aperturd ovali, spird elevatd,
apice decollato, peritremate simplici.
Mus. Cuming.
5. NEMATURA GLABRATA, A. Adams. JN. festd magnd, ovatd,
non compressd aut varicosd, subviridi-corned ; spird acuta,
apice acuminato, levi, politd; aperturd orbiculari, angustatd,
peritremate nigro.
Hab. Penang. Mus. Cuming.
6. Nematrura puncticuutata, A. Adams. J. testd mediocri,
pallidé fulvd, compressd, anfractu ultimo gibboso, et subangu-
lato ad latera, lineolis punctatis transversis ornatd, peritre-
mate simplici.
Hab. Eastern Islands. Mus. Cuming.
8. A MonoGRAPH OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF RIMULA, A GENUS
or MoLuvuscA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FIsSURELLID&.
By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
The genus Rimula of Defrance has been usually confounded with
Puncturella of Lowe, or the Cemoria of Leach, but it is at once
distinguished by the absence of the arcuated plate in the interior of
the vertex. The species already known are fossil, to which we now
add a few recent examples.
Genus Rimuta, Defrance.
Shell conical, with an elevated, recurved, entire vertex, turned
towards the posterior end; surface cancellated, with radiating ribs ;
a linear perforation in the upper part of the shell, half-way between
the vertex and anterior margin; margin of aperture crenulated ; in-
terior simple, with no shelly plate; muscular impression crescentic,
interrupted in front.
1. Rrmuta exaurisita, A. Adams. R. testd magnd, ovali, semi-
pellucidd, albd, costis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, lineisque
elevatis, transversis, concentricis, cancellatd ; cancelli subqua-
drati; costis crenulatis, inequalibus, prominentibus, anterio-
ribus duabus divergentibus, interstitits costellis duabus in-
structis ; supra perforationem concavd ; perforatione elongatd
subquadratd.
Had. Catanuan, island of Luzon and island of Burias, found on
dead shells, 7 and 10 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
227
2. Rimuta Cuminen, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, ovatd, opacd,
costellis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, lineisque transversis, cras-
sis, concentricis, cancellatd ; cancelli transversi, elongati ; costis
nodulosis, subequalibus, prominentibus, distantibus, anteriori-
bus duabus antice divergentibus, interstitiis costellis duabus in-
structis, perforatione elongatd, subquadratd.
Hab. Kastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
3. RiMULA CARINATA, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, ovali, costel-
lis simplicibus, permultis, confertis, longitudinalibus, radianti-
bus, ornatd ; interstitiis cancellatis ; cancelli punctiformes ; cos-
tellis duabus anterioribus, antice convergentibus, et apud aper-
ture marginem junctis ; interstitiis, supra perforationem, con-
vexis, supra verticem extendentibus, quasi carind ; perforatione
ovali, angustd, antice angustatd.
Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, on dead
shells, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.
4, Rimuxa proprnqua, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, elongato-
ovali ; costellis prominentibus, asperis, longitudinalibus, ra-
diantibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis valde cancellatis ; can-
celli transversi, subquadrati; costellis duabus anterioribus,
antice convergentibus, ad aperture marginem junctis ; perfo-
ratione angustato-ovali, antice acuminata.
Hab. Catapan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
9. A MonoGrapu or PUNCTURELLA, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS
MOoLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FIsSURELLID2.
By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.
Genus Puncrure.ua, Lowe.
Head proboscidiform, tentacles subulate, with the eyes on swell-
ings at their outer base; sides with a range of cirrhi, interrupted be-
hind on each side; mantle-margin simple; branchial plumes two ;
anal siphon prominent, forming a truncated membranous canal pro-
jecting from the subapical perforation.
Shell conical, with an elevated, slightly recurved, obliquely spiral
entire vertex, turned towards the posterior end; aperture expanded,
oval; surface with radiating ribs; margin entire; a linear perfora-
tion in the upper part of the shell, between the vertex and front
margin, in the line of an elevated rib. Interior with a linear groove,
vaulted over with a shelly plate corresponding to the perforation ;
muscular impression crescentic, interrupted in front.
Cemoria, Leach, MSS.—Sipho, Brown.—Rimula, Lovén ; Gould ;
Couthouy.—? Diadora, Gray.
1. Puncturetia Noacuina, Linneus.
Patella noachina, Linn. Mantissa, p. 551; Chemn. Conch. Cab.
vol. xi. p. 186. pl. 197. f. 1927, 1928.—Patella fissurella, Miiller.—
228
Fissurella Noachina, Schum.—Puncturella Noachina, Lowe.—Ce-
moria Flemingti, Leach, MSS.—Cemoria Noachina, Lowe.—Rimula
Flemingii, Macgill.—Rimula Noachina, Couthouy.—Sipho Noachina,
Brown.
Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.
2. PUNCTURELLA CUCULLATA, Gould.
Rimula cucullata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14.
Hab. Puget Sound.
3. PUNCTURELLA GALEATA, Gould.
Rimula galeata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14.
Hab. Puget Sound. Mus. Cuming.
4. PUNCTURELLA COGNATA, Gould.
Rimula cognata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14.
Hab. Orange Harbour.
5. Puncrurexua conica, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mer.
6. Puncrure.ua FAsTIGIATA, A. Adams. P. testd albidd ele-
vato-conicd, nitidd, vertice acuminato involuto, costellis longitu-
dinalibus equalibus equidistantibus, interstitiis planis lineis
incrementi concentricis ; fissurd lanceolatd; apertura ovali,
margine crenulato, fornice costd, costd valde arcuatd, transver-
sali, simplict.
Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.
7. PUNCTURELLA PRINCEPS, Mighels and Adams.
Cemoria princeps, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.
vol. iv. p. 43.
10. ON SOME GENERA OF SHELLS, ESTABLISHED IN 1807 By THE
LATE H. F. Link. -By Dr. Herrmannsen, or Kiet.
In several programs, hitherto not at all taken notice of by any
Conchologist, the renowned Botanist Link of Berlin, then Professor
of Natural History, Chemistry and Botany at Rostock, in the
course of the years 1806 to 1808, has published an account of the
Collections of the Rostock University. These little treatises seem to
be very rare, nor do I remember ever to have found them mentioned,
before my ‘Index Generum Malacozoorum’ recorded them. Yet
they may claim priority in many instances, which I hope will be re-
deemed by simply noticmg their contents. The German titles of
these octavo pamphlets are as follows :—
Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Ros-
fe von Dr. H. F. Link. Rostock. Gedruckt bei Adlers
rben.
229
Erste Abtheilung; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 1806 (p. 1-48).
Zweite Abth.; zum Osterfest, d. 29 Marz 1807 (p. 49-98).
Dritte Abth.; zum Pfingstfest, d. 17 Mai 1807 (p. 99-165).
Vierte Abth.; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 1807 (p. 1-30).
Fiinfte Abth.; zum Osterfest, d. 7 April 1808 (p. 1-38).
Sechste Abth.; zum Pfingstfest, d. 5 Juni 1808 (p. 1-38).
Passing over those genera which are either superfluous because
formerly rightly published under other names, or unhappily con-
trived, I will hint at those that may deserve to be attended to.
Mouuusca. GastTEROPODA. SIPHONOBRANCHEA.
Lamaipivum, Link, 1807, J. ¢. iii. p. 112.
Spire little prominent ; aperture longitudinal, narrow ; inner lip
callous, with raised points; outer lip marginated ; base truncated ;
shell destitute of varices or spines.
Lambidium oniscus (Strombus), Linn.
This genus having been indicated in 1798, by Dr. Bolten, as Mo-
rum, but without definition, the botanical signification of that name
may have induced Link to select another, which, being correctly
founded, must be preferred to Oniscia of Mr. Sowerby ; or at least,
if we should dissect the genus with Dr. Gray, into Onzscia, Sconsia,
and Morum, to the last.
Puativum, Link, 1807, l. ¢. ii. p. 112.
Spire shorter than the last whorl; aperture longitudinal, wide ;
inner lip callous and smooth, or extended into a folded or granulated
lamina; outer lip marginated; shell often varicose; base strongly
recurved, notched ; inner columella not folded.
A. Lamina of the inner lip folded: Phaliwm glaucum (Buccinum),
Linn. &c.—B. Lamina of the inner lip granulated : Phalium erinaceum
(Bucc.), Linn. &e.
This is Bezoardica, Schum., or Cassidea, Swains.
Cassipga, Link, 1807, /. ¢. iii. p. 111.
Spire little prominent ; aperture longitudinal, narrow; outer lip
marginated, like the inner one, with many folds ; shell spineless, often
varicose ; base strongly reflected, notched ; inner columella folded.
Cassidea rufa, tuberosa, cornuta, testiculus, flammea, pennata,
This has been proposed by Mr. Stutchbury as Cyprecassis, but
must at all events retain the name of Cassis, Browne, 1756.
GateopgEA, Link, 1807, /. c. i. p. 113.
Spire much shorter than the last tumid whorl ; inner lip extended
in shape of a smooth lamina; outer one slightly marginated ; base
rather elongated, reflected, not emarginate.
Galeodea echinophora (Bucc.), Linn.
Synonyms are Morio, Montf., and Cassidaria, Lamck., both of a
more recent date.
230
Tuas, Link, 1807, U. ¢. iii. p. 114.
[Thais of Bolten Mus. includes some Ricinule and Monoceros of
Lamarck, from which Link has depurated it. |
Spire shorter than the last, ventricose whorl; aperture semicircular;
inner lip plane, obliquely cut off, callous, smooth ; outer lip scarcely
marginated ; shell without varices ; base short.
Thais Persica (Bucc.), Linn.—patula, Linn. sp.—hemastoma
(Chemn. fig. 964, 965).—fucus, Gmel. sp.—minuta, Link.
This genus, which is synonymous with Microtoma, Swainson, i
should think advisable to be retained at least as a section of the
hitherto confused genus Purpura.
Mancrne ta, Link, 1807, J. ¢. ii. p. 115.
Spire much shorter than the last whorl; aperture longitudinal,
rounded ; inner lip smooth and callous, outer one little or not at all
marginated ; shell without varices, but provided with spines and im-
bricate scales; base short, or scarcely elongated, twisted outwards,
slightly notched.
Mancinella aculeata (Chemn. 967, 968).—hAystriz, Linn. sp.—
eastanea, Link (Chemn. 956-958).—armigera, Chemn. sp.—muta-
bilis, Chemn. 951—953.—Bezoar, Chemn. 754, 755.
This genus, combining some Purpure with some Pyrule of La-
marck, comes near to Rapana a, Schum., and perhaps may be adopted.
Vouema, Link, 1807, l. c. iii. p. 115. (Volema, Bolt. emend.)
Spire much shorter than the last whorl, often distorted ; aperture
oblong, rounded ; inner lip smooth and callous, outer lip simple ; shell
without varices ; if grown old, with spines or imbricated scales ; base
elongated, rather turned aside.
The species are to be found in my ‘ Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’ vol. ii.
. 699.
“ This genus unites Busycum, Bolt. (=Fulgur, Montf.) with Cassi-
dulus, Humphr., Gray.
Xancus, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (edit. 1819, p. 94) ; Link, 1807, J. c.
il. p. 116.
Spire shorter than the last whorl; aperture above rounded, wide,
below narrow; inner lip callous, with three folds ; outer lip simple ;
shell heavy, without varices or spines ; base elongated.
Xancus pyrum, Linn. sp.,and maculatus, Link (Chemn. f. 917,918).
This genus, by Humphrey called Rapwm, by Fabricius Pyrum, by
Dr. Gray Turbinellus, and by M. Deshayes Scolymus, is here cha-
racterized for the first time, and sufficiently.
Cymatium, Link, 1807, /. c. ili. p. 119.
Spire rather long ; aperture above rounded ; inner lip callous, with
three folds; outer one marginated ; a great number of crowded and
ridged varices run down the shell, to which they are firmly grown ;
base little elongated.
Cymatium polygonum, &e.
This is quite identical with Latirus, Montf., or Polygona, Schum.
Y)
231
Vasum, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 119. (Vasum, Bolt. emend.)
Spire rather long; aperture longitudinal ; inner lip callous, with
alternately larger folds; outer lip simple; shell without distinct va-
rices ; base elongated.
Vasum Ceramicum, Linn. sp., &e.
This is Cynodonta, Schum., Scolymus, Sw.
Tunica, Link, 1807, 7. c. ii. p. 120. (Tudicla, Bolt. emend.)
Spire very short, depressed ; aperture above semicircular ; inner
lip callous, with a single fold ; outer one simple ; no varices or spines ;
canal straight, thin.
Tudicla “spirillus, Linn. sp.
Subsequently established as Haustellum a,Schum. \ Pyretla Swains.,
Spirillus, Schlut., Spirilla, Sow. jun.
Tritonium, Link, 1807, /. c. i. p. 121.
Spire rather long ; aperture above rounded ; inner lip callous, ge-
nerally with small folds ; ; outer lip marginated ; ; Shell with varices
that are commonly discontinuous ; base rather elongated.
With respect to this genus I may refer to my ‘ Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’
vol. il. p. 609.
Distrortrix, Link, 1807, /. ce. ii. p. 122.
Spire rather long; whorls distorted; inner lip callous, folded ;
outer lip marginated ; varices indistinct ; base short-tailed.
Distortriz anus, Linn. sp., and reticulata (Chemn. f. 405, 406).
This name then is to be substituted in the place of Persona, Montf.
Gyrinevum, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 123.
Spire nearly equal to the last whorl; aperture rounded ; inner
lip callous, often slightly folded or granulated ; outer lip marginated ;
shell compressed, with two opposite varices; base short or a little
elongated.
Gyrineum echinatum (Chemn. f. 1274, 1275), rana (f. 1269, 1270),
bufonium (£.1240, 1241), natator (f.1229, 1230), verrucoswm (f. 1233,
1234), caudatum (f. 1045-1047), scrobiculator, = Ranella, Lamck.
Canrena, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 126.
Spire short ; aperture longitudinal ; inner lip folded; outer lip in-
teriorly strongly dentated ; shell crowded with spines, but without
distinct varices ; base short.
Canrena neritoidea (Mart. f. 972, 973, 976-979) = Ricinula,
Lamcek. &e.
ADELOBRANCHEA.
AstRALIvuM, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 135.
Spire depressed ; aperture broad, rounded, bending downwards.
Astralium deplanatum (Chemn. f. 1718-1720).— Astralium cal-
car, Gm., sp.
This genus will no doubt be acknowledged, being congruous with
Calcar, Montf., Phil. It had been indicated before by G. Humphrey,
232
under the name of Sol, and by Bolten as Astrea. But I think it
should be extended farther, so as to receive Imperator and Her-
coles, Montf., Stellaria, Schmidt, Cyclocantha, Canthorbis, subg.,
and Tubicanthus, Swains., Bolma, Risso, Cookia, Less., and Astra-
lium, Phil.
Umpontivum, Link, 1807, /. ¢. iii. p. 136.
Spire much depressed ; aperture directed downwards, or to the
side, simple ; base showing a convex callus in the place of the um-
bilicus.
Umbonium vestiarium, Linn. sp., and excisum (Chemn. f. 1602).
That Link’s name is to be adopted instead of Globulus, Schum.,
or Rotella, Lamck., can hardly be controverted ; although his second
species belongs to another tribe.
Pyrura, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (ed. 1819, p. 74); Link, 1807, /. e. iti.
p- 139.
Whorls, each of them composed of two pieces ; aperture longitu-
dinal, toothed on both sides.
Pythia scarabea, Linn. sp.
This name is preferable to that of Fischer, Polydonta, which,
although contemporary, is badly made, and wants correction.
ACEPHALA.
Sunerra, Link, 1807, /. ¢. iii. p. 148.
Equivalve, in front rather obtuse, closed ; hinge with two cardinal
teeth, lateral ones indistinct ; anterior slope shorter than the furrow-
shaped posterior slope; ligament external.
Sunetta scripta (Chemn. f. 261-265) = Cuneus, Muhlf. 1811 =
Meroé, Schum. 1817.
Tivexa, Link, 1807, l. c. iii. p. 152.
Equivalve, longitudinal, without epiderm, closed; hinge with two
cardinal and one elongated lateral tooth ; anterior and posterior slopes
equally elongated ; ligament external.
Tivela vulgaris (Chemn. f. 362).—T. tripla (Venus), Linn.= Tri-
gona, Muhlf. 1811.
Muscuxium, Link, 1807, /.c. iii. p. 152.
Equivalve, closed ; hinge with two small cardial teeth, no lateral
ones ; anterior and posterior slope nearly equal.
Musculium lacustre (Tellina), Linn.
The genus established here, fourteen years afterwards was pub-
lished as Pisidium.
Tentracutata. See ‘Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’ ii. 541.
Verpa, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (ed. 1819, p. 49) ; Link, 1807, Z. ¢. iii.
p. 159.
Shell tubular, partly straight, partly winding, at one extremity
open, at the other closed by a convex perforated blade.
Verpa penis (Serpula), Linn.
233
The oldest denomination of this genus that can be admitted ; Peni-
cillus (Da Costa, p.p.), Brug., being a term since the times of Ron-
delet consecrated to the Annulate class : all the other names, Aquaria, *
Arytena, Clepsydra, Aspergillum, are of younger date, and will give
way to Verpa, Bolt., defined by Link.
The following descriptions of new Natice were communicated by
Dr. Philippi :—
11. Descripriones NATICARUM QUARUNDAM NOVARUM EX
COLLECTIONE CUMINGIANA, AUCTORE R. A. PuHiLippt.
1. Narica caTENATA, Phil. WN. testd subglobosd, tenui, lividd,
zonis quatuor albis, maculas fuscas semilunatas exhibentibus
pictd; anfractibus rotundatis; spird breviusculd, nigricante ;
sulcis radiantibus profundis superiorem anfractuum partem oc-
cupantibus ; aperturd semiorbiculari, intus purpured ; umbilico
amplo, margine acuto cincto; callo spirali satis valido medium
umbilict occupante.
Alt. 83, diam. 82 lin.
Hab. 2
Differt a N. teniatd, Menke, anfractibus superius non horizon-
talibus sed declivibus, zonis longitudinaliter maculatis, callo labiali et
callo umbilicali longe latioribus, ete. ; a N. depressd forma globosa,
umbilico amplo, callo umbilicari mediano, ete.; a V. maroccand forma
globosa, umbilico longe ampliore, callo ejus mediano, etc.
2. Natica Ince1, Phil. WN. testd depressd, suborbiculari, solidd,
striatuld, nitidd, luteo-albidd ; anfractibus superius planatis ;
spird late conicd, acutd; aperturd semiorbiculari, valde obliqud;
angulo basali columelle incrassato; suturd duplicatd; callo
maximo albo umbilicum magnum omnind implente.
Alt. ab apice ad basin aperture 94, a dorso ad ventrem 6 lin. ;
diam. 12 lin.
Hab. ad insulam Raines, in freto Torres, ubi legit Capt. Ince, R.N.
Cave ne hane speciem cum N. Josephinid, Risso (NV. Olld, M. de
Serr.), confundas, cui simillima est, et a qua unice differt: ambitu
paullo magis orbiculari; anfractibus minus rapide crescentibus ; an-
gulo umbilicum cingente paullo magis distincto ; columella basi valde
merassata ; callo umbilicari albo ; colore fere albo in luteum vergente,
preesertim versus basin, denique suturaé duplici. Linea superior su-
turee a callo labiali, inferior a margine superiore anfractis formatur,
pariter ut in Bulliis d. Gray.—Operculum corneum.
3. NaticA INTEMERATA, Phil. WN. testd globoso-ovatd, solidé,
striatuld, nitidd, lacted, ad suturam versus umbilicum et in parte
ultima anfractis ultimi flavd; anfractibus superius planiusculis ;
spird conicd, circa + altitudinis equante ; aperturd semiorbicu-
lari; columella rectd, incrassatd; umbilico magno, pervio, lacteo,
sulco profundo lato exarato ; funiculo semicylindrico ejus a callo
labialt distincto.
234
Alt. 183, diam. 174 lin.
Hab. in sinu Californie ; legit Rever. Steel.
Simillima videtur NV. porcellanee d’Orb., sed umbilico multo am-
pliore et colore flavescente differt ; a N. castd, Phil., testa solidiore
minus depressi, umbilico albo angustiore, funiculo umbilicali longe
magis elevato, etc. distinguitur; a NV. pede elephantis testa haud de-
pressd, funiculo umbilicali minus elevato satis superque discrepat.
4, NaTIcA CARIBHA, Phil. J. testd ovatd, sordideé albd, ad su-
turam zond lacted munitd; anfractibus superius viv convexis ;
spird brevi, acutd; aperturd semiorbiculari ; umbilico parvo ;
callo lato cum labio confluente illum maximd ex parte opplente.
Alt. 8, diam. 7 lin.
Hab. in mari Caribzeo ad insulam St. John.
Forma omnino accedit ad NV. mammillam vel N. lacteam et umbi-
lico pervio cum N. lacted conyenit. Differt tamen umbilico longe
angustiore, et callo ejus longe majore ; an nihilominus mera varietas ?
N. uberind, dOrb., testa longe angustiore magis differre videtur.—
Operculum tenue, corneum.
5. Natica vesTauis, Phil. WV. testd ovato-oblongd, acutd, lacted,
substriatd, nitidissimd; spird acutd, conicd, sextam vel septimam
totius altitudinis partem occupante ; apertura semiorbiculari ;
callo convexo, crassissimo, cum callo labiali confluente, et sulco
longitudinali ante marginem columellarem instructo, umbilicum-
Sere omnino claudente.
Long. 163, diam. 16 lin.
Hab. ad oram Mozambique dictam ; legit Rev. Steel.
Forte nihil nisi varietas N. mammille, a qua unice differt callo
umbilicali crassiore convexiore, sulco longitudinali ante medium mar-
ginis columellaris, parte libera umbilicum cingente.
Obs.—Queestio valde difficilis, utrum sub NV. mammilld, L. plures
species lateant, an merze varietates, vix examine singulorum specimi-
num in Museeis asservatorum decidi poterit, sed unice investigatione
numerosee gregis in ipso loco natali.
6. Natica? pomum, Phil. WN.? testd ovatd, inflatd, tenuiusculd,
striatd, glauco-fulvd, basi albd ; anfractibus convexis, superiori-
bus superné subangulatis; spird quartam altitudinis partem
equante, subcontabulatd; aperturd ovato-oblongd, propter an-
Sractum penultimum prominentem fere lunatd ; umbilico angus-
tissimo, perforato; labio parum calloso, basi supra umbilicum
reflexo.
Alt. 19, diam. 182 lin.
Hab. 2
Hee species a reliquis Naticis valde aliena et forte ad genus 4m-
phibolam, Schum. ( Ampullacera, Quoy et Gaimard) mandanda est,
etenim sinus latus satis profundus in parte supremé labri hujus teste
in nulla alia specie generis Naticee observatur.
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235
12. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FORM OF LAMPREY FROM AUSTRA-
LIA, WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY.
By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. erc.
(Pisces, Pl. IV. V.)
The Lamprey which I have now to present to the attention of the
Society differs in so remarkable a degree from any other known spe-
cies, that, premising that I propose for it the name of Geotria Austra-
lis (Pisces, Pl. V.), I think it best to connect with the description a
revision of the whole Family to which it belongs.
PETROMYZONID.
Nasal aperture closed, and the palate entirely covered with skin.
Lampredia, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 94, 1818.—Petromyzonide (Petro-
myzonini), Bonap. Syst. Ichth. 1838; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New
York,379.—(L'am.) Hyperoartia, Mill. Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1836,
77; Mag. Zool. & Bot. 1.406.—Petromyzide, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1842,
148, 150.
Miller (Abhandl. Akad. Berlin) divided the genera thus :—
1. Petromyzon, with visible teeth.
2. Ammoceetes, without visible teeth.
Synopsis of Genera.
A. Petromyzonina. Teeth distinct ; eyes visible.
1. Perromyzon. Upper inner teeth two, conical, close together ;
lower single, crescent-shaped ; labial teeth numerous, conical ; lin-
gual teeth two, pinnate (Pl. IV. f. 1).
2. Lamprerra. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-
shaped; labial teeth in two submarginal rows; inner lateral teeth
larger, two- or three-lobed, lingual teeth pectinate (Pl. IV. f. 2).
3. Georria. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-shaped ;
upper lobed ; labial teeth numerous, distant, acute, nermost largest ;
lingual teeth elongate, conical, arched (Pl. IV. f. 3).
4. Vexasia. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-shaped ;
upper two-lobed ; labial teeth numerous, crowded, truncate ; imner-
most largest ; lingual teeth elongate, arched.
5. Caracoxa. Upper internal teeth two, far apart, three-lobed ;
lower crescent-shaped, nine-lobed ; labial teeth transverse, band-like,
four tubercles ; lingual teeth flattened (Pl. IV. f. 5).
6. Morpvacra. Upper inner teeth two ; lateral three-lobed ; lower
nine, conical, in an arched series ; labial teeth conical, in a single sub-
marginal series ; lingual teeth elongate, conical, arched (PI. IV. f. 6).
Bs. Ammoceetina. Teeth none; eyes hidden.
7. AMMOCGTES.
236
A. Petromyzonina. Teeth distinct.
1. PETROMYZON. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 1.)
Upper inner teeth two, triangular, close together. Lower inner
tooth single, large, crescent-shaped, many-toothed. Labial teeth
conical, acute, numerous, in diverging, arched series ; the inner one
largest, and gradually becoming smaller near the edge. Tongue with
two compressed, pectinated teeth above, and a broad, lunate, dentated
tooth beneath, which is strongly bent up between the upper teeth in
the centre.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. fig. p. 603; De Kay, Zool. New York, t. 56, 216
(bad).—Petromyzon, sp., Linn. Syst. Nat.; Rafin. Anal. Nat.; Miil.
Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1834, 77 (1836).—Petromyzon, Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soe. 1851.
1. Perromyzon Marinus. The Lamprey.
Petromyzon marinus, Linn. Bloch, iii. pl. 77; Linn. (édit. de Gme-
lin) Faun. Suec. 292; Artedi, Ichth. gen. 64. syn. 90; Neue Schrift.
der Berl. Naturf. 7. 466; Schneid. Bloch, i. 530, 1801; Penn. Brit.
Zool. iii. 102. pl. 10, 1776-78; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. 251. pt. 2. pl. 133,
1804; Don. Brit. Fish. pl. 81, 1820-21; Flem. Brit. An. 163. sp. 1,
1827; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829; Mill. Mém. de I’ Acad. Berlin,
1834, 78. t.4.f.1,5,; Osteol. t. 9, 65, 67,68. f.9,; Yarr. Brit. Fish.
2 ed. il. 598, 1841.—Lamproie marbrée, Daub. Encycl. Mcth.; Bonn.
Planches d’Hist. Nat. de Enc. Méth.—Petromyzon maculosus, Ar-
tedi, Ichth. gen.64. syn. 90.—Petromyzon lamproie, Bloch, Hist. Nat.
Poiss. 31, 77. pt. 13.—Petromyzon maximus, Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118,
1817.—Petromyzon, Klein, Misc. Pisce. iii. f. 30. n. 3.— Mustela sive
Lampetra, Belon, Aquat. 76; Saly. Aquat. f. 62 6.—Lampetra major,
Schwenck. Theriotr. Siles. f.451; Charlet, Onom. f.153.n.3 ; Aldrov.
539. liv. 4. c. 13; Jonston, liv. 2. tit. 2. ¢. 3. pl. 24. f. 5.—Lamproie,
Coms. Hist. Nat. v. 284; Fermin, Surin. 85; Rond. 310. pt. 1. liv.13;
Valmont de Bomare, Dict. Hist. Nat.—Lampetra Rondeletii, Lam-
prey or Lamprey-Eel, Will. Ichth. 105. pl. 2. f. 2, 1685; Ray, Syn.
f. 35. n. 3.—Ioatzma unagi, Keempfer, Voy. au Japan, i. pl. 12. f. 2.
—Il mustilla, Forsk. Desc. Anim. f. 18.—Plota fluta, Authors.—
Lampetra, Lampreda kentmanni, lampreda, marina, mustela, Gesn.
(germ.) 180 4. et paralip. 22.—Le Pétromyzon Lamproie, Lacépéde,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1. 2, 3. pl. 1, 1798.—La Grande Lamproye, Cuv.
Rég. An. ii. 404, 1819.
Hab. European Seas.
2. Perromyzon Jur®. MacCuttocn’s Lamprey.
Petromyzon Jure, MacCull. West. Isles, ii. 186, 187. t. 29. f. 1;
Jen. B.V. A. 522.—Petromyzon fluviatilis, var., Flem. Brit. An. 162.
Hab. Coast of Scotland, east shore ; island of Jura.
Probably a variety of P. marinus: the drawing of the teeth shows
it has no relation to P. fluviatilis.
237
3. ?PETROMYZON AMERICANUS. AMERICAN SEA LAMPREY.
Petromyzon marinus, Schepff. Beobachtungen, &e. viii. 184 ;
Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i. 461.—Petromyzon americanus, Le-
sueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N.S.) i. 382; Hist. N. A. Fish. ined. plate ;
Storer, Rep. on the Fishes of Massachusetts; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of
New York, 379. pl. 66. f. 216. pt.1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America.
4. PeTRoMYZON NIGRICANS. BuiursH Sea LAMPREY.
Petromyzon nigricans, Lesueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. 8.) i. 385;
Storer, Rep. on the Fishes of Massachusetts; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of
New York, 381. pl. 79. f. 247 (teeth indistinct), pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America.
5. PETROMYZON ARGENTEUS. SILVERY LAMPREY.
Petromyzon argenteus, Kirtland, Boston Journ. iii. 342. pl. 4. f.3;
De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 382. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America, river Ohio.
2. LAMPETRA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 2.)
Upper inner tooth single, transverse, lunate, entire, with a conical
prominence at each end. Lower inner tooth single, transverse, lu-
nate, many-toothed, outer lobe largest. Labial teeth unequal, the
outer numerous, small, subequal, conical, in a single, submarginal
series, the inner larger, unequal ; of the upper part small, in series ;
of the sides in a single series, larger, with two or three conical tu-
-bercles. Tongue with two compressed, pectinated teeth above, and
a large, crescent-shaped, transverse tooth below, crenated on the edge,
and with a larger, conical projection in the centre.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. fig. p. 604; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York,
t. 79, 249 (bad).—Petromyzon, sp., Linn., Cuv., Mill.—Lampetra,
sp., Ray.—Lampetra, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.
* Dorsal fins separate.
1. LAMPETRA FLUVIATILIS. LAMPERN or River LAMPREY.
Petromyzon fluviatilis, Linn. Bloch, pt. 3. pl. 78. f. 1; Linn. (edit.
- de Gmel.); Mull. Prod. 37. n. 307; Aldrov. 587; Penn. Brit. Zool.
v. pt. 106. pl. 10, 1776-78; Schneid. Bloch, 530, 2, 1801; Shaw,
Gen. Zool. 257. pt. 2, 1804; Don. Brit. Fish. pl. 80, 1820-28 ; Flem.
Brit. An. 404, 1827; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829; Mém. de Acad.
Berlin, 78, 1834; Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 521. sp. 210,'1835; Yarr.
Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii. 598, 1841; Parnell; Rich. Faun. Bor. 294, 1836.
—Petromyzon fluviatilis, Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118, 1817.—Lamproie
prycka, Daub. Encycl. Méth.—New-oga natting, Faun. Suec. 106.
—Petromyzon, §c., Artedi, gen. 64. syn. 89. sp. 99.—La petite Lam-
proie, Bloch, 34. pt. 3. pl. 78. f. 1—La Lamproie branchiale, Bonn.
Planches de l’Encycl. Méth.—Petromyzon, Prick (negen-oog), Gro-
238
nov. Mus. i. 64. n. 114; Zooph. 38.—Mustela, Pliny, liv. 9. c. 17.
—Mustela fluviatilis, Belon, Aquat. 75.—Lampetra subcinerea, ma-
eulis carens, Salv. Aquat. 62.—Lampetra, alterum genus, Gesn.
Aquat. 597.—Lampreda, Icon. Anim. 326.—Lampetra, medium ge-
nus, Will. Ichth. 106. tab. g. 2, 3. f.1,2; Ray, Syn. Pisce. 25. n. 1.
—Lampetra fluviatilis, Aldrov. 587; Jonston, 104. pl. 28. f. 11;
Schone, 41 ; Charlet, 159. n.7; Marseli, Dan. Pann. iv. 2. t. 1, 1726.
—Lampetra fluviatilis, media, Schwenck. Theriotr. Siles. 532.—
Jaatz me unagi, Keempfer, Voy. dans le Japan, i. 156. pl. 12. f. 2.—
Minog, Razzynski, 134.—Lamproie, Fermin, Hist. Nat. de Surinam,
85.—Petromyzon, Kramer, Elenchus, 38. n. 1; Klein, Misc. Pisce.
ii. 29.n.1.t. 1. f. 3.—Le Petromyzon pricka, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat.
des Poiss. i. 18, 1798.
Hab. Europe.
2. LAMPETRA PLANERI. FRINGED-LIPPED LAMPERN.
Petromyzon planert, Linn. Bloch, vii. pl. 78. f. 3; Linn. (édit. de
Gmelin) ; Schneid. Bloch, 531, 532, 4, 1801; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v.
pt. 2. p. 259, 1804; Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 522. sp. 211, 1835; Miil.
Mém. de I’ Acad. Berlin, 78, 1834; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829;
Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii. 607, 1841.—Lamproiea planer, Boun.
Planches de lEncycl. Méth—Le Pétromyzon planer, Lacépéde,
Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i. 30. pl. 3, 1798.
Hab. Europe.
** Dorsal fin in contact with the second.
3. LAMPETRA SANGUISUGA. LrrcH LAMPERN.
Petromyzon Sanguisuga, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. ii. 99.
pl. 1; Supp. to Petromyzon; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 261, 1804.
—Petromyzon planeri, var., Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118.
Hab. Europe, Seine.
A very doubtful species ; Cuvier says it is the same as the former.
4, Lampretra LAMoTTEentt. AMERICAN LAMPERN.
Petromyzon Lamottenii, Lesueur, Hist. N. A.; De Kay, Nat. Hist.
of New York, 382. pl. 79. f. 249 (mouth), pt.1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America, New York.
3. GEOTRIA, n.g. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 3.)
Upper internal tooth large, transverse, crescent-like, divided into
four lobes ; the two inner lobes small, acute; outer truncated. The
lower internal’ tooth transverse, narrow, slightly sinuous. The labial
teeth numerous, far apart, conical, acute, in arched series, diverging
from the throat; the imnermost one larger, rest small; the inner-
most one of the lower part on each side small, elongate, transverse,
with two small, rudimentary tubercles. Tongue with two elongate,
conical, arched teeth, with a triangular plate on the lower side of the
base. Throat with a very large dilatable pouch. Dorsal fins two,
239
far apart. Mouth yery large, surrounded with rather large, trans-
verse, torn leaves.
This genus chiefly differs from Velasia in the rudimentary state
of the lower internal tooth, in the form of the labial teeth, in the
large size of the oral disk, and the extraordinary development of the
throat-pouch, which is found in a rudimentary state in the Petro-
myzon marinus. This development of the pouch is perhaps to adapt
the animal to the long drought of the Australian rivers.
1. Grorria AUSTRALIS. PovucHEpD Lamprey. (Pisces, Pl. V.)
Hab. South Australia. Fresh water.
4. VELASIA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 4.)
Upper internal teeth large, transverse, crescent-like, divided into
four flat, elongated lobes; the outer lobes largest. The lower inter-
nal teeth large, transverse, crescent-like, convex, denticulated on the
edge. The labial teeth very numerous, truncated, in crowded, arched
series, diverging from the throat; the inner ones large, and gra-
dually diminishing in size to the edge. Tongue with two very large,
long, curved teeth, with a triangular plate beneath at their base.
Dorsal fins two, far apart. Mouth moderate, edged with transverse
foliations.
1. VELASIA CHILENSIS. CuHILIAN LAMPERN.
Hab. Chili. In fresh water.
5. CARAGOLA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 5.)
Upper inner teeth two, large, separate, lateral, submarginal, each
with three acute tubercles. Lower inner teeth large, crescent-shaped,
nine-lobed; the central and two lateral lobes on each side larger.
The labial teeth in a subcircular, submarginal series, large, trans-
verse, band-like, with three or four tubercles. Tongue with two flat-
tened teeth, and a triangular, transverse plate below, with an acute
process between the teeth on the upper edge. Dorsal fins two, far
apart.
1. CARAGOLA LAPICIDA. CARAGOL.
Hab. West Coast of America.
6. MORDACIA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 6.)
Upper imer teeth two, separate, lateral, subtrigonal, each with
three tubercles. The lower nine conical, acute, in an arched series ;
the five central smaller. Labial teeth small, conical, in a single, cir-
cular, submarginal series, with a single, additional, odd tooth in the
centre above. Tongue with two conical, arched teeth. (Rich. Voy.
Erebus & Terror, t. 38.)
Petromyzon, sp., Rich. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 38, 1845.
240
1. Morpacta MoRDAX. AUSTRALIAN LAMPERN.
Petromyzon mordaz, Rich. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 38, 1845.—
Mordacia mordax, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.
Hab. Tasmania.
Species of Doubtful Situation in the Family.
1. PeETROMYZON APPENDIX. SmaAuut LAmprey.
Petromyzon appendix, De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 381. pl. 64.
f. 211. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America, Hudson River.
“A ring of irregular-shaped corneous processes within the oral
orifice, and a large isolated double tooth of the same texture on the
inferior portion of the mouth.”—De Kay.
2. PETROMYZON TRIDENTATUS. TRIDENTATE LAMPREY.
Petromyzon tridentatus, Gairdener, Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. 293,
1836; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 381. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America, Falls of the Walamet.
3. PETROMYZON ARGENTEUS. SiLveRY LAMPREY.
Petromyzon argenteus, Bloch, t. 415. f. 2; Schneid. Bloch, 532.
t. 102. f. 1, 1801; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 262, 1841.
Hab. Indian Seas.
4, PETROMYZON BICOLOR. Britiianr LAMPREY.
Petromyzon bicolor, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 263, 1804.—
Petromyzon niger, Lacépéde, iv. 667.
Hab. Europe, Seine.
5. PETROMYZON PLUMBEUS. LEADEN LAMPREY.
Petromyzon plumbeus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 263, 1804.
—Petromyzon Septeil, Lacéptde, iv. 667.
Hab. Europe, Seine.
B. Ammoceetina. Teeth none; eyes none.
7. AMMOCCTES.
Teeth none.
Ammocetes, Dum. Zool. Anal.; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118, 1817;
Mill. Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1834, 78 (1836).—? Lampreda, Rafin.
Anal. Nat. 94, 1815.
1. AMMOC@TES BRANCHIALIS. PripeE or SANDPIPER.
Ammoceetes branchialis, Dum.; Flem. Brit. An. 164. sp. 3, 1828;
Cuv. Reg. An. 406, 1829; Miill. Mém. de Acad. Berlin, 1834;
Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 522. sp. 212, 1835; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii.
241
609, 1841.—Petromyzon branchialis, Linn. (édit. de Gmelin) 1815 ;
Bloch, pt. 3. pl. 78? f.2; Linn. Faun. Suec. 292; Wulff. Ichth.
Borus. 15. n. 20; Mill. Prod. Zool. Dan. 37. n. 3076; Kramer,
Elench. 483; Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 107. pl. 10, 1776-78; Shaw,
Gen. Zool. 260, 1804.—Petromyzon corpore annuloso, §c., Artedi,
gen.42. syn.90.—Lamproie branchiale, Bonn. Planches de I’ Encyel. ;
Daub. Encycl. Méth.—Petromyzon, Gronov. Zooph. 38. n. 160;
Klein, Misc. Pisce. ii. 30.'n. 4.—Petromyzon cecus, Couch, Mag.
Nat. Hist. v. 23. f. 60.—Mustela fluviatilis, Gesner, Aquat. 589 ;
Icon. Anim. 286; Thierb. 159 6.—Lampetra minima, Aldrov. 539.
—Lampern, or Pride of the Isis, Will. Ichth. 104.—Pride, Plot,
Hist. of Oxford, 182. t. 10.—Lampetra ceca, Will. Ichth. tab. g. 3.
f.1; Ray, Syn. Pise. 35. n. 2,4; Couch, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist.
v. 23. f. 9,10.—Lampreta neunange, Jouston, t. 28. f. 10.—Lam-
proyon et Lamprillon, Rond. Hist. Poiss. ii. 202.—Querder, Schlam-
querder, Schwenckf. Theriotr. Siles. 423.—Der Kieferwurn, Miill.
1. ec. iti. 234.—Lampreyon, Valmont de Bomare, Dict. Hist. Nat.—
Le Petromyzon lampreyon, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i. 26.
pl. 2. f. 1, 1798.
Hab. Europe, rivers.
2. AMMOC@TES RUBER. Rep LAMPREY.
Ammocetes ruber, Cuv. Rég. An. 406, 1829; Mull. Mém. de
PAcad. Berl. 78, 1834.—Petromyzon ruber, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat.
des Poiss. ii. 99. pl. 1; Supp. to Petromyzon; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v.
pt. 2. p. 261, 1804.— Ammoceetes branchialis, var., Cuv. Reg. An.
u. 118, 1817.
Hab. Europe, Seine.
3. AmmoceteEs concotor. Muvp Eert or Buinp EEL.
Ammoceetes concolor, Kirtland, Boston Journ. iii. 473. pl. 27.
f. la, 6, 1841.
Hab. N. America, Mahoning and Scioto rivers.
4. AMMocarTEs BICOLOR. CoLouRED Mup LAMPREY.
Ammocetes bicolor, Lesueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. 8.) i. 386.—
Ammoceetes bicolor, Storer, Fishes of Massachusetts, 198; De Kay,
Nat. Hist. of New York, 383, 679. f. 248. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America, Connecticut river.
5. AMMoca@TEs uNICOLOR. Pxrain Mup Lamprey.
Ammoceetes unicolor, De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 383. pl. 79.
f. 250. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.
Hab. N. America, Lake Champlain.
No. CCXXXIV.—ProceEepInGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
‘
242
13. Descriptions or Forty-THREE New Srecies or CycLosto-
MACEA, FROM THE COLLECTION OF HuGH CuMmING, Esa.
By Dr. L. Preirrer.
1. CycLtostoma Himatayanvum, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, glo-
boso-turbinatd, soliduld, costis spiralibus obtusis, 10-12, lineisque
interjacentibus obsoletis sculptd, sub epidermide decidud, .... al-
bidd ; spird turbinatd, superné rufd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5,
convexiusculis, ultimo ventroso, circa umbilicum angustum, infun-
dibuliformem vix compresso; aperturd subverticali, circulari ;
peristomate simplice, continuo, breviter adnato, fusco-igneo, sub-
incrassato, breviter expanso, superne subangulato.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 48, min. 39, alt. 35 mill.
Hab. in Himalaya.
2. CycLosToMA EUCHILUM, Pfr. C. testé umbilicatd, turbinato-
subglobosd, soliduld, oblique confertim striatd, lineis impressis
distantioribus obsoleté clathratuld, albidd, violaceo-fusco et fulvo
variegatd, parum nitidd; spird turbinato-elevatd, apice acuti-
usculd ; anfractibus 54, convexis, ultimo rotundato, ad suturam
subdepresso, medio albo-fasciato, basi confertim et valide spirali-
ter sulcato; umbilico mediocri, infundibuliformi; aperturd vix
obliqud, subangulato-circulari, intus purpurascenti-carneo-micante ;
peristomate subcontinuo, albo, marginibus superne dilatatis, callo
subemarginato junctis, dextro et basali latissimis, fornicatim revo-
lutis, sinistro angustato, vir reflero.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 43, min. 32, alt. 28 mill.
Hab. Madagascar.
3. CycLostoma crassum, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-
globosd, crassd, striata et minute malleatd, rubello-fulvd, fasciis
et lineis interruptis castaneis ornatd; spird turbinatd, obtusius-
culd ; anfractibus 5, convezxis, ultimo superné turgido, infra medium
carind funiformi et fascid latiore nigricante circumdato, basi sub-
planulato, circa umbilicum angustum, infundibuliformem subcom-
presso; aperturd obliqud, subangulato-rotundd, intus rubelld ;
peristomate duplice: interno continuo, externo crasso, expanso,
ad anfractum penultimum breviter interrupto.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 27, min. 23, alt. 18 mill.
Hab. Liew Kiew, et var. minor in insula Ibyat (Bashee group).
4. CyCLOSTOMA EXPANSuUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-
subglobosd, solidiusculd, spiraliter confertim striatd, opacd, superneé
castaneo et albido variegatd; spird conoided, apice acutiusculd ;
anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo convexiore, dilatato, peripherid
subcarinato, basi fasciis angustis castaneis ornatd ; umbilico an-
gusto, pervio; aperturd subverticali, fere circulari; peristomate
subsimplice, continuo, breviter adnato, pallide aurantiaco, undique
equaliter angulatim plano-expanso, margine subrevoluto.— Oper-
culum?
Diam. maj. 30, min. 22, alt. 19 mill.
Hab. 4
243
5. CycLosroma unrcoxor, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, globoso-
conicd, solidd, longitudinaliter confertissime et regulariter striatd,
spiraliter confertim sulcatd, opacd, fulvido-stramined; spird conicd,
subtruncatd; anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, ultimo superne et medio
acute carinato: carind tertid, validissimd, circa umbilicum angus-
tum, infundibuliformem, intus profundé spiraliter sulcatum ; aper-
turd parum obliqud, angulato-circulari; peristomate simplice,
marginibus callo lunatim eaciso junctis, dextro expansiusculo,
sinistro medio dilatato, patente.—Operculum?
Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 16 mill.
B. Majus, striis longitudinalibus obsoletioribus, albidum.
Diam. maj. 28, min. 22, alt. 20 mill.
Hab. ‘4
6. CycLostomMa PonDEROSUM, Pfr. C. testd late. umbilicatd,
conoideo-depressd, crassd, ponderosa, subtiliter et oblique mal-
leato-rugulosd, olivaceo-fusculd ; spird breviter conoided, obtusd ;
anfractibus 5, parum convewis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo lato,
subdepresso, ad peripheriam obtuse funiculato-carinato ; apertura
obliqud, angulato-ovali, intus albd, nitidd ; peristomate crasso,
recto, subcontinuo, superne angulato-ditatato, margine columellari
perarcuato.—Operculum membranaceum, pellucidum, fusculum,
arctispirum.
Diam. maj. 36, min. 30, alt. 20 mill.
Hab. Guatemala.
7, Cyctostoma Dyson1, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, conoideo-
orbiculatd, solidd, pliculis confertis undulatis, subconfluentibus
sculptd, fusco-olivaced, pallidius strigatd et obsolet? fasciatd ;
spird conoided, obtusuld ; anfractibus 41, conveviusculis, celeriter
accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato; umbilico mediocri, conico; aper-
turd feré verticali, angulato-subcirculari, intus c@rulescente, ni-
tidd ; peristomate simplice, recto, superne angulato, breviter ad-
nato, margine dextro declivi, columellari subdilatato-patente.—
Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 27, min. 22, alt. 16 mill.
Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).
8. CycLostoma piscutus, Pfr. C. testdé umbilicatd, depressd,
discoided, solidiusculd, nitidd, alabastrind ; spird planissimd ; an-
fractibus vie 4, converiusculis, ad suturam impressam striatis,
ultimo teretiusculo, subdepresso, in umbilico lato distinctius striato,
antic? brevissim? soluto ; aperturd subverticali, circulari; peri-
stomate continuo, simplice, recto.— Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 5 mill.
Hab. \
9. CycLOsToMA DESCISCENS, Pfr. C. testd late umbilicatd, de-
presso-semiglobosd, superne confertim sulculatd, albidd; spird
convexd ; anfractibus 44, conveviusculis, ultimo terete, anticé
subito deflevo, basi levigato ; apertura fere horizontali, lunato-
244
rotundatd, intus albd ; peristomate incrassato, marginibus remotis,
callo junctis, basali reflexo, columellari subito arcuatim ascendente.
—Operculum?
Diam. maj. 10, mim. 83, alt. 53 mill.
Hab. Socotra.
10. CycLosroma MarGaRiITA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, globoso-
conicd, soliduld, levigatd, nitiduld, rubello-succined ; spird conicd,
apice acutiusculd, sanguined ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo
subrotundato ; aperturd parum obliqud, ovali ; peristomate inter-
rupto, simplice, recto, margine columellari perarcuato, subincras-
sato.—Operculum?
Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 6 mill.
Hab. in insula Rapa Oceani pacifici.
11. CycLtostoma (LEPToroMA) LATELIMBATUM, Pfr. C. testd
perforatd, globoso-conicd, tenui, minute spiraliter striatd et lineis
obtusis elevatis, subequidistantibus cinctd, diaphand, parum nitidd,
albd, maculis et fasciis pallide fulvis variegatd ; spird turbinatd,
acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, conveviusculis, ultimo rotundato, medio
lined acute elevatd subcarinato; umbilico angusto, viv pervio ;
aperturd obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate duplice, albo : interno
interrupto, breviter porrecto, marginibus callo tenui junctis, ex-
terno undique equaliter dilatato, angulatim patente, supra perfo-
rationem exciso.—-Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 17, min. 13, alt. 11 mill.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
12. CycLostoma (LEPTOPOMA) REGULARE, Pfr. C. testd an-
gustissime perforatd, conicd, globosd, tenui, lineis approximatis
superneé equalibus sculptd, interstitiis spiraliter confertim striatd,
diaphand, albidd, maculis fulvidis regulariter tessellatd; spird
turbinatd, apice acutd, pallide corned, anfractibus 5}, convexius-
culis, ultimo convexiore, infra liram periphericam inflato, obso-
letius lirato ; aperturd obliqud, lunato-circulari ; peristomate inter-
rupto, tenui, albo, breviter patente, margine columellari basi sub-
angulatim dilatato.. Operculum?
Diam. maj. 123, min. 10, alt. 10 mill.
13. CycLtostoma (LErropoma) sERIcATUM, Pfr. C. testd per-
Foratd, globoso-conicd, tenui, pellucidd, sericed, lineis obliquis,
subdistuntibus sculptd, superné lineis 4-5 elevatis, spiralibus
munitd, hyalino-albidd, liris corneis (vel undique violacescenti-
Ffulvd, basi pallidiore); spird turbinatd, acutd, apice nigricante ;
anfractibus 5, superis parum conveais, ultimo inflato, subcarinato,
infra carinam fascia unicd castaned ornato, basi liris spiralibus non-
nullis obsoletioribus sculpto ; umbilico angustissimo, non pervio ;
aperturd parum obliqud, subemarginato-circulari; peristomate
simplice, interrupto, tenui, horizontaliter patente, margine colu-
mellari medio sublingulatim dilatato.—Operculum?
Diam. maj. 12, min. vix 10, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. in insulé Borneo (Taylor).
245
14. CycLosroma PLEUROPHORUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd,
gioboso-turbinatd, tenui, longitudinaliter conferte striatd et costulis
filaribus, prominentioribus sculptd, diaphand, parum nitidd, albido-
Fulvescente ; spird turbinatd, apice acutiusculd, corned; suturd
costis denticulatd ; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo subterete, antice
breviter soluto ; umbilico mediocri, profundo, angulo cariniformi
cincto ; aperturd subverticali, ovato-subcirculari ; peristomate con-
tinuo, simplice, recto, margine columellari expansiusculo.—Oper-
culum duplex, lamind externd testaced, 5-spiratd, marginibus
anfractuum liberis, internd pland, cartilagined.
Diam: maj. 11, min. 92, alt. 92 mill.
Hab. Honduras.
15. CycLosTtoMa FASCICULARE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, acumi-
nato-ovatd, soliduld, confertissimé costulato-striatd, vix sericed,
griseo-corned ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; suturd costularum fasci-
culis crenatd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, basi
spiraliter sulcato ; aperturd vix obliqud, ovali; peristomate sim-
plice, recto, acuto.—Operculum terminale, testaceum, planum,
paucispirum, anfractibus oblique striatis.
Long. 12, diam. 8 mill.
Hab. 2
16. CycLtostroma GuATEMALENSE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ob-
longd, soliduld, subtruncatd, striatuld, olivaceo-fuscd ; spird con-
vexiusculo-turritd ; anfractibus 6, parum convezis, ultimo angus-
tiore, antice descendente, breviter soluto, basi, circa perforationem
apertam, compresso, nec carinato ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari;
peristomate libero, albo, duplice: interno continuo, vix porrecto,
externo dilatato, horizontaliter expanso, supra perforationem
eaciso.—Operculum ?
Long. 24, diam. 8 mill.
Hab. Vera Paz in Guatemala.
17. CycLosroMa CANESCENS, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, oblongo-
turritd, truncatuld, solidd, lineis longitudinalibus et spiralibus
elevatis regulariter clathratd, parum nitidd, griseo-albidd ; spird
elongatd ; suiurd tuberculis confertis, albis crenata ; anfractibus
superstomate 7, vie convexiusculis, ultimo basi attenuato, circa
perforationem obsoletam distinctius spiraliter sulcato; aperturd
verticali, angulato-ovali, intus fusco-carned ; peristomate duplice:
interno viv porrecto, externo undique breviter expanso, superné
angulato, anfractui penultimo breviter adnato.— Operculum ?
Long. 20, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. 2
18. CycLostoma vioLaceum, Pfr. C. testd subobtect? perforatd,
ovato-turritd, truncatd, soliduld, lineis elevatis spiralibus et con-
Fertioribus longitudinalibus oblongo-granulatd, haud scabrd, non
nitente, saturate violaced; spird turritd, truncatd; anfractibus
superstomate 43, convexis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd subverticali,
246
ovali; peristomate simplice, albo, continuo, margine dextro sub-
incrassato, anguste angulatim patente, columellart in laminam
sinuosam, perforationem occultantem, nec claudentem, dilatato.—
Operculum immersum, testaceum, planum, cinereum, paucispirum.
Long. 20, diam. 11 mill.
Hab. 2
19. CycLostoma SHUTTLEWORTHI, Pfr. C. testd claus umbili-
catd, oblongd, truncata, spiraliter confertim plicatd, lineis longi-
tudinalibus obsolete decussatd, sericed, pallidissime fulvidd, fasciis
valde interruptis castaneis ornatd; spird oblongd; anfractibus
superstomate 3, conveaiusculis, ultimo basi rotundato; aperturd
verticali, angulato-ovali; peristomate duplice: interno brevi, ex-
pansiusculo, eaterno late patente, concentrice striato, radiatim
plicato et castaneo-radiato, ad columellam exciso, lamind alba
fornicatd umbilicum prorsus claudente-—Operculum terminale,
cartilagineum, paucispirum, nucleo basali.
Long. 22, diam. 11} mill.
Had. in insula Cuba.
20. CycLosToMA RADULA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-oblonga,
truncatd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus et costis acutis longitudi-
nalibus subtiliter asperato-decussatd, pallidé corned, fasciis an-
gustis, rufis, interruptis ornatd, non nitente ; spird sursum atte-
nuatd, late truncatd ; suturd profundd, subsimplice ; anfractibus
superstomate 4, convexis, ultimo angustiore, rotundato ; aperturd
verticali, circulari; peristomate duplice: interno continuo, vie
porrecto, eterno dilatato, horizontaliter patente, concentrice
striato, ad anfractum penullimum subexciso, margine sinistro fim-
briato-inciso.—Operculum planum, e duabus laminis compositum,
externd subtestaced, anfractibus 3}, nucleo subcentrali.
Long. 14, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. Almendares prope Havana.
21. CycLostoma ovaTuM, Pfr. C. testd obtecte perforatd, oblongo-
ovatd, truncatd, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim plicatuld, sericed,
fusco-corned, vel pallidissimé corned, maculis rufis seriatim dispo-
sitis ornatd ; spird ovato-conicd, truncatd ; suturd levi, irregula-
riter tuberculato-crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 5, convexius-
culis, ultimo paulo angustiore, basi obsolete spiraliter sulcato ;
aperturd verticali, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate fusculo, duplice :
interno breviter porrecto, externo undique dilatato, campanulato-
eapanso, radiato-costato, superne angulatim reflexo, anfractui
penultimo longe adnato, perforationem claudente, margine sinistro
subauriculato, libero —Operculum ?
Long. 173, diam. 8 mill.
Had. in insula Cuba.
22. CycLtostoma GrateLour!, Pfr. C. testd perforata, oblonga,
pupiformi, truncatd, tenuiusculd, spiraliter confertim sulcatd et
costis longitudinalibus, confertis, non interruptis sculpta, diaphand,
247
parum nitidd, corneo-albidd, fasciis strigatim interruptis castaneis
ornatd ; spird sursum parum attenuatd, late truncatd; suturd
levi, crenata: crenis superne minutis, confertis, in anfractibus
ultimis fasciculatim dilatatis, obtusis ; anfractibus superstomate 4,
vie convexiusculis, ultimo antice breviter soluto, basi rotundato ;
aperturd verticali, ovali; peristomate duplice: interno breviter
expanso, adnato, externo campanulato-patente, rufo radiato, superne
cucullatim elevato, tum emarginato et anfractui penultimo adnato.—
Operculum testaceum, planum, anfractibus 3, marginibus lamelloso-
liberis.
Long. 16, diam. 7 mill.
2B. T. minor, crenulis suture confertis, acutis.
Hab. Yucatan, var. 3. in India occidental.
23. CycLostoma HistTrRi0, Pfr. C. testd profundé rimatd, ovato-
conicd, solidiusculd, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, parum ni-
tidd, albidd, strigis latis obliquis, angulosis, fuscis pictd; spird
elato-conicd, vix truncatuld; suturd superné minute denticulatd,
anfractuum inferiorum subsimplice ; anfractibus 43, conveais, ul-
timo rotundato, basi ultra axin subproducto ; aperturd subobliqud,
subcirculari, intus nitidd, fulvidd, nebuiosd ; peristomate lateritio,
duplice: interno continuo, late expanso, appresso, externo latiore,
horizontaliter patente, superné sinuato-angulato, ad anfractum
penultimum breviter interrupto.—Operculum ?
Long. 20, diam. 11 mill.
Hab. in insula Jamaica.
24. CycLosTroMA INTEGRUM, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turritd,
tenuiusculd, integrd, lineis obsoleté elevatis spiralibus et costulis
confertis longitudinalibus (tertid vel quartd qudvis validiore) sub-
decussatd, fulvidd, fasciis interruptis rufis cingulatd ; spird regu-
lariter turritd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd subconferte denticulatd ;
anfractibus 7, convexis, 2 primis levigatis, ultimo rotundato,
antrorsum breviter soluto, vix descendente, basi rotundato, fasciis
2-3 continuis rufis ornato; aperturd vix obliqud, ovali; peri-
stomate subduplicaio: interno continuo, adnato, externo patente,
superne subangulato-dilatato, tum emarginato, latere columellari
undulato.—Operculum cartilagineum, planum, paucispirum.
Long. 12, diam. 5 mill.
Hab. in India occidentali.
25. CycLtostoma HARPA, Pfr. C. testd breviter rimatd, oblongo-
turritd, tenuiusculd, plicis longitudinalibus chordiformibus sub-
distantibus munitd, cinnamomeo-carned, haud nitente, lineis rufis
strigatim interruptis ornatd; spird turritd, integrd, sursum nigro-
violaced, apice obtusd ; suturd profundd, plicis prominentibus sub-
crenatd ; anfractibus 6, convevis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd ver-
ticali, ovali-subcirculari ; peristomate rubello, duplice: interno
expansiusculo, appresso, externo undique viz dilatato-patente,
anfractui penultimo breviter adnato.—Operculum ?
Long. 12, diam. 6 mill.
Hab. Almendares prope Havana.
248
26. CycLosroma PINGUE, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatdé, oblongo-
turritd, truncatd, solidd, liris spiralibus obtusis undulatd, striis
longitudinalibus confertissimis sculptd, oleoso-micante, cinnamo-
meo-fuscd ; suturd profundd, simplice ; anfractibus superstomate
4, convewis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd
subverticali, fere circulari; peristomate albo, duplice: interno
expansiusculo, adnato, eaterno continuo, horizontaliter expanso,
anfraciui penultimo brevissimé adnato, superne angulato.—Oper-
culum ?
Long. 123, diam. 6 mill.
Hab. 2
27. CycLosroma PALLipuM, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-
turritd, truncatd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus et confertissimis
longitudinalibus (hic illic irregularibus, subconfluentibus) minute
decussatd, pallideé corned, lineolis rufis interruptis obsolete pictd ;
suturd profundd, subsimplice ; anfractibus superstomate 4, con-
vexis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd verticali, ovali-circulari ; peri-
stomate duplice, interno albo, porrecto, expansiusculo, externo
dilatato, horizontaliter patente, concentrice siriato, anfractui pen-
ultimo breviter adnato, margine sinistro angustiore.—Operculum
terminale, testaceum, anfractibus 33, oblique striatis, marginibus
subliberis.
Long. 174, diam. 8} mill.
Hab. Almendares prope Havana.
28. CycLosroma CumAneEnss, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turrito-
oblongd, truncatd, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, sericed,
pellucida, corneo-lutescente, maculis castaneis fasciatim dispositis
ornatd ; suturd plicis excurrentibus confertim subcrenatd ; an-
Fractibus superstomate 5, subconvevis, ultimo basi rotundato, antice
breviter soluto, dorso carinato ; aperturd subverticali, ovali, superné
subangulatd ; peristomate libero, simplice, undique vir expanso.—
Operculum cartilagineum, planum, paucispirum.
Long. 15, diam. 7} mill.
29. CycLosroMa TURRITUM, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, turritd,
truncatuld, lineis elevatis spiralibus et longitudinalibus regulariter
clathratd, albidd, lineolis rufis interruptis cinctd; suturd subpro-
Sunda, confertim denticulatd; anfractibus superstomate 6, conveai-
usculis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato; aperturd verti-
cali, ovali, intus fulvidd; peristomate subduplice: interno continuo,
expansiusculo, externo superne angulatim dilatato, margine deztro
vix patente, columellari et sinistro exciso.—Operculum?
Long. 16, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).
30. CycLosroma p1aPpHANuM, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, ob-
longo-turritd, truncatd, tenuiusculd, lineis elevatis spiralibus con-
fertis, costulisque illas transgredientibus filaribus confertioribus
decussatd, diaphand, unicolore albidd; spird elongata; suturd
irregulariter crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 44, convevis, sub-
249
aqualibus, ultimo anticé soluto, dorso carinato, basi rotundato,
distinctius spiraliter sulcato ; aperturd verticali, angulato-ovali ;
peristomate subsimplice, continuo, undique breviter eapanso.—
Operculum ?
Long. 12, diam. 5 mill.
Hab. 2
31. CycLostomMA LUGUBRE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turrito-
oblonga, solidd ; truncata, liris obtusis spiralibus, costulisque sub-
membranaceis illas transgredientibus sculptd, fusculd, violaceo-
Fusco late unifasciatd ; spird parum attenuata ; suturd confertim
et subacute fasciculato-crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 5, con-
vexiusculis, ultimo antice breviter soluto, subdescendente, dorso
compresso, basi distinctivs spiraliter lirato; aperturd verticali,
oblique ovali; peristomate subsimplice, continuo, margine sinistro
breviter, reliquis pauld latius expansis, subundulatis.— Operculum?
Long. 16, diam. feré 7 mill.
Had. in insula Jamaica.
32. CycLtosroma Kusrert, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-turritd,
truncatd, tenui, sulcis spiralibus et costulis longitudinalibus con-
Serlis regulariter granulato-reticulatd, vix nitente, diaphand, fusco-
corned, lineis obsoletis rufis interruptis pictd; spird conve.xo-
turritd, late truncatd; suturd profundd, simplice; anfractibus
superstomate 4, convexis, ultimo angustiore, rotundato ; aperturd
subverticali, subcirculari; peristomate duplice: interno breviter
expanso, adnato, externo campanulato-expanso, concentrice striato,
anticé concavo, rufo-radiato, superne angulato, ad anfractum pen-
ultimum angustato.— Operculum ?
Long. 14, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).
33. CycLostoMa TROCHLEA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, oblongo-
turritd, truncatd, costis filaribus spiralibus et longitudinalibus
subregulariter clathratd, haud nitente, pallid? fusculd, punctis
rufis subseriatis variegatd ; spird elongatd, trochleari, late trun-
catd ; suturd profundd, simplice ; anfractibus superstomate 5, per-
convexis ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari ; peristomate duplice :
interno vir porrecto, externo horizontaliter expanso, superneé in
rostrum recurvatum dilatato, ad anfractum penultimum breviter
iaterrupto, latere sinistro inciso-crenulato.—Operculum ?
Long. 14, diam. 6 mill.
Hab. 2
34. CycLOSTOMA ALTERNANS, Pfr. C. testd mediocriter umbili-
catd, conoideo-depressd, tenuiusculd, acute multiliratd, liris al-
ternis minoribus, haud nitente, subepidermide pallidé lutescente
fugace albd ; spird breviter conoideo-elevatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd
subcanaliculatd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato ;
aperturd parum obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate simplice, recto,
Ffusco-limbato, subcontinuo, marginibus ad anfractum penultimum
250
callo nitido junctis—Operculum membranaceum, planum, cereum,
arctispirum.
Diam. maj. 20, min. 16, alt. 10 mill.
Hab. Madagascar.
35. CycLosroma RusTIcuM, Pfr. C. testa late umbilicatd, de-
pressd, subdiscoided, solidd, spiraliter confertim liratd, non nitente,
sordide albidd, pallide fusculo irregulariter variegatd ; spird parum
elevatd, vertice submucronato ; anfractibus 44, convewiusculis, ag
suturam subdepressis, ultimo terete, antice descendente ; aperturd
diagonali, subcirculari, intus carned ; peristomate simplice, breviter
expanso, marginibus callo brevi junctis, supero repando.—Oper-
culum?
Long. maj. 174, min. 133, alt. 7 mill.
Hab. 2
36. CycLostoMaA PsILomMITUM, Pfr. C. testd mediocriter umbili-
catd, depresso-conoided, soliduld, virenti-luted, via nitiduld, lineis
spiralibus subtilissimis, piloso-elevatis crebris obscurioribus cinctd ;
spird breviter conoided, obtusd ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; anfrac-
tibus 4, convexis, ultimo terete, non descendente ; aperturd fere
verticali, subcirculari, intus albidd ; peristomate simplice, acuto,
marginibus fere contiguis, callo brevi junctis.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 15, min. 11, alt. 8 mill.
Hab. Venezuela.
37. CycLostoma ALAatum, Pfr. C. testd laté umbilicatd, conoideo-
depressd, soliduld, oblique confertim et inequaliter costulatd, vix
diaphand, albidd, fasciis angustis pallidissime corneis variegata ;
spird brevissime conoided, acutiusculd ; suturd simplice ; anfrac-
tibus 4, modice convevis, ultimo subterete, antice vix descendente,
lilaceo-nebuloso ; aperturd diagonali, subcirculari, intus lilaceo-
fusculd ; peristomate subduplice, latere dextro et basali connato,
expanso, externo superne alatim dilatato, latere sinistro subreflexo.
—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 16, min. 13, alt. 8 mill.
Hab. 8. Yago de Cuba.
38. CyCLOSTOMA SCALARE, Pfr. C. testd angusté umbilicatd, co-
noided, soliduld, oblique striatuld, nitiduld, corneo-luted; spird
elatd, scalari, apice acutd ; suturd profundd ; anfractibus 43, per-
convexis, ultimo terete, antice subsoluto; aperturd obliqud, cir-
culari, intus margaritaced; peristomate simplice, continuo, undique
viz expansiusculo.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 9, min. 7, alt. 63 mill.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
39. CycLostoma (CycLopHorvus) LuTESCcENS, Pfr. C. testd
umbilicatd, depresso-conoided, solidd, oblique filoso-striatd, sericed,
fusco-lutescente; spird breviter conoided, apice acutiusculd; suturd
profundd, simplice; anfractibus 44, convevis, rapide accrescentibus,
251
ultimo non descendente; umbilico mediocri, profundo; aperturd via
obliqud, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, con-
tinuo, breviter adnato, superne vie angulato.—Operculum mem-
branaceum, paliide corneum, rectispirum, extus profundé concavum.
Diam. maj. 20, min. 153, alt. 12 mill.
Had. in Brasilia.
40. CycLostoma euTtTatum, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, depressd,
solidd, glabra, nitidd, lete castaned, maculis albis subtriangulari-
bus guttatd ; spird vix elevatd, apice fuscd, submucronatd ; an-
fractibus 4%, convexiusculis, celeriter crescentibus, ad suturam im-
pressam striatulis ; umbilico latiusculo, pervio; aperturd parum
obliqud, circulari, intus albidd ; peristomate subduplice: interno
vix distinguendo, externo expanso, superne in linguam brevem,
anfractui penultimo adnatam, dilatato —Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 19, min. 15, alt. 9 mill.
Hab.
41. CycLosroMa IGNESCENS, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, globoso-
conicd, tenui, lineis spiralibus subtilissimis confertim sculptd, dia-
phand, nitidd, ignescente; spird turbinatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd
profundd ; anfractibus 43, convexis, ultimo basi distinctius sulcato ;
aperturd obliqud, subcirculari; peristomate simplice, expanso, mar-
ginibus approximatis, non junctis.—Operculum ?
Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 114 mill.
Hab. in Nova Hibernia.
42. CycLostoma FuscuLum, Pfr. C. testd angustissime umbili-
catd, globoso-conicd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus subconfertis,
lirdque periphericd validiore cariniformi sculptd, via nitiduld,
unicolore fusculd, fascid unicd angustd rufd infra carinam pallidam
ornatd ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo
interdum carind, secundo superne notato, basi minute spiraliter
sulcato ; aperturd parum obliqud, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate
simplice, tenui, undique expansiusculo, marginibus approvimatis,
non junctis.—Operculum testaceum, planum, cinereum, 4-spirum,
nucleo subcentrali.
Diam. maj. 114, min. 93, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. 2
43. CyCLOSTOMA CASTANEUM, Pfr. C. testd anguste umbilicatd,
globoso-conicd, tenui, oblique striatuld et liris subacutis multis
sculptd, nitidd, saturate castaned ; spird elevato-conicd, apice ob-
tusiusculd ; anfractibus 43, angulato-convevis, ultimo liris 6 sub-
equalibus, pluribusque minoribus, confertioribus in umbilico mu-
nito; aperturd parum obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate simplice,
tenui, undique expansiusculo, marginibus approximatis, non junctis.
—Operculum testaceum, planum, paucispirum, nucleo subcentrali.
Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. in insula Madagascar.
To this was added the following description of various species of
Helicea.
14, Description or Firry-rour New Species or Heticea,
FROM THE CoLLecTION or Hueu Cuming, Esa.
By Dr. L. Pretrrer.
ey
. STREPTAXIS Discus, Pfr. JS. testd lat? umbilicatd, discoided,
subregulari, levigatd, albido-hyalind ; spird pland, vertice promi-
nulo ; anfractibus 64, vix convexiusculis, irregulariter varicosis,
ultimo depresso, subtus deviante, pone aperturam rotundato, de-
flexo ; aperturd subhorizontali, transverse sinuato-auriformi, plicd
obliqud parietali et dentibus peristomatis coarctatd ; peristomate
candido, reflexo, margine supero impresso, obsolete dentato, dextro
dente distinctiore munito, basi intus transverse calloso.
Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 42 mill.
Hab. ‘
2, Hextrx Ricumonpiana, Pfr. 4H. testd imperforatd, trochi-
Sormi, solidd, striatd et irregulariter granulatd, nitidd, castaned;
spird castaned, sursum pallidiore, apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus
3» planis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo compresse carinato, antice
via defleviusculo; basi plano; aperturd perobliqud, subrhombed,
ad carinam rostrata; intus livido-opalind; peristomate nigro-
Susco, subincrassato, marginibus callo tenui junctis, supero expanso,
basali dilatuto, reflexo.
Diam. maj. 54, min. 47, alt. 30 mill.
Hab. ad Richmond River, Australia.
3. Hexrx semipecussata, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoided,
solidd, superné minute decussatd, opacd, unicolore rufo-fuscd ; spird
conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo cari-
nato, non descendente, basi convexo; aperturd diagonali, angulato-
lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, obtuso, margine columellari
superne brevissimé reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 33, min. 30, alt. 18 mill.
Hab. in insula Mauritii.
4. Hetix Souteyeriana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoideo-
depressd, soliduld, rugoso-striatd, superné inter strias sub lente
confertissime undulato-lineatd, pallidé fulvd; spird breviter co-
noided, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 subplanis, lente accrescentibus,
ultimo acute carinato, infra carinam castaneo-fasciato, convexo,
medio profundé excavato; aperturd perobliqud, angulato-lunari ;
peristomate simplice, marginibus subparallelis, dextro antrorsum
subarcuato, columellari subincrassato, superne brevissim? reflezo.
Diam. maj. 52, min. 36, alt. 18 mill.
Hab. 2
5. Hexrx rapians, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, depressd, tenui,
levigatd, nitidissimd, pellucidd, corned, strigis albidis irregulariter
radiatd ; spird brevissimd, convead ; suturd impressd, submargi-
natd ; anfractibus 43, planiusculis, ultimo non descendente, superne
253 |
angulato, basi convexo, medio subimpresso ; aperturd subverticali,
angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplicissimo, recto.
Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4 mill.
Hab. in insula Tahiti.
6. Hexix Garrnertiana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, coniformi,
solidd, irregulariter elevato-striatd, opacd, nitiduld, lutescenti-
carned ; spird conicd, apice obtusd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfrac-
tibus 7, convexis, ultimo peripherid subangulato, lined rubra cincto,
antice non descendente, subtus planiusculo ; umbilico angustissimo,
pervio; aperturd parum obliqud, subtetragond ; peristomate albo,
margine supero fere angulatim arcuato, expanso, basali substricto,
columellari lilaceo, brevi, verticali, reflexo.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, alt. 22 mill.
Hab. ?
7. Heurx virurata, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, turbiaato-semi-
globosd, striatd, minute rugoso-malleatd, nitiduld, roseo-carned,
Jasciis punctatim vel lituratim interruptis rufis ornatd ; spird
depresso-turbinatd, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, conveviuscu-
lis, ultimo vie descendente, peripherid rotundato, fascid castaned,
subtessellatd circumdato, basi convexiusculo ; aperturd diagonali,
rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro vir ex-
pansiusculo, columellari subcalloso.
Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 15 mill.
Hab. ?
8. Hexix Brarpiana, Pfr. HA. testd umbilicatd, subturbinato-
depressd, tenui, striatd, fulvd, pellucidd, maculis luteis opacis
irregulariter variegatd ; spird subturbinatd, apice acutiusculd ;
anfractibus 5, vix convewxiusculis, ultimo non descendente, peri-
pherid angulato, basi conveviore ; umbilico angusto, pervio ; aper-
turd parum obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenui,
undique expanso, margine columellari subdilatato, patente.
Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 84 mill.
fab. in insula Bourbon.
9. Hexix Srurmiana, Pfr. H. testd mediocriter umbilicatd, de:
presso-semiglobosd, solidd, supern? confertim plicatd, parum nitidd,
unicolore fusco-lutescente ; spird brevi, convexd, obtusd ; anfrac-
tibus 4, planiusculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo antice descen-
dente, subdepresso, peripherid roiundato, basi convexo, levigato ;
aperturd parum obliqud, lunato-ovali, intus margaritaced ; peri-
stomate simplice, marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui juncetis, su-
pero recto, basali subreflexo.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 181, alt. 12 mill.
Hab. ?
10. Hexix Layarony, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, turbinatd, tenui-
usculd, ruguloso-striatd, parum nitente, pellucidd, pallid? corned ;
spird conoided, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 53, conveviusculis,
ultimo carinato, non descendente, basi convexo ; aperturd parum
254
obliqud, rotundato-lunari, vie angulatd ; peristomate recto, tenui,
acuto, margine columellari superne brevissime reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 13, min. feré 12, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. in insula Ceylon (Mr. Layard).
11. Hextix Woopiana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, tenui,
levigatd, nitidissimd, corneo-fuscd ; spird parum elevatd, vertice
subtili; suturd impressd ; anfractibus 5, vie convewiusculis, lente
accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, obsolete angulato, non descendente,
basi planiusculo ; umbilico angusto, pervio ; aperturd subverticali,
lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, margine columellari vir
reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 45 mill.
Hab. in insula Ceylon (Mr. Layard).
12. Hetrx Forsterrana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, globoso-
depressd, tenuiusculd, undique minute granulatd, diaphand, corneo-
isabellind, fasciis 2 angustis rufis superné ornatd; spird parum
elevatd, convexo-conoided, vertice acutiusculo ; anfractibus 6, con-
vexiusculis, ultimo anticé vix descendente, basi subplanulato ; um-
bilico mediocri, pervio ; aperturd obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peri-
stomate simplice, marginibus remotis, dextro recto, basali reflexo,
columellari in laminam triangularem, violaceo-fuscam, fornicatim
dilatato.
Diam. maj. 203, min. 18, alt. 12 mill.
Hab. im Australia boreali.
13. Heuix prycuompuata, Pfr. H. testa umbilicatd, depresso-
globosd, tenui, superne confertim costulatd, lineis concentricis
paucis obsolete decussatd, nitidd, castaneo-corned; spird vie con-
verd; anfractibus 4, vir convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente,
obsoletissime angulato, basi convexo, levigato, corneo-virente,
circa umbilicum mediocrem, pervium confertim plicato ; apertura
parum obliqud, irregulariter truncato-ovali, multo altiore quam
latd ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine columellari elongato,
substricte descendente, superne fornicatim reflexo.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 20, alt. 13 mill.
Hab. ad Portum Essington.
14. Hexix Porreriana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conicd, solidd,
striatuld, nitidd, carneo-albidd, strigis pallidé fusculis irregulari-
ter pictd; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; suturd impressd, subtilis-
sime crenulatd; anfractibus 7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo subro-
tundato, fascid und fusca signato, antice breviter descendente ;
apertura diagonali, lunato-rotundatd ; peristomate acuto, margine
dextro repando, basali subincrassato, columellari fornicatim re-
flexo, perforationem fere tegente.
Diam. maj. 193, min. 183, alt. 23 mill.
Hab. ad Portum Essington.
15. Hevrx Dituwyniana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd,
solidd, irregulariter rugosd et subtilissime malleatd, nitidd, cre-
255
taced ; spird subpland, vertice papillatim prominulo, castaneo ;
anfractibus 43, planiusculis, ultimo rotundato, antice breviter de-
flexo, basi inflato ; umbilico angusto, non pervio; aperturd per-
obliqud, late lunari, intus albd ; peristomate acuto, intus incras-
sato, margine supero subhorizontali et dextro arcuato expansis,
basali substricto, reflexo, columellari brevissimo, angusto, patente.
Diam. maj. 31, min. 25, alt. 14 mill.
Hab. 2
16. Butimus GLavcoruTHALmus, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd,
ovato-oblongd, solidd, striatuld, nigro-castaned, epidermide hy-
drophand fusco-cinered strigatd ; spird convewxo-conicd, apice
saturate ceruled, obtusd; suturd impressd; anfractibus 5, con-
vexiusculis, ultimo spird breviore, basi obsolete angulato ; colu-
melld subdeclivi, dilatatd, pland, albd, basi subdentatd ; apertura
obliqud, truncato-ovali, intus lividd ; peristomate simplice, bre-
vissime expanso, margine dextro repando.
Long. 36, diam. 25 mill.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
17. Buitimus suturatis, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, oblongo-
conicd, tenui, striatuld, nitiduld, alabastrizo-albidd ; spird conicd,
apice obtusd ; suturd parum impressd, candidd, confertissim® no-
duloso-crenatd ; anfractibus 7, planiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis
subequante, infra medium obtuse angulato et fasciis 2 nigricanti-
castaneis ornato ; columelld superne fusco-callosd, subtortd ; aper-
turd obliqud, truncato-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, vix expan-
siusculo.
Long. 43, diam. 23 mill.
Hab. in Africa occidentali.
18. Butimus Ltuctuosvus, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-acu-
minatd, soliduld, obsolete decussatd, vix nitiduld, atro-castaned ;
spird elongatd, apice obtusd; suturd impressd, submarginatd ;
anfractibus 7, conveviusculis, ultimo 1 longitudinis paulo supe-
rante, basi circa perforationem angustam subcarinato ; columella
verticali, levissimé arcuatd; aperturd parum obliqué, subsemiovali,
ad columellam angulatd, intus lividd ; peristomate simplice, recto,
margine columellari fornicato, breviter reflexo.
Long. 39, diam. 17 mill.
Hab. in Africa occidentali.
19. Butimus inrunpiBuLUM, Pfr. B. testd umbilicatd, ovato-
conicd, subfusiformi, confertim striatd, opacd, albd ; spird convexo-
conicd, apice attenuatd, rosed, acutiusculd ; suturd lineari ; anfrac-
tibus 9, fere planis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, basi atte-
nuato, circa umbilicum latum, pervium, infundibuliformem com-
presso ; aperturd subverticali, angustd, oblongd ; peristomate sim-
plice, marginibus superne approvimatis, devtro breviter expanso,
columellari subdilatato, patente.
Long. 18, diam. 7 mill.
Hab. m Andibus Peruvianis.
Nearly allied to Bul. umbilicaris, Souleyet.
256
20. BuLrmus suBINTERRUPTUS, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, subfu-
siformi-oblongd, tenuiusculd, levigatd, sub lente spiraliter striatd,
nitiduld, albidd, fascits 5 latis, subinterruptis, spadiceis ornatd ;
spird elongato-conicd, acutd ; suturd parum impressd ; anfractibus
6, planiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi attenuato ;
columelld substrictd, recedente ; aperturd obliqud, angustd, acu-
minato-semiovali ; peristomate simplice, tenui, lutescente, margine
dextro late expanso, columellari triangulatim e basi dilatato, su-
perne late reflexo.
Long. 37, diam. 133 mill.
Hab.in Andibus Bolivie.
21. Buximus varicosvs, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-acumi-
natd, tenui, striatd, sub lente obsoleté decussatuld, parum nitente,
albidd, strigis castaneis sparsis irregulariter variegatd ; suturd ir-
regulariter crenulatd ; spird elongato-conicd, acutiusculd ; anfrac-
tibus 6, convexiusculis, varicosis (varicibus prioribus obtusis, ultimo
acute prominente), ultimo spird vix breviore, basi subcompresso ;
columelld superne subtortd; aperturd parum obliqud, oblongo-
ovali; peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro late expanso,
columellari dilatato, applanato, patente.
Long. 35, diam. 14 mill.
Hab. in republica Mexicana.
22. Burimus atrenvatus, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, fusiformi-
oblongd, solidiusculd, sublevigatd, nitidd, albd, strigis latis, ma-
culatim subinterruptis, spadiceis, ornatd; spird conicd, acutiusculd ;
anfractibus fere 6, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante,
antice striato, basi attenuato ; columelld intrante, tortd, funali ;
aperturd vix obliqud, ovali-oblongd; peristomate simplice, tenui,
margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari breviter reflexo, su-
perne adnato.
Long. 34, diam. 13 mill.
Hab. Vera Cruz.
23. Buximus eLxopgs, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovatd, tenui-
_usculd, rugoso-striatd, transverse submalleatd, diaphand, nitidd,
castaneo-olivaced ; spird conoided, apice obtusd; anfractibus 4,
convexiusculis, ultimo + longitudinis subequante, antice descen-
dente, basi subrotundato; columella intrante, subtortd, rosed ;
aperturd subverticali, ovali, intus margaritaced ; peristomate roseo,
subincrassato, breviter reflexo, marginibus callo supra regionem
umbilici dilatato junctis.
Long. 36, diam. 18 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
24. Butimus scytropss, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovato-conicd,
tenui, remote striatd, undique minute granulatd (granulis non se-
riatis), haud nitente, fuscd, maculis rufis majoribusque nigrican-
tibus irregulariter adspersd, lineis longitudinalibus flexuosis, an-
gulatis, luteis, sepe geminatis vel anastomosantibus pictd ; spird
brevi, convexo-conicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 4, convexiusculis,
257
ultimo magno, 4 longitudinis equante, antice deflexo, basi rotun-
dato; columelld filari, intrante, leviter arcuatd ; aperturd parum
obligud, ovali, intus concolore, nitidd ; peristomate simplice, tenut,
rubello, undique breviter expanso.
Long. 35, diam. 17} mill.
Hab. in Andibus Novee Granade.
25. Butimus MELEAGRIS, Pfr. B. testa imperforatd, acuminato-
ovatd, tenuiusculd, striis incrementi confertis et lineis spiralibus
granulatd, parum nitente, fulvd, fusco-strigatd et irregulariter
guttatd ; spird conicd, acutd ; suturd subcrenulatd ; anfractibus 53,
planiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, convexiore, antice
descendente, basi rotundato; columelld filari, leviter arcuatd ;
apertura obliqud, oblongo-ovali, intus submargaritaced ; peristo-
mate simplice, recto.
Long. 31, diam. 14 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Novee Granade.
26. BuLimus NIGROLIMBATUS, Pfr. B. iestd imperforatd, ovatd,
tenui, rugosd, striis confertis spiralibus subgranulatd, parum ni-
tidd, olivaceo-fulvd, strigis angustis castaneis variegatd ; spird
conicd, apice obtusd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram
paulo superante, convexiore, basi rotundato ; columelld tenui, sub-
callosd, subrecedente ; aperturd obliqud, angulato-ovali, intus pli-
catd, margaritaced ; peristomate simplice, recio, obtuso, nigro-
limbato.
Long. 28, diam. 14 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Novee Granade.
27. Buuimus pusivus, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, oblongo-fusi-
formi, tenui, striatd, nitiduld, albo-lutescente, strigis spadiceis
subundulatis ornatd ; spird gracili, elongato-conicd, apice obtu-
suld ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 6, vir conveviusculis,
ultimo spird paulo breviore, basi attenuato, subcompresso ; colu-
* melld subverticali, fere ad basin aperture elongatd ; aperturd vir
obliqud, oblongd, utrinque angustatd, intus concolore ; peristomate
simplice, recto, margine deatro levissime arcuato, columellari bre-
viter fornicatim refleco, subappresso.
Long. 28, diam. 10 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
28. Butimus NusBEcuLatus, Pfr. B. testd umbilicatd, ovato-
oblongd, soliduld, sublevigatd, nitidd, pallide corned, saturatius
nubeculatd ; spird conicd, apice obtusuld ; suturd profundd ; an-
fractibus 54, convevis, ultimo 3 longitudinis equante, basi rotun-
dato ; columellé verticali, ad basin aperture porrigente ; aperturd
parum obliqud, subellipticd, basi subangulatd, intus albidd ; peri-
stomate simplice, recto, margine dextro perarcuato, columellari
dilatato, fornicatim reflexo, libero.
Long. 16, diam. 83 mill.
Hab. in America centrali (Morelet.)
No. CCXXXV.—ProceEeDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
258
29. Butimus Eeanvs, Pfr. B. testd perforata, conico-ovatd,
tenut, lineis longitudinalibus et spiralibus sub lente obsolete decus-
satd, vix nitiduld, quasi pruinosd, fusco-corned; spird conicd,
apice obtusd; suturd mediocri ; anfractibus 5, modice convezis,
ultimo spiram paulo superante, medio obsoleté angulato, basi vix
compressiusculo ; aperturd obliqud, subellipticd, basi subangulatd ;
peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro repando, columellari
sursum dilatato, reflexo, subappresso.
Long. 13, diam. 63 mill.
Hab. Ega Brasilice.
30. Butimus acatuss, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, ovato-conicd,
tenui, longitudinaliter confertim striatd et distantius plicatd, haud
nitente, fulvo-grised ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd, fulvescente ; an-
Sractibus 43, viv convexiusculis, ultimo spiram superante, basi ro-
tundato ; columella vix arcuatd, subrecedente ; aperturd obliqud,
ovali, intus fulvo-carned ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine
dextro arcuato, columellari superne reflexo, subadnato.
Long. 10, diam. 6 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Peruvianis.
31. Buxrmus Dititwynianus, Pfr. B. testd perforata, ovato-
oblongd, solidd, ruditer striatd et irregulariter malleatd, viz niti-
duld, carned, fusculo punctatd et variegatd ; spird convexo-conicd,
apice obtusuld ; suturd impressd, marginatd ; anfractibus 5, con-
veviusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi attenuato, subcom-
presso ; columelld valide torto-plicutd ; aperturd via obliqud, sinu-
oso-oblongd ; peristomate albo, expanso-reflexo, margine dextro
leviter arcuato, columellari superne dilatato, perforationem fere
claudente.
Long. 39, diam. 162 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
32. ACHATINA FULGURATA, Pfr. A. testd conico-ovatd, tenui,
striis longitudinalibus superné confertis, in anfractu ultimo obso-
letis, lineisque spiralibus granulatd, corneo-luted, strigis latis it
guratis nigricantibus ornatd ; spird conied, obtusd ; anfractibus 65,
superis parum convexis, ultimo ventricoso, lineis paucis spiralibus
infra suturam granulato, infra medium sublevigato ; columella
cerulescente, vix arcuatd, supra basin aperture elliptico-semi-
ovali abrupte truncatd ; peristomate simplice, recto.
Long. 67, diam. 36 mill.
fab. in Africa occidentali.
33. ACHATINA PLICATULA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-fusiformi, tenut,
longitudinaliter confertim plicatuld, lineis spiralibus obsolete de-
cussatd, diaphand, parum nitente, fusco-carned ; spird elongato-
conicd, apice obtusd ; suturd marginatd, minute crenulatd ; anfrac-
tibus7 , vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, paulo convexiore,
basi attenuato ; columelld callosd, viv arcuatd, ad basin apertura
259
semiovali, intus nitidissime, abrupt? truncatd; peristomate sim-
plice, tenui.
Long. 60, diam. 25 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
34. ACHATINA ALBICANS, Pfr. A. testd ovato-conicd, tenui, lon-
gitudinaliter striatd, lineis spiralibus infra medium anfractu ul-
timi obsoletis decussatuld, diaphand, vix nitidd, albicante ; spird
pyramidatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 6},
viz convexiusculis, ultimo spird paulo longiore, basi vie attenuato ;
columelld verticali, substrictd, supra basin aperture rhombeo-
semiovalis horizontaliter et breviter truncata ; peristomate sim-
plice, recto, margine basali leviter arcuato.
Long. 46, diam. 23 mill.
Hab. in Africa occidentali.
35. ACHATINA 1noRNaTA, Pfr. A. testd turrito-oblongd, solidd,
confertim striatd, pallide fulvd, strigis saturatioribus variegatd ;
spird turritd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd levi, confertissime cre-
nulatd ; anfractibus 7}, planiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis sub-
e@quante, basi vix compresso, leviore ; columelld perarcuatd, albo-
callosd, oblique abrupte truncatd; aperturd sinuoso-semiovali,
intus albd ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine dextro repando.
Long. 28, diam. 11 mill.
Hab. in insula Ceylon.
36. AcHATINA vioLacEA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-conicd, solidd,
striatd, parum nitente, violaced ; spird elongato-conicd, sursum ru-
bella, apice obtusd; suturd levi, marginatd; anfractibus 7, con-
veaxiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, infra medium angu-
lato; columelld subarcuatd, tenuiter callosd, supra basin aperture
oblique, angulato-ovalis breviter truncatd ; peristomate simplice,
recto.
Long. 38, diam. 18 mill.
Hab. in Africa occidentali.
37. AcHATINA (GLANDINA) ATTENUATA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-
fusiformi, gracili, tenui, levigatd, nitidissimd, fulvd, strigis
arcuatis saturatioribus pictd ; spird elongato-conicd ; apice obtu-
siusculd ; suturd levi, subsimplice; anfractibus 7, planiusculis,
ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, basi attenuato ; columelld sub-
callosd, leviter arcuatd, subtortd, basi oblique truncata ; aperturd
angustissimd, oblongd, superne acutd, prope basin sinistrorsum
dilatatd ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro repando.
Long. 31, diam. 11 mill.
Hab. in America centrali.
38. Hexrx suprucGata, Pfr. H. testd subperforatd, depresso-
turbinatd, distanter subrugatd, pellucidd, pallide corned; spird
breviter conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 53-6, planiusculis,
ultimo carinato, basi convexiusculo, levigato ; aperturd diagonali,
260
subangulato-lunari ; peristomate recto, acuto, margine columellari
superne vir refleriusculo.
Diam. maj. 13, min. 114, alt. 65 mill.
Had. ad Clarence River, New South Wales.
39. Hexrx orosroma, Pfr. H. testd angusté umbilicatd, sublen-
tiformi, solidd, acute carinatd, striatd et subtiliter granulatd,
olivaceo-nigricante vel castaned ; spird subconoideo-convexd, ob-
tusd ; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo utrinque convexo, anticeé
subito deflexo, supra et infra carinam ascendentem profundeé scro-
biculato; aperturd perobliqud, subrhombeo-ensiformi, ringente ;
peristomate continuo, ad anfractum penultimum sinuoso, medio
laminam longe intrantem emittente, margine supero dente conico
obtusulo munito, basali medio subangulatim descendente, parte
sinistrd dentem validum, compressum, parte dextrd dentem leviter
et irregulariter bifurcatum gerente.
Diam. maj. 31, min. 26, alt. 13 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.
40. He.ix ANNULIFERA, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, len-
tiformi, carinatd, solidd, striatd et minuté granulatd, saturate cas-
taned, ad carinam acutam late albo-fasciatd ; spird breviter co-
noided, obtusa; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo antice breviter
deflexo, basi convexo, antic strangulato et scrobiculato ; umbilico
mediocri; aperturd subhorizontali, irregulari, ringente ; peristo-
mate subincrassato, albo, continuo, margine parietali perarcuato,
laminam elongatam intrantem emittente, in umbilicum descendente
et cum basali parallelo juncto ; margine basali usque ad medium
substricto, acute dentato, tum angulatim descendente, late reflexo,
lamind lingueformi latd munito, ad carinam ascendente, a dextro
expanso canali angusto, superne in annulum apertum desinente
separato.
Diam. maj. 34, min. 29, alt. 13 mill.
Hab. Panama.
This is the shell figured by Prof. E. Forbes in Trans. Zool. Soc.
1850, p. 53. Moll. t. 9. f. 4, under the name of H. labyrinthus var.
sipunculata.
41. Heurx Gasxorni, Pfr. A. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-de-
pressd, solidd, oblique rugato-plicatd, nitidd, albd ; spird conoideo-
converd, obtusd ; anfractibus 53, convexis, ultimo anticé deflexo,
medio carinato, basi convewxiusculo, sublevigato ; aperturd perob-
ligud, lanceolato-ovali; peristomate subincrassato, marginibus
callo umbilicum mediocrem, pervium semioccultante junctis, supero
breviter expanso, basali reflexo.
Diam. maj. 31, min. 27, alt. 15 mill.
Haé. in insula Haiti (Salle).
42. Butimvus Tasmanicus, Pfr. B.testd imperforatd, ovato-conicd,
soliduld, rugoso-striatd, vix nitidd, albidd ; spird conicd, acutius-
culd, apice suberubescente; anfractibus 5, vir conveviusculis, ultimo
261
spiram paulo superante, basi rotundato ; columella filari, subrece-
dente ; aperturd obliqud, ovali, intus pallide fulvescente ; peri-
stomate simplice, recto, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellari
viz refleciusculo, adnato.
Long. 25, diam. 11 mill.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.
43. Buxtimus Betcuert, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovato-oblongd,
solidd, glabriusculd, fulvido-albidd, castaneo-fasciatd ; spird con-
vexo-conicd, obtusa; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spird
viz breviore, ad suturam et basin late, medio angusté fasciato ;
columelld pland, substrictd, supra basin recedente ; aperturd obli-
qud, truncato-oblongd ; peristomate subincrassato, nigricante, re-
flexiusculo.
Long. 40, diam. 233 mill.
Hab. in insulis Philippinis.
44, Butimus Newcomsianus, Pfr. B. testd sinistrorsd vir sub-
perforatd, ovato-turritd, tenuiusculd, plicis validis longitudinalibus
sulcisque spiralibus sculptd, olivaceo-fuscd ; spird turritd, gracili,
obtusuld ; anfractibus 55, summis planis, sequentibus convevius-
culis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, medio inflato ; columelld
callosd, substricté recedente; peristomate recto, acuto, margine ex-
terno leviter arcuato, subrepando, columellari reflexo, subappresso.
Long. 143, diam. 5} mill.
Had. in insulis Sandwich.
This species is nearly allied to Achatinella plicata, Gould, which
must be rather referred to the genus Bulimus, in which there being
already a Bulimus plicatus, 1 have marked it in Mr. Cuming’s Mu-
seum with the name of Bulimus liratus.
45. Butimus porpHyrostomus, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd,
ovato-conicd, solidd, rugoso-plicatd, pallide carned, epidermide
decidua fusco-olivaced indutd ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; an-
Sractibus 6, viv convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, basi sub-
attenuato ; columelld oblongé plicata, albd; aperturd verticali,
angustd, oblongd, oblique recedente, intus saturate purpureo-
castaned, nitidd ; peristomate incrassato, recto, albo, margini-
bus callo crasso, albo, medio tuberculifero junctis.
Long. 62, diam. 28 mill.
Locality unknown.
46. Butimus micropon, Pfr. B. testd breviter rimatd, sub-
Susiformi-turritd, oblique costulato-striatd, albidd, strigis spar-
sis corneis, lacteo-marginatis ornatd; spird elongatd, apice
acutiusculd ; anfractibus 12, vie conveaiusculis, ultimo 2 longi-
tudinis subequante, infra medium filoso-unicarinato ; columelldé
superne plicd dentiformi munitd ; aperturd vix obliqud, trun-
cato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro breviter ex-
panso, columellari dilatato, angulatim reflexo,
Long. 15, diam. 4 mill.
Hab. in insula Jamaica.
262
47. AcHatina Newcomasi, Pfr. A. testd turritd, solidd, lon-
gitudinaliter rugoso-striatd, cingulis obtuse elevatis sculptd,
castaned ; spird elongatd, sursum in conum convexiusculum,
acuminatum attenuatd ; anfractibus 9, planiusculis, ultimo 2
longitudinis subequante, infra medium angulato, fascid pallide
cincto, basi nigro; columelld lamella angustd, tortd, albd mu-
nitd, basi subtruncatd; aperturd obliqud, subrhombed ; peri-
-stomate simplice, recto.
Long. 71, diam. 19 mill.
Hab. in insulis Sandwich (Newcomé).
48. ACHATINELLA MELAMPOIDES, Pfr. A. testd oblongd, solidd,
ruguloso-striatd, vix nitiduld, saturate fused ; spird convexo-
conicd, acutiusculd; suturd impressd, submarginatd ; anfrac-
tibus 6, viv convexiusculis, ultimo spird paulo breviore, basi
rotundato ; columelld medio acuté tuberculatd ; aperturd ver-
ticali, sinuato-ovali ; peristomate recto, acuto, intus labiato,
margine columellari calloso, albo, appresse reflexo.
Long. 13, diam. 52 mill.
Hab. in insulis Sandwich.
49. Parruta noposa, Pfr. P. testd perforatd, conico-ovatd,
soliduld, obsolete decussatuld, castaned, ad suturam fascid latd
albd et interdum nonnullis pallidis ornatd ; spird conicd, acutd ;
anfractibus 53, planiusculis, ultimo spiram subequante ; colu-
melld superné profundeé plicatd, tum subnodosd ; apertura sub-
verticali, oblonga, angustd ; peristomate extus vix expanso, in-
tus callo acute prominente munito, marginibus subparallelis,
dextro strictiusculo.
Long. 16, diam. 8 mill.
Hab. in insulis Tahiti et Navigatorum.
50. Parruta ritosa, Pfr. P. testd perforatd, conico-ovatd,
solidd, lineis impressis spiralibus, confertis sculptd, haud
nitente, castaned, strigis filaribus cinereis ornatd; spird co-
nicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo spiram
a@quante, convexiore ; columelld superné vie plicatd; aperturd
parum obliqua, subtriangulari-semiovali ; peristomate expan-
siusculo, intus callo crasso prominente munito.
Long. 16, diam. 83 mill.
Hab. in insulis Navigatorum.
51. Herrx Guasriuscuta, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoideo-
semiglobosd, tenui, levigatd, pellucidd, nitente, lutescente,
rufo angulato-lineaté ; spird convexo-conoided, acutiusculd ;
anfractibus 54, convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, basi
planiusculo ; aperturd obliqud, subdepressd, lunari; peristo-
mate simplice, recto, margine columellari declivi, superné vix
reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 33, min. 3, alt. 2 mill.
Hab. in Nova Seelandia (Strange).
263
52. Heix souipa, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conoideo-semi-
globosd, crassd, striatd, fulvescente, epidermide tenui, fuscd,
non nitente obductd ; spird convexd, obtusd, apice rubelld ; an-
fractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo convexiore, dimidium altitu-
dinis formante, medio obsolete angulato, anticée vix descendente ;
columella strictd, declivi, latd, albidd; aperturd obliqud, sub-
tetragono-lunari, intus albd; peristomate subincrassato, vir
expansiusculo, fusco-limbato.
Diam. maj. 37, min. 33, alt. 27 mill.
Hab. prope Nanjan, insule Mindoro.
53. Hetrx opxita, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, sublenticulari,
tenuissimd, superné confertim arcuato-plicatd, pellucide, pal-
lide corned; spird depresso-turbinatd, acutiusculd ; anfracti-
bus 6, vir convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, medio obtuse
denticulato-carinato, basi convexiore, radiatim striato; aper-
turd parum obliqud, lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenut, recto,
margine basali leviter arcuato, ad perforationem breviter re-
flexo.
Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 114 mill.
Hab. in India.
54. Heuix vinis, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depresso-globosd,
tenuiusculd, granulato-striatd, corned ; spird breviter conoided,
acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, vix convexiusculis, celeriter accres-
centibus, ultimo anticé deflexo, peripherid obsolete subangu-
lato, basi convexo; umbilico angusto, non pervio; aperturd
diagonali, fere circulari; peristomate intus valide labiato,
marginibus approximatis, columellari superné dilatato, pa-
tente.
Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 6 mill.
Hab, ——?
September 9, 1851.
Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, G.C. St.S., F.R.S. &e.,
in the Chair.
Professor OWEN read an elaborate paper “On the Skeleton of Tro-
glodytes Gorilla,’ which will be published in the Transactions of the
Society.
264
November 11, 1851.
W. J. Broderip, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Professor Owen read a paper “On the Capacity of the Cranium
in the Negro, the Orang, and the Gorilla,” which will be published
in the Transactions of the Society for the present year.
The following papers were also read :—
1. DEscRIPTIONS OF SIXTEEN NEW SPECIES OF RISSOINA, A
GENUS OF MARINE GAsTEROPODOUS MOLLUSKS, FROM THE
Cumine1an Couuection. By ArtHur ApAms, SURGEON
R.N., F.L.S. erc.
Rissorna, D’Orbigny.
About eighteen species of this genus, as restricted by M. d’Or-
bigny, have been already described, inhabiting various countries.
Those here named are a portion of the discoveries made by Mr. Cu-
ming among the islands of the Philippine Archipelago, and are many
of them of considerable size ; and it is in these that the peculiarity
of operculum is best seen.
The process of the semiovate, horny, subspiral operculum, first
pointed out by D’Orbigny, is sometimes very long and slender, and
very much resembles in appearance the analogous appendage of the
operculum of Nerita and Neritina. The genus Jeffreysia of Alder,
or Rissoella of Gray, has a similar appendage, but the position of
the eyes, and the peculiar structure of the fore part of the head,
place the latter genus in a different family, viz. Pyramidellide. The
Rissoine may also readily be known from the neighbouring genus
Rissoa, by the aperture being somewhat channeled anteriorly, whereas
in Rissoa it is continuous and entire. The nature of the animal re-
sembles Rissoa, according to D’Orbigny, who places the genus
among the Melaniade.
1. Rissorina puicata, A. Adams. R&R. testd turrito-subulatd,
subpyramidali, albd, sordidd, anfractibus octo, planis, longi-
tudinaliter valdé plicatd, transversim striatd, plicis elevatis,
posticé subangulatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ; aperturd
semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro anticée subdilatato,
margine incrassato.
Hab. Isle of Masbate. Mus. Cuming.
2. Rissorna rascraTa, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,
solidd, sordideé albd, rufo-fusco fasciatd, anfractibus octo, con-
vexiusculis, transversim tenuissimé (sub lente) striatd, longitu-
dinaliter plicatd, plicis obliquis, equalibus, subdistantibus ;
aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro subdilatato.
Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange). Mus.
Cuming.
265
3. RissorinA SCALARIANA, A. Adams. QR. testd subulato-
turritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, trans-
versim tenuissime striata, longitudinaliter costatd, costis ele-
vatis, equalibus, subdistantibus, anfractu ultimo anticé callo
circumdato ; aperturd semiovali, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio
anticé callo desinente ; labro flexuoso, anticé subproducto.
Hab. Isle of Burias, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
4. Rissorna pyrRamipALis, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-pyra-
midali, sordidé albd, solidd, anfractibus octo, planiusculis,
transversim tenuiter striatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis
obliquis, confertis, subelevatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ;
aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé callo
desinente ; labro subdilatato, incrassato.
Hab. {Isle of Baclayon. Mus. Cuming.
5. Rissorna p’Orsieny1, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-tur-
ritd, albidd, subpellucidd ; anfractibus decem, convexiusculis,
supremis costellatis, lineolis elevatis, transversis, et longitudi-
nalibus, decussatd ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ;
labio anticé subcalloso; labro dilatato, subreflexo, margine
flexuoso, subacuto.
Hab. Isle of Luzon. Mus. Cuming.
6. Rissoina cuatHraTaA, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,
albd, solidd, anfractibus conveviusculis, lineis elevatis, longi-
tudinalibus et transversis decussatis, valde clathratd, anfractu
ultimo anticé sulco transverso instructo; aperturd semiovatd,
anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro flecuoso, anticé producto, margine
extus varicoso.
Hab. Isle of Bohol. Mus. Cuming.
7. Rissomna micans, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd,
albd, solidéd, nitidd, anfractibus convexis, novem, longitudi-
naliter plicatd, plicis elevatis, subdistantibus, equalibus, in-
terstitiis transversim striatis, anfractu ultimo anticé valde
sulcato ; aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro
flexuoso, anticée subproducto, extus varicoso.
Hab. Island of Mindanao. Mus. Cuming.
8. Rissorna nivea, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, subulato-tur-
ritd, subpellucidd, nived, subnitidd, anfractibus conveviusculis,
longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis obliquis, anticé subobsoletis ;
aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro subdilatato,
extus incrassato.
Hab. Port Lincoln, Australia. Mus. Cuming.
9. Rissorna moniuis, A. Adams. &. testd turrito-subulatd,
solidd, fulvd, anfractibus septem, planis, granulis monilifor-
mibus ad suturas, longitudinaliter plicata, plicis confertis, an-
gustis, equalibus, interstitiis punctato-clathratis ; aperturd
266
semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio subincrassato ; labro
extus valde varicoso, margine transversim striato.
Hab. Philippine islands. Mus. Cuming.
10. Rissorna BELLULA, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,
albd, semipellucidd ; anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, cingillis
transversis, elevatis, granulosis, interstitiis longitudinaliter
concinneé clathratis, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo sulco profundo
instructo; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio
anticé callo terminato; labro flecuoso, margine extus valde
varicoso.
Hab. Isle of Calapan. Mus. Cuming.
11. Rissorna srrrouaTa, A. Adams. R. festd subulato-turritd,
albd, tenui, pellucida; anfractibus undecim, supremis longi-
tudinaliter plicatis, planulatis, prope suturas subangulatis ;
transversim striatd, striolis confertis concentricis ; aperturd
semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio postice incrassato, an-
tice callo desinente; labro dilatato, margine incrassato, sub-
reflexo.
Hab. Baclayon island, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
12. Rissorna costaTa, A. Adams. R. festd subulato-turritd,
albd, opacd, solidd, anfractibus septem, convexiusculis, longi-
tudinaliter costatd, costis crassis, elevatis, postice subangula-
tis, anfractu ultimo antice sulco transverso valido instructo ;
aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé tuber-
culo terminato ; labro subdilatato, margine varicoso, flexuoso.
Hab. Cobiga, Peru. Mus. Cuming.
13. Rissorna nitrpa, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd,
albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus novem, convexiusculis, longi-
tudinaliter costatd, transversim liratd, liris ad costas nodu-
losis ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé
callo desinente ; labro extus incrassato, margine subacuto, anticé
diaphano producto.
Hab. Isle of Camaguing. Mus. Cuming.
14. Rissorna concinnaA, A. Adams. JR. testd subulato-turritd,
albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus septem, planiusculis, longitu-
dinaliter plicatd, plicis antice evanidis, transversim striatd,
striis ereberrimis, confertis ; apertura semiovatd, antice sub-
canaliculatd ; labio calloso ; labro margine valde incrassato et
rotundato.
Hab. Cagayan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
15. Rissorina NopicincTa, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-tur-
ritd, alba, solidd, anfractibus 10-12, convewis, longitudinaliter
plicatd, plicis angustis, distantibus, transversim tenuissimé stri-
atd, in medio anfractuum cinguld elevatd ad plicas nodosa, or-
natd, suturd nodulis moniliformibus cinctd; aperturd semiovatd,
267
antice subcanaliculatd; labio anticé callo terminato; labro dila-
tato, extus incrassato, margine flecuoso.
Hab. Isle of Capul, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
16. Rissorna caxata, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,
albidd, solidd ; anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, supremis cla-
thratis, ultimo cingulis elevatis, equalibus, subdistantibus,
transversis, interstitiis lineis elevatis, longitudinalibus et trans-
versis, decussatim ornato ; aperturd semiellipticd, anticée sub-
canaliculatd ; labio calloso ; labro anticé dilatato, margine in-
crassato, subreflexo.
Hab. Siquijor. Mus. Cuming.
The two following species are true Rissoe, characterized by the
simple aperture, which is not channeled in front, and by the absence
ef the calcareous appendage to the operculum. Many species of
small shells have been inaccurately referred to Rissoa, some of which
belong, however, to entirely different families.
Rissoa BeLua, A. Adams. RR. testd turrito-subulatd, albd,
solidd; anfractibus quinque, planiusculis ; spird apice obtuso,
lineis transversis, elevatis, concentricis, confertis, ornatd ;
apertura ovali, antice integra; labio subcalloso; labro sub-
dilatato, extus marginato, margine flecuoso.
Hab. Philippine islands. Mus. Cuming.
Rissoa eL.ecans, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd, albd,
semipellucidd ; anfractibus 7, convexiusculis ; suturd canalicu-
lata, lineis elevatis transversis concentricis et longitudinalibus
concinné decussatd; aperturd ovali, subproductd, anticé inte-
grad; labio calloso; labro anticé dilatato, extus varicoso, mar-
gine acuto, subrefiexo.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
' 2. DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF Murex, Ris-
SOINA, PLANAXxIS, AND EuLima, FROM THE CUMINGIAN
CoutuectTion. By Arruur Apams, F.L.S. etc.
1. Murex tostomus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird acuminata; anfractibus planulatis, squamulosis, spinis
acutis, in serie elevato disposito ornatis, cinered ; anfractu ul-
timo spinis elevatis, bifidis, in seriebus quatuor dispositis in-
structo, varicibus sex, longitudinalibus ; aperturd ovato-oblongd,
intus violaced ; labio subtuberculari ; labro fimbriato.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
2. Murex soripus, A. Adams. M. testd solidd, profunde um-
bilicatd, alba ; spird brevi, obtusd ; anfractibus planulatis, lon-
gitudinaliter plicato-varicosis (varicibus in anfractu ultimo 7),
transversim liratis ; liris, ad plicas, incrassatis, interstitiis lon-
268
gitudinaliter cancellatis ; aperturd subrotundatd ; canali recto,
aperturam equante ; labro simplici, intus levi.
Hab. Ichiboe, West Africa. Mus. Cuming.
3. Murex ruracantuus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,
umbilicatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus planis, serie tuber-
culorum spiniformium in medio dorsi, alba, spinis et parte an-
ticd rubro tinctis ; anfractu ultimo liris squamulosis, et spinis
tubulosis, longis, in seriebus duobus dispositis, ornato ; aper-
turd ovatd, oblongd ; labio anticé producto et tuberculato ; ca-
nali brevi, subrecurvd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
Figured by Mr. Reeve as M. noduliferus, which is very different
from the present species.
4, Murex exasperatus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi,
umbilicatd, albd, nitidd; spird acuminatd; anfractibus angu-
latis, in medio longitudinaliter plicato-varicosd, transversim
liratd ; liris subspinulosis ad plicas; aperturd ovatd; canali
mediocri, subincurvato ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
5. Murex tienarius, A. Adams. M. testdé ovato-fusiformi,
subumbilicatd ; spird acuminatd, rufo-fused; anfractibus su-
perné excavatis, in medio liris duabus, elevatis, nodulosis ; trans-
versim liratd, liris elevatis rugulosis, inequalibus, longitudi-
naliter trivaricosd, varicibus, in medio, spinis duabus, elevatis,
fimbriatis ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd, intus albd ; canali aper-
turam equante, subrecurvato.
Hab. West Africa. Mus. Cuming.
6. Murex rusirormis, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi, cinered,
fulvo variegatd; spird productd ; anfractibus rotundis ; vari-
cibus longitudinalibus, subelevatis, nodospinosis, et lineis ele-
vatis, transversis, laté clathratd ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; ca-
nali aperturam equante, recto ; labro extus varicoso, intus sul-
cato.
Hab. Africa. Mus. Cuming.
7. Murex spinosus, A. Adams. M. testd ovatd, umbilicatd,
alba, lineis rufo-fuscis transversis ornatd ; anfractibus rotundis,
transversim liratd; varicibus longitudinalibus regularibus (6 in
anfractu ultimo), spinis longis, rectis, acutis, armatis ; canali
subrecurvato, aperturam equante ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
8. Murex srrotinus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird peracutd, serotind, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim
liratd ; liris, ad plicas, nodulosis; aperturd ovatd, oblongé ;
labio anticé bituberculato ; labro extus incrassato, margine den-
tato, intus lirato ; canali mediocri, subrecurvato.
Hab. ——? Mus. Cuming.
269
9. Murex sirasciratus, A. Adams. WM. testd ventricosd, pro-
Sunde umbilicatd ; spird brevi; anfractibus rotundatis ; albd ;
anfractu ultimo fasctis duabus, latis, rufo-fuscis ornato, trans-
versim elevate liratd, liris rugosis; longitudinaliter varicibus
equalibus (in anfractu ultimo 9) subelevatis, rotundatis, fimbria-
tis ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd ; labio subproducto, fulvo ; canali
aperturd breviore, valde recurvato.
Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.
10. Murex crassus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi, umbi-
licatd, solidd, fulvd; spird mediocri; anfractibus rotundatis,
superne angulatis, obsolete transversim liratd, varicibus crassis,
distantibus, irregularibus (4 in ultimo anfractu), ornatd ; aper-
turd ovatd, intus violaced; labro extus incrassato, intus den-
tato.
Hab. China. Mus. Cuming.
11. Murex Paconus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird acuminatd, levi, albd, anticé maculis fuscis sparsim pictd ;
anfractibus septem, concavis, seriebus spinarum ornatis, spinis
regularibus, tubulosis, recurvatis, marginibus fimbriatis ; aper-
turd subrotundatd; columelld levi; canali recurvato, ad dextram
inclinato, aperturam equante.
Hab. —-? Mus. Cuming.
12. Murex excavatus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,
subumbilicatd, albd, solidd; spird acuminata ; anfractibus con-
cavis (quasi excavatis) ad partem anticam ; in medio angulatis,
longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, liris ad plicas no-
dulosis ; anfractu ultimo liris duabus elevatis ornato ; aperturd
semiovali ; canali mediocri, vix recto ; labro intus sulcato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
13. Murex tnornatus, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi, valde
umbilicatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus rotundis, albidd, liris
transversis, elevatis, squamulosis, et varicibus longitudinalibus,
rotundatis (in anfractu ultimo 7), ornatd; aperturd ovali ;
canali subrecurvato, aperturam equante ; labro extus fimbriato,
intus lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
14. Murex opexiscus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-pyramidali,
subtrigonali ; spird elevatd ; anfractibus planis, apice obtuso,
albd, seriebus transversis macularum rufo-fuscarum ornatd,
transversim liratd, liris subgranosis, varicibus tribus, longitu-
dinalibus, varice intermedio, brevi, triangulari, ad partem po-
sticam instructd ; aperturd ovatd ; canali valde recurvato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
15. Murex tyratus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi, sub-
umbilicatd ; spird acuminatd; anfractibus planiusculis, albd,
varicibus rufo-fuscis ornatd, transversim lratd; liris trans-
270
versis, angustis, asperulatis, varicibus longitudinalibus, rotun-
datis, subfimbriatis (7 in ultimo anfractu); aperturd subrotun-
datd, intus albd ; columelld posticé callosd ; canali brevi, recto,
viz clauso; labro intus lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
16. Murex putcuer, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,
subtrigonali ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus rotundatis, nodu-
losis, varicibus tribus subspinosis; liris transversis, elevatis,
anfractu ultimo varicibus prominentibus, subspinosis, ornato ;
varicibus antice fimbriatis et spinosis ; aperturd ovato-rotundd ;
labio tuberculato ; labro intus crenato-lirato, canali perlongo,
subrecurvo, vix clauso.
Hab. St. Croix, 60 fathoms; M. Sueuson. Mus. Cuming.
17. Murex Sinearorensis, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusi-
Sormi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; fulvd, longi-
tudinaliter plicatd, plicis rotundis, transversim liratd, lis
asperulatis, squamulis aculeatis obsitis; aperturd ovatd, oblongd,
intus lividd ; canali aperturam equante, subreflexo ; labro intus
dentato.
Hab. Singapore. Mus. Cuming.
18. Murex niveus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovatd, umbilicaté,
nived; spird brevi, acuminatd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; longi-
tudinaliter plicatd, plicis rotundis, prominentibus, crassis
(8-10 in anfractu ultimo), transversim liratd, liris squamulis,
confertis, longitudinalibus, obsitis; aperturd ovatd, oblongd ;
canali brevi, subrectd; labro intus lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
19. Murex Cuminen, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,
trivaricosd; spird subproductd, anfractibus rotundatis, pallide
rufo-fuscd, fasciis tribus, transversis, rufo-fuscis, ornatd ; vari-
cibus longitudinalibus, tribus, continuis, obtusis, liris intermediis
nodosis, liris transversis inequalibus, rufo-fusco articulatis, in-
structd ; aperturd ovalt, labro intus crenato-lirato extus fimbriato,
Jimbriis non squamulosis, canali clauso, antice recurvato.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
Somewhat closely allied to M. triquetra of Born.
20. Mirra Marauesana, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,
anfractibus planis, spird acutd, carneold, maculis albis et lineis un-
dulatis, longitudinalibus rufo-fuscis, eleganter pictd, longitudinalt-
ter substriatd, transversim liratd, interstitiis valde punctatis ;
aperturd spiram majorem equante, columelld plicis quinque in-
structd, labro margine crenato.
Hab. Marquesas. Mus. Cuming.
Markings very similar to those of M. serpentina, Lamk. The
Mitra figured in Mr. Reeve’s Monograph, as M. nebulosa of Swain-
son, is quite different from that species, and requires therefore a
change of name ; I have called it M. propingua.
271
21. AncriLaria LingroLaTA, A. Adams. A. testd ovato-fusi-
Sormi; spird brevi, subacutd, suturis albis, pallide fulvd, lineis
longitudinalibus, confertis, fuscis, ornatd; anfractu ultimo cinguld
elevatd transversd, ad marginem labri, in dente acuto desinente ;
aperturd oblongd ; columella tortuosd, albd, anticé plicis obliquis
instructd.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
f A very pretty species, distinguished by the fine longitudinal brown
ines.
22. PLANAxis opscuRA, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, epi-
dermide fusco obtectd; fusco-rufescente ; anfractibus planis, suturd
distinctd, transversim valde sulcatd, interstitiis longitudinaliter
striatis ; aperturd ovato-oblongd, columelld longitudinaliter sul-
catd; labro subdilatato, margine acuto, intus valde lirato.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
23. Puanaxis FutvA, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, fulvd ;
spird acuminatd, apice acuto, anfractibus planis, ultimo angulato,
transversim tenuiter striatd; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columelld
incurvatd, antice callosd; labro margine subdilatato, extus in-
crassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Swan River. Mus. Cuming.
Allied to P. mollis, Sowerby, but the last whorl is angulated.
24. Puanaxis zonaTa, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, rimatd,
glabrd, nitidd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, pal-
lide lutescente, zonula transversd rufo-fuscd cinctd ad suturas, et,
in anfractu ultimo, fasciis duabus transversis ornatd, transversim
tenuissimé striatd ; aperturd ovata; columelld incurvatd; labro
subdilatato, intus lirato.
iTab. Calapan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
25. PLANAXIS CINGULATA, A. Adams. FP. testé ovato-conicd,
solidd, rimatd; spird acutd; anfractibus conveviusculis, fulvd,
zonulis rufo-fuscis transversis, prope suturas, duplicatis, ornatd,
longitudinaliter tenuissime striatd, transversim valde sulcatd ; aper-
turd ovato-oblongd, coarctatd ; columella incurvatd ; labro extus
incrassato, intus dentato-lirato.
Hab. China Seas. Mus. Cuming.
Species collected by me during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.
26. PuaANnaxis succincta, A. Adams. FP. testd ovato-conicd,
spird acuminatd, apice acuto, anfractibus convewiusculis, pallidé
Suscd, fasciis linearibus, transversis, multis, rufo-fuscis, ornatd,
longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu ultimo transversim sul-
cato; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columelld fused ; labro intus sul-
cato.
Hab. Peru, and the West Indies. Mus. Cuming.
Allied to P. lineata of Montagu, but of larger growth and different
form.
272
27. Puanaxis BuccInEA, A. Adams. FP. testd ovaté; spird
brevi, acutd, apice obtuso, rubro ; anfractibus planis, plicato-gra-
nulosis ; nigro-fuscd, cingillis articulatis, transversis, ornatd ;
longitudinaliter substriatd, transversim valde sulcatd ; aperturd
ovato-oblongd ; columelld excavatd; labro intus creno-plicato,
extus incrassato, varicoso.
Hab. West Indies. Mus. Cuming.
28. Puanaxis LABIosa, A. Adams. FP. testd ovato-conicd,.
spird acutd, anfractibus convewiusculis, atro-purpured, fasciis
pallidis (5-6) transversis, in anfractu ultimo ; transversim striatd;
apertura ovato-oblongd; columella incurvatd et dilutatd; labro
dilatato, margine reflexo et incrassato, intus lirato.
Hab. Sandwich Islands. Mus. Cuming.
29. Lacena Cauirornica, A. Adams. UL. testd solidd, ovato-
fusiformi ; spird, in medio, tumidd, anfractibus planiusculis, in-
Serné nodospinosis, albd, cingulis transversis, elevatis, rufo-fuscis
articulatis ornatd, interstitits obscurts, fuscis ; anfractu ultimo
longitudinaliter plicato, seriebus duobus tuberculorum subspinoso-
rum instructo ; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columelld carneold, plicis
quatuor, albis, obliquis ; labro intus lirato.
Hab. California. Mus. Cuming.
Allied to L. picta, Lamk., but of different form and markings.
30. Nassa Austrratis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-fusiformi ;
spird acuminata, pallide olivaced, fasciis tribus, transversis, fuscis,
ornatd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd, interstitiis valde transversim
sulcatis ; anfractu ultimo antic? liris transversis subgranosis,
postice, prope suturam, tuberculis moniliformibus ornato ; aper-
turd ovato-rotundatd, intus fused, et dentato-liratd ; labro margine
albo, posticé valde inflexo et dentato.
Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.
November 25, 1851.
W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. ON A SPECIES OF AQUOREA INHABITING THE BritisH SEs.
By Pror. Epwarp Forses, F.R.S.
(Radiata, Pl. IV.)
In the first volume of the ‘ Wernerian Memoirs’ a “‘ Medusa equo-
vea”’ is mentioned by Prof. Jameson as an inhabitant of the seas of the
north of Scotland, and in the ‘History of British Animals’ by Dr.
Fleming, the name “Geryonia equorea”’ is used to designate it. Asno
Proc.Z.8. Radiata IV.
” Printed by Hallnamdel& Walton,
aaly, hth:
Eforbe: del WHB
AQUOREA FORSKALEA Peron.
273
description or figure was ever published of this creature, and as the
diagnosis of the ““Medusa’’ to which Linnzeus applied the name of
** equorea”’ was too brief for identification, it is possible that some
one of several Acalephe inhabiting our seas might have been in-
tended.
It is also possible, however, that a true Aquorea had been seen,
for there is a most beautiful species of this genus an inhabitant of the
Scottish seas. I met with it for the first time in August 1850, when
exploring the Minch (the channel between the outer Hebrides and
Skye) in company with Mr. MacAndrew and Prof. Goodsir, with the
advantages of the appliances for natural-history research with which
Mr. MacAndrew has furnished his yacht, the Naiad. As there is
neither figure nor description of any British Aquorea to be found,
and as considerable obscurity hangs around the Atlantic species of
the genus, I have drawn up the following notice.
A number of individuals were observed: they were swimming near
the surface of the sea on a very calm and hot day: they varied in
size, from three inches in diameter to as much as half a foot or more :
they resembled broad shield-shaped dises of glass, slightly prominent
above, incurved at their sides and concave beneath: through the
discs were seen shining the pendent brown-tinged stomach, and around
it, like so many equal stripes or rays proceeding to the margin, the
linear violet genital glands: from the margin depended highly-con-
tractile violet tentacles.
The umbrella is broad, shallow, and disc-shaped, its outline de-
scribing a gentle curve. It is hyaline, not very thick, and quite
smooth. The central portion of its interior, occupying about one-
fourth of its diameter, has dependent from it the membranous veil-
like walls of the stomach ; these hang not quite so low as on a line with
the margins of the umbrella. The stomach, although equal in width
throughout, may be divided into two regions, an upper and a lower.
The latter has a furbelowed and somewhat scalloped, but not cirrated
margin, and may be regarded as the mouth. The former is marked
internally by eight bands of transverse fibres, separated by as many
longitudina: ones ; these appear to be muscular. The whole of the
membrane of the stomach and lips is tinged with pale foxy brown,
partly disposed in streaks. Around the upper and inner margin of
the cavity are the orifices of the gastro-vascular canals ; these run,
without dividing or anastomosing, to the circular marginal canal of
the umbrella. In a specimen five inches across, they were 136 in
number. From the lower side of each canal depend two narrow,
rather wavy membranes of a violet colour, causing the ray-like streaks
that shine so conspicuously through the disc; each of these arises
gradually near the superior extremity of a gastro-vascular canal, and
ceases abruptly at about one-eighth of the entire length of the canal
from the margin: they are the genital glands. At the junction of
each alternate gastro-vascular canal with the circular marginal one is
the bulb-like base of a marginal tentacle: these tentacles arise from
ovate bulbs and gradually taper toa fine point. The bulbs are pale,
No. CCXXXVI.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
274
but the tentacle is tinged with violet. Opposite the intermediate
canal there is a smaller bulb with a tentacle, hollow and containing
corpuscles in its centre, and on each side, between it and the neigh-
bouring tentacle, is a still smaller lobe-like body. Along the upper
margin of the circular canal are very minute pedunculated organs
that move to and fro. On the bulb at the base of the tentacula is a
minute tongue-shaped process at the base of a depression ; at its own
base the ocellus or rudimentary eye is lodged. When seen laterally,
the peculiar tissue of the base of the tentacles is observed to be set
obliquely. Within the umbrella, from a line just opposite the ten-
tacular circle, a short but rather broad veil with a simple edge is seen
to depend; this veil is tinged with pale brown. A band of motor
tissue, forming a sphincter to the umbrella, accompanies the circular
vessel.
According to the size of the example, the number of genital glands
and of tentacula varied: they increase with age. The smallest num-
ber of tentacula seen was sixteen, and there is reason to believe that
they are never fewer.
To ascertain whether this beautiful animal be the Medusa equo-
rea of Linnzeus and the naturalists who wrote during his time, it is
necessary to inquire into the history of that species. The name just
mentioned occurs first in the ‘Iter Hispanicum’ of Peter Loefling,
published in 1758. In his journal of observations on the 18th of
April, at Cumana, he notices, along with Medusa (i. e. Aurelia)
aurita, Medusa pelagica (Pelagia cyanella?), and Velella, another
Medusa, which he styles guorea, and describes as “ orbicularis,
planiuscula, tentaculis plurimis ex margine inflexo, branchiis nullis.”
This notice, which occurs at page 105 of the Swedish edition of his
‘ Travels,’ is the entire original foundation for numerous references in
after-authors. Linnzeus, in the first instance, adopted Loefling’s name
and brief record, which, when read with our present knowledge of
Acalephe, barely indicates the genus to which the animal observed
probably belonged. In 1775, the descriptions and figures of animals
observed during his journey to the East by the lamented Forskal were
published under the superintendence of Carsten Niebuhr. Among
them was a representation and description of a Medusa, referred to
the equorea of Linneus, both excellent, as indeed may be said of all
that Forskal did. In 1776 a Medusa equorea was noticed, scarcely
more than by name, in the ‘ Zoologiee Danicee Prodromus’ of Otho
Frederic Miller. In 1780, Otho Fabricius, in his excellent ‘ Fauna
Groenlandica,’ gives a shorter account than usual with him of a Me-
dusa, which he refers to the equorea of Limneus. He speaks of it
as a very simple animal, smaller and softer than Medusa aurita, con-
vex above, concave beneath, with very much inflected margins and
white marginal cilia. The two last-mentioned characters are opposed
to the notion of Medusa equorea, as represented and described by
Forskal, and the first of them to the slight idea of its shape that we
gather from Loefling. In 1791 Adolph Modeer commenced the work
of hair-splitting by separating the animal of Forskal, under the name
of Medusa patina, from that of Loefling, for which he reserved the
275
name Medusa equorea. In 1809 Peron and Lesueur published in the
‘ Annales du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle,’ vol. xiv., their important
classification and synopsis of all known Medusz. In that paper, ex-
cellent though it be, they increase the confusion, by giving the name
of Hquorea atlantica to Loefling’s animal, Aq. danica to Miller’s,
Aq. grenlandica to that of Fabricius, Hy. Forskalea to that of For-
skal, and Ay. stauroglypha to a new species of their own, probably
identical with all the others. In 1829 Eschscholtz, in his ‘System
der Acalephen,’ attempted to rectify this confusion, by rejecting all
these names excepting 4g. Forskalina, that alone having been sufti-
ciently described. In 1843 Lesson published his History of Acale-
phe in the ‘Nouvelles Suites 4 Buffon,’ and, to make confusion worse
confounded, rejected all rectifications and restored all the names and
imperfectly noticed individuals to full specific rank.
After attentively considering the notices more or less perfect that
the various older observers have given, of what they call Medusa
@quorea, I am led to the belief that in most instances one species,
not several, was met with, and that the creature I now describe and
figure as British is identical with the Medusa equorea of Loefling,
Forskal and Miller. Since Forskal alone described and figured it in
a comprehensible manner, the name Aiquorea Forskalea, proposed by
Peron, is peculiarly appropriate, the more so since that of Medusa
patina of Modeer was proposed under a mistake. Forskal expressly
states that his species is common to the North Atlantic and the Medi-
terranean, and that it inhabits the Danish seas, where it is called
“ Vandmand,” that is, Waterman.
It remains to be seen whether our species is related to the Hquo-
rea violacea of Milne-Edwards, well described and beautifully figured
in the 16th volume of the 2nd series of the ‘Annales des Sciences
Naturelles,’ and observed by that eminent naturalist in the Mediter-
ranean. From an examination of its anatomy he first showed the
serious error committed by Eschscholtz in considering the Hquoride
as cryptocarpous. I am inclined to agree with Milne-Edwards in
considering his species distinct from that of Forskal. The genital
glands are not prolonged nearly so close to the margin; the lips of
the stomach are not furbelowed ; the bases of the tentacles are not
bulbous, and originate regularly between the gastro-vascular canals.
There were no eyes observed by the distinguished zoologist just
quoted in the species he examined. In ours the eyes are evident,
and a determination of their position and appearance is of conse-
quence, since they confirm the affinity of Hquorea with the Naked-
eyed Medusee, whilst at the same time, in the little appendage or
rudimentary lid projecting above them, they indicate an approach to
the Steganophthalmatous type, such as is consistent with the general
high organization and aspect of the Aquorea when compared with
other Gymnophthalmatous forms.
It is interesting to remark that the Zquorea ciliata of Eschscholtz
is a North Pacific species, beautifully representing, yet quite distinct
from, Aquorea Forskalea.
276
2. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF EuLIMA, TRIPHORIS, ETC.,
FROM THE COLLECTION oF HuGu Cuming, Esa.
By Arruur Apams, F.L.S. etc.
1. Evtima mopicexa, A. Adams. 4. testd subulato-pyramidali,
albd, subpellucidd, flecuosd ; anfractibus 11, planulatis, varicibus
lateralibus continuis impressis, instructis; anfractu ultimo, in
medio, vie angulato; aperturd ovali; columella anticé subrectd ;
labro antice producto.
Hab. Island of Zebu, sandy mud, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
2. Evtima eGranpis, A. Adams. J. testd subulato-pyramidali,
albd, solidd, flecuosd, opacd ; anfractibus 15, planulatis, varicibus
lateribus continuis instructis ; anfractu ultimo angulato ; aperturd
obliqud, oblongo-ovali, labio anticé calloso; labro margine flexuoso,
anticé subreflexo.
Hadb. Island of Burias, coral sand, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
3. EuLima porcetuana, A. Adams. LE. testd subulatd, albd,
solidd, opacd, apice subflexuoso; anfractibus 13-14, planulatis,
varicibus impressis irregularibus lateralibus ; aperturd oblongo-
ovali, labio anticé calloso, vir reflexo; labro margine, in medio,
dilatato.
Hab.
4. Euuima acuta, A. Adams. LE. testd aciculato-turritd, albidd,
rectd, subopacd ; anfractibus duodecim, planiusculis, ultimo rotun-
dato ; aperturd oblongd, anticé subreflerd, labio subincrassato ;
labro margine recto.
Hab. Sual, province of Cangisanan, island of Luzon, sandy mud,
7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
? Mus. Cuming.
5. Eutrma cusprpata, A, Adams. J. testd subulato-pyramidali,
albidd, solidd, rectd ; anfractibus 12, convewviusculis, anfractu ul-
timo rotundato ; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio antice calloso, sub-
recto; labro acuto.
Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, in loose coral under stones, low
water. Mus. Cuming.
6. Eviima opesuta, A. Adams. J. testd pyramidali-ovatd, albd,
solidd, nitidd, opacd ; anfractibus sex, convexis, ultimo rotundato;
aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro margine incrassato, nec limbato vel
reflexo.
Hab. Gindulman, isle of Bohol, in soft mud, 8 fathoms. Mus.
Cuming.
7. Eviima TEernostoma, A. Adams. J. testd subulato-turritd,
rectd, albidd, nitidd, subpellucidéd; anfractibus 12, planulatis,
lined impressd infra suturas; anfractu ultimo rotundato; aperturd
oblongo-ovali, antice producto, labio subrecto, antic? reflexo; labro
margine, in medio, dilatato.
Hab. Feejee Islands, on coral reefs, in sand, low water. Mus.
Cuming.
277
8. Evia ruexvosa, A. Adams. Z. testd subulato-turritd, albd,
flecuosd, solidd, subopacd; anfractibus 15, planulatis, lined im-
pressd subpellucidd ad suturas ; anfractu ultimo rotundato ; aper-
turd oblongd ; labro margine flexuoso, in medio producto.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
9. Euuima acuis, A. Adams. . testd subulato-turritd, albidd,
solidd, subopacd; anfractibus 11, planulatis, ultimo rotundato,
antice subproducto ; aperturd oblongd, labio antice subreflexo.
Hab. Singapore, coarse gravel and sand, 12 fathoms. Mus.
Cuming.
10. Evirma pyramipatis, A. Adams. . testd subulato-pyra-
midali, albd, nitidd, subpellucidd ; anfractibus decem, planulatis,
lined impressd prope suturas, anfractu ultimo subangulato ;
aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro margine, in medio, subproducto.
Hab. Isle of Capul, on the reefs in sand, low water. Mus. Cuming.
11. Evia potyeyra, A. Adams. EE. testd subulato-pyramidali,
albd, subopacd, apice tortuoso ; anfractibus permultis, planulatis,
ultimo angulato; aperturd obliqud, subtetragonali, labio antice
reflexo ; labro, in medio, valde dilatato.
Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, isle of Mindanao, sandy mud,
50 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.
12. Evurma virrea, A. Adams. Z£. testd subulatd, acutd, rectd,
albidd, vitred, pellucidd; anfractibus planulatis, lined impressd
prope suturas; anfractu ultimo rotundato; aperturd oblongo-
ovali, labio antice recto, in medio subtortuoso ; labro anticé sub-
reflexo.
Hab. Feejee Islands ; from the stomach of a Holothuria (Captain
Swain). Mus. Cuming.
13. Evitrma Guinpinen, A. Adams. LZ. testd subulatd, rectd,
nitidissimd, albd, pellucidd ; anfractibus planulatis, ultimo sub-
rotunduto, elongato; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio via tortuoso ;
labro margine flexuoso.
Hab. St. Vincents, West Indies, sandy mud, deep water. (Rev.
L. Guilding.) Mus. Cuming.
14. Evurma Cuminen, A. Adams. . testd subulato-turritd,
albd, rectd, solidd, opacd ; anfractibus 13, convexiusculis, varici-
bus irregularibus impressis instructis ; anfractu ultimo rotundato ;
apertura oblongo-ovali, labio antice calloso, incrassato; labro
margine recto.
Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, South Seas, on the Avicula margariti-
fera. Mus. Cuming.
15. Trreworis variecatus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyra-
midali, in medio tumidd, albd, maculis triangularibus rufo-fuscis
variegatd ; anfractibus planulatis, triseriatim granulatis, granis
equalibus, interstitiis punctatis, suturis impressis ; canali brevi,
apertd,
278
Hab. St. John’s. Mus. Cuming.
A large variegated species, somewhat resembling in general appear-
ance 7'. ornatus, Desh.
16. TrrpHORIS PULCHELLUs, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyra-
midali, in medio tumidd, fuscd, serie moniliformi albo ornatd ; an-
fractibus convexiusculis, triseriatim granuloso-carinatis, granorum
serie inferiore prominuld, superiore multo minore; apertura
rotundatd, constrictd ; canali brevi, recurvo.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
A handsome brown species, with a white series of bead-like granules
at the lower part of each whorl.
17. TripHoris n1GRo-Fuscus, A. Adams. T. testd pyramidali,
nigro-fuscd ; anfractibus planis, triseriatim granulatis, granulis
equalibus, confertis, anfractuum suturis impressis, basi con-
vera.
Hab. Sydney, low water, under stones (Mr. Strange).
A black-brown species, with three rows of regular, equal-sized
granules on each whorl. Mus. Cuming.
18. TripHoris restivus, A. Adams. T. testd pyramidali, basi
pland fuscd, albidd, fasciis fuscis interruptis, transversis, ornatd ;
anfractibus planis, cingulis duabus granorum instructis ; interstitis
valde punctatis.
Hab. Port Lincoln. Mus. Cuming.
A small prettily-marked species, with two rows of granules on each
whorl, and the interstices deeply punctured.
19. TrrpHoris scirutus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami-
dali, albidd, nitidd, subpellucidd, suturis rufo-tinctis ; anfractibus
convexiusculis, cingulis tribus nodorum ornatis, cinguld mediand
majore moniliformi, nodorum interstitiis fuscis, anfractu ultimo
basi fusco ; canali brevi, aperto.
Hab. Port Lincoln. Mus. Cuming.
A semipellucid, white and brown species, with the middle row of
nodules very prominent.
20. TripHoris atBipus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami-
dali, albidd, nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis, subimbricatis, granoso-
clathratis, granis oblongis, serie granorum inferiore prominuld,
anfractu ultimo basi fulvo ; canali brevi, subrecurvo.
Hab. Honduras (Dyson). Mus. Cuming.
A solid, white, shining, pyramidal species, with oblong granules
disposed in three series on each whorl.
21. TripHoris vesTAis, A. Adams. T. testd turrito-subulatd,
dextrorsd, albd, subnitidd ; anfractibus 13, convexis, suturis im-
pressis, triseriatim granulatis, interstitiis alveolatis.
Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.
A delicate and chaste right-handed species, with convex whorls, and
pits between the granules.
279
22. TripHoris cineuLaAtus, A. Adams. T, testd elongato-pyra-
midali, cinered ; anfractibus sexdecim ad octodecim, spiraliter tri-
cingulatis, cinguld mediand minore, interstitiis carinarum longitu-
. dinaliter valde striatis.
Hab. Red Sea (Riippell). Mus. Cuming.
An ashy-grey species, with three smooth keels on each whorl, and
the interstices strongly striated: somewhat similar to the 7. corru-
gatus of Hinds.
23. TripHoris LABiaTus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami-
dali, nigro-fuscd, in medio tumidd, spird apice obtuso ; anfractibus
10, planulatis, triseriatim granuloso-carinatis, suturis concavo-
impressis ; labro reflexo, dilatato, albido ; canali brevi, subrecurvo.
Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange). Mus.
Cuming.
A small, nearly black shell, with the outer lip dirty white or pale
fuscous.
24. Mesauia striata, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-turrita,
Sulvd ; anfractibus 10-12, planulatis, superioribus longitudinaliter
plicatis, inferioribus levibus, transversim striatis, striis impres-
sis, subdistantibus ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ; aperturd ovali,
labio subplanulato, antice subreflexo ; labro acuto, integro.
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
25. Mesauia pecussaTa, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-turritd,
in medio subcylindraced, pallid? rubro-fuscd ; anfractibus novem,
convexiusculis, plicis longitudinalibus confertis, et sulcis impressis,
transversis, decussatim ornatis ; aperturd semiovali, labio subcal-
loso, antic? subreflero, integro ; labro incrassato, margine integro.
Hab. Masbate, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.
26. RissoInA SEMIGLABRATA, A. Adams. QR. testd subulato-
pyramidali, albd, solidd, nitidd ; anfractibus conveviusculis, supre-
mis transversim striatis, inferioribus glabratis; aperturd semiovali,
antice subcanaliculatd, labio incrassato; labro dilatato, crasso,
intus tuberculis parvis instructo, margine subreflezo.
Hab. Deleguete, isle of Zebu, found under stones, low water.
Mus. Cuming.
A species having very much the aspect of a Hulima. In this spe-
cies there are two tubercles on the inner surface of the outer lip.
27. Rissorna Evuimorpes, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-pyra-
midali, albd, solidd, nitidd ; anfractibus planiusculis, suturis im-
pressis ; aperturd semiovali, anticé subcanaliculatd, labio levigato,
subincrassato ; labro margine crasso, in medio dilatato, intus
tuberculo minuto instructo.
Hab. Island of Capul, on coral reefs in sand, at low water. Mus.
Cuming.
A small polished Eulima-like species, with a single small tubercle
on the inner surface of the outer lip.
280
December 9, 1851.
W. Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. On some Bonzs or Dipus. By A. D. Bartuerr.
(Aves, Pl. XLV.)
The history of the Dodo having been recently the subject of so
much inquiry, and the exertions made by Mr. Strickland, Dr. Mel-
ville and others, having succeeded in bringing together so many
important facts, it might appear that there was little more to be said
upon the subject ; this, however, I believe is far from being the case.
A few facts established upon a subject which was before obscured in
doubt and error will, I trust, always act as a charm, and induce us at
every opportunity to investigate that subject still further, in the hope
of learning the truth. On the present occasion I am desirous of call-
ing attention to a few bones upon the table. In so doing I beg to
say, that in the year 1830 a collection of bones arrived in Paris, which
attracted the attention of the scientific world. These bones came
from the island of Rodriguez, but on account of their being incrusted
with stalagmite, little has been done with them ; they were, however,
the cause of search being made for more in the same locality, and two
collections were made in the year 1831 by the late Mr. Telfair. One
of these collections was forwarded to the Andersonian Museum in
Glasgow, the other to the collection of this Society, and at the even-
ing meeting, March 12, 1833, the bones sent by Mr. Telfair were
laid upon the table.
I will here read an extract from the Society’s Proceedings :—“ Dr.
Grant pointed out that they were the bones of the hinder extremity
of a large bird, and the head of a humerus. With reference to the
metatarsal bone, which was long and strong, Dr. Grant pointed out
that it possessed the articulating surfaces for four toes, three directed
forwards and one backwards, as in the foot of the Dodo preserved in
the British Museum. to which it was also proportioned in magnitude
and form.”
I beg now to read a paragraph from Mr. Strickland’s book. At
page 52 we find: “The bones sent by Mr. Telfair in 1833 to the
Zoological Society have met with some unfortunate fate. Three or
four years ago, Mr. Fraser, the late Curator of that Society, made, at
my request, a diligent search for these specimens, but all his endea-
vours to find them were fruitless: he found the identical box sent
by Mr. Telfair, but, alas! the bones of the Solitaire, apterous as it
was, had flown away, and the only bones that remained belonged to
tortoises.”
In the month of July last an opportunity was afforded me by the
Secretary of renewing this search, and I had the good fortune to
———— rl ele
Metatarsal bone of Didus Nazarenus. 2 of Didus sohtarms. 3. of Didus meptus
G HFord Lith.
Ford & West Imp
‘
281
find what I believe to be all the specimens sent to the Society by
Mr. Telfair.
Upon my informing Mr. Mitchell of my success, that gentleman,
knowing the trouble and interest I had taken to recover them,
granted me permission to examine, compare, and describe them, and
to bring the subject before the Society.
In the first place, we are led to believe (and I think without the
slightest doubt) that these bones came originally from the island of
Rodriguez. There cannot be any doubt, also, that Rodriguez and
the neighbouring islands were at one period inhabited by several spe-
cies of large birds. Whether any of the same species of these birds
inhabited different islands, or whether each island was inhabited by
distinct species, is a question to which I beg most particularly to call
your‘attention: the most recent publication by Mr. Strickland and
Dr. Melville would lead us to believe that the true Dodo (Didus in-
eptus) was solely confined to the island of Mauritius, and another
species, known as the Solitaire, was said to be its representative on the
island of Rodriguez. If this be true, I should have the pleasure of
introducing to your notice the bones of at least two new species of
birds from that island: I do not however myself feel justified im so
doing, but believe some of the bones sent here by Mr. Telfair belong
to the true Dodo (Didus ineptus). There are also in the collection
(I think without doubt) bones of two other species, one of these
of much larger size than the Dodo, the other considerably smaller.
The bones in question having all the usual and well-known charac-
teristics of those of adult birds, we cannot therefore suppose the dif-
ferences which they present to be such as might arise from age; and
on the other hand, you will perceive that the proportions are too dis-
similar to allow of our regarding them as having belonged to different
sexes of the same species. There often exists great difference of size
in the bones of the opposite sex, but I have never noticed any very
evident difference of proportion. These are to me satisfactory reasons
for considering them specifically distinct. But to return to the ques-
tion,— Was the Dodo found on the island of Rodriguez? Sir Thomas
Herbert says i¢ was; and his evidence appears to me of much im-
portance, considering the number of years he spent travelling about,
visiting these islands, and collecting rare and curious things ; having
also repeatedly described the Dodo, and very probably brought one
to England. Iam therefore inclined to regard the assertions made
by Sir Thomas Herbert with more respect than they have elsewhere
received. It may appear at first sight impossible that the same spe-
cies of birds which were destitute of the power of swimming or flying
could inhabit islands so far from each other ; but, were these islands
always in the state in which we find them? may they not at some
distant period have been united and formed part of the same land ?
In endeavouring in this manner to account for the existence of the
Dodo upon the island of Rodriguez as well as at Mauritius, it has
been remarked that this argument would not hold good, as the islands
in question were of volcanic origin: if this be the case, to account for
its existence at either place appears to me equally difficult. I am
282
fully aware it has been the practice of late to consider the animals
obtained from localities remote from each other specifically distinct ;
they may be so; but unless we have some certain means of distin-
guishing them, I do not think we ought to regard them as such.
I now venture to introduce to your notice what I believe to be the
tibia of the Dodo (Didus ineptus): its agreement with the foot in
the British Museum struck me as being exceedingly remarkable and
conclusive: its size and proportions, as compared with the metatarsal
in question, are exactly what I should have expected upon the sup-
position of their belonging to the same species: they fit each other
so perfectly, that one might think they belonged to the same indi-
vidual. With this evidence before me, I cannot for one moment
hesitate in considering the Dodo of the Mauritius to be identical with
the Dodo of Rodriguez. There are also in this collection two other
bones, which, from their size and form, I believe to belong to this
species: the most remarkable is the head of the humerus, which would
indicate by its magnitude and broad attachments that it belonged to
a bird of large bulk, while the sudden reduction in the size of its shaft
clearly indicates a bird with small wings. The great thickness and
consequent weight is sufficient to cause us to suppose that this bird
had not the power of flight.
The next bone to which I will call your attention is a right meta-
tarsal, which appears to me to have belonged to a bird known to
Leguat as the Solitaire, and described by him during his residence
on the island of Rodriguez. I beg to read Leguat’s description, in
order to point out to you its near agreement in point of size and form
with the Turkey, with which bird Leguat compared the bird he called
the Solitaire :—
“Of all the birds in the island, the most remarkable is that which
goes by the name of the Solitary, because it is very seldom seen in
company, though there are abundance of them. The feathers of the
male are of a brown-grey colour: the feet and beak are like a Tur-
key’s, but a little more crooked. They have scarce any tail, but
their hind part covered with feathers is roundish, like the crupper of
a Horse; they are taller than Turkeys. Their neck is straight, and
a little longer in proportion than a Turkey’s when it lifts up its head.
Its eye is black and lively, and its head without comb or cop. They
never fly, their wings are too little to support the weight of their
bodies ; they serve only to beat themselves, and flutter when they
call one another. They will whirl about for twenty or thirty times
together on the same side, during the space of four or five minutes.
The motion of their wings makes then a noise very like that of a
rattle, and one may hear it two hundred paces off. The bone of
their wing grows greater towards the extremity, and forms a little
round mass under the feathers, as big as a musket-ball. That and
its beak are the chief defence of this bird. ’Tis very hard to catch
it in the woods, but easie in open places, because we run faster than
they, and sometimes we approach them without much trouble. From
March to September they are extremely fat, and taste admirably well,
283
Saami while they are young; some of the males weigh forty-five
ounds.
‘The females are wonderfully beautiful, some fair, some brown ; I
call them fair, because they are of the colour of fair hair. They have
a sort of peak, like a widow’s, upon their breasts (/ege beaks), which
is of adun colour. No one feather is straggling from the other all
over their bodies, they being very careful to adjust themselves, and
make them all even with their beaks. The feathers on their thighs
are round like shells at the end, and being there very thick have an
agreeable effect. They have two risings on their craws, and the
feathers are whiter there than the rest, which livelily represents the
fine neck of a beautiful woman. They walk with so much stateli-
ness and good grace, that one cannot help admiring and loving them ;
by which means their fine mien often saves their lives.” —Leguat’s
Voyage to the East Indies, 1708, p. 71.
You will perceive this bird was said to be larger and taller than a
Turkey. A comparison of this metatarsal bone with the metatarsal
bone of the Turkey I think will satisfactorily show the accuracy of
Leguat’s description, and at the same time justify our conclusion
that this metatarsal bone belonged to the Solitaire of Rodriguez, to
which the name of Didus solitarius has been applied. I trust I shall
be pardoned for avoiding the use of the new generic term adopted by
the authors of ‘The Dodo and its kindred,’ for in a group so little
known, and at present so limited in species, it seems to me so much
to increase the trouble and difficulty of those who endeavour to study
such subjects, that I cannot help expressing my belief that many of
the new names so often introduced serve only to impede and embarrass
us, and I therefore regard them as much worse than useless.
I have now remaining the bone of a bird which when alive was
much larger, heavier, and more powerful than the Dodo. For further
examples of this bird’s bones, I must refer to the plates in the work
before alluded to, by Mr. Strickland and Dr. Melville: plate xv. fig. 2,
the metatarsal bone of the large species in the Andersonian Museum,
Glasgow; fig. 3, a metatarsal bone in the Parisian collection. A glance
at these specimens will, I imagine, convince any one that this bird
was of gigantic size, and probably double the weight of the Dodo. I
am sure it cannot be supposed (after what has been said) that Leguat
was describing this great bird when he wrote his beautiful description
of the Solitaire. Another important fact will, I think, set this question
at rest. Leguat states, that some of the males of the Solitaire weigh
forty-five pounds. Now we know the weight of the largest Turkeys
to be considerably less, rarely reaching thirty pounds, while the weight
of the Dodo is stated to have been at least fifty pounds. It cannot,
therefore, be supposed, had Leguat seen birds nearly double the size
of the Dodo, he could have made the statements or comparison he
has made between the Solitaire and Turkey.
I have before expressed my great dislike to an unnecessary increase
of names: I feel, however, the necessity of finding an appropriate
284
name for this large bird, and therefore propose one somewhat familiar
to all who have paid any attention to the subject, and apply the name
of Didus Nazarenus to this the largest species of the genus. In doing
this, I may remark that Mr. Strickland, in his work before alluded
to, has considered the Didus Nazarenus to be a phantom species,
which he says has haunted our systems of ornithology from the days
of Gmelin downwards.
The conclusions which I have arrived at from the examination of
the bones to which I have just called your attention are these :—That
there existed formerly three distinct species of Apterous birds in the
island of Rodriguez ; namely, one which is apparently identical with
the Dodo (Didus ineptus) of the Mauritius; a second, which was
well described under the name of Solitaire; and a third, which was
much larger than either of the above.
12 College Street, Camden Town.
2. DEscRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALIA OF THE
Genus Antecuinus. By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S. etc.
One of these species is remarkable for being spotted on the under
instead of on the upper surface, and the other for its very diminutive
size: both rank among the smallest members of the genus. For the
former I propose the specific appellation of maculatus ; it may be
thus described :—
ANTECHINUS MACULATUS.
Fur short, dense, and closely applied to the skin ; general tint of
the upper surface dark blackish brown, minutely grizzled with yellow-
ish brown ; lower part of the flanks and under surface of the body
dark brownish slate-grey, ornamented with oblong spots of greyish
white arranged in irregular rows in the direction of the body ; down
the centre of the throat a streak of white.
inches.
Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 33
GRECIAN (els sibs ste Ed Sedeeren btie «ddd bys aim bee
from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear 4
oftheteae| oben db sta dep ny eee
obi the tars aiid: £008. pccopeh cable sit: serras %5
1 .
Hab. Brushes of the river Clarence, on the east coast of Australia.
The other species I propose to name
ANTECHINUS MINUTISSIMUS.
Fur short, dense, and closely applied to the skin; upper surface and
flanks brown, slightly grizzled with black ; under surface pale buff,
approaching to white on the throat; tail brown above, lighter be-
neath ; feet buffy brown, toes covered with hairs of a somewhat lighter
hue.
285
inches.
Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 22
ofthe ‘tal 5.05 3 raul, 254 es eee
from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear
of the Car £04 hice. ce a eee
onthe tarsi and! toes). ....22 > ce ees
Hab. Brushes of the east coasts of Australia.
chanieehe gm
3. DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES OF PrILOTIS AND A NEW
SPECIES OF EépsattriA. By Joun Gov p, F.R.S.
Mr. Gould also exhibited two new species of birds of the genera
Ptilotis and Eépsaltria, which he characterized as follows :—
PriLoTIS FASCIOGULARIS.
All the upper surface, wings and tail olive-brown, the feathers of
the head and back with darker centres, and the primaries and tail-
feathers narrowly margimed externally with greenish wax-yellow ;
lores and a streak down the side of the head from the posterior
angle of the eye blackish brown; ear-coverts pale yellow; on each
side of the neck a patch of yellowish white; feathers of the throat
brownish black, each bordered with pale yellow, presenting a fasciated
appearance; breast blackish brown; under surface striated with brown
and buffy, becoming paler towards the vent ; irides lead-colour ; bill
and feet black.
Total length, 73 inches ; bill, $; wing, 32; tail, 33; tarsi, 12.
Hab. Mangrove Island, Moreton Bay.
Female.—Similar in colour, but of smaller size.
EGpsautTria Capito.
Upper surface olive-green, inclining to brown on the head ; wings
and tail slaty brown, faintly margined with olive-green ; ear-coverts
grey ; lores and a line descending in front of the eye and the throat
greyish white; under surface yellow; irides hazel; bill black; feet
brownish flesh-colour.
Total length, 5 inches; bill, 3; wing, 32; tail, 23; tarsi, 2.
Hab. Brushes of the River Brisbane, New South Wales.
Remarks.—Shorter and less elegantly formed than FL. Australis,
with a stout broad bill and a proportionately large and heavy head.
wis.)
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INDEX.
The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in
Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel
information is given, in Italics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob-
servations are made, in CaPiTaLs.
Accipiter chicquera, 42
Achatina albicans, Pfr., n. sp., 259
— attenuata, Pfr., n. sp., 259
Dunkeri, Pfr., n. sp., 148
fulgurata, Pfr., n. sp., 258
— impressa, Pfr., n. sp., 148
inornata, Pfr., n. sp., 259
Newcombi, Pfr., n. sp., 262
—— plicatula, Pfr., n. sp., 258
violacea, Pfr., n. sp., 259
Achatinella melampoides, Pfr., n.sp., 262
plicata, Gould, 261
Aciculina, 4. ddams, n. g., 114
Aciculina costata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 114
— glabrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114
labiata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 114
— maculata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114
—- striata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114
vittata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 114
“Equorea atlantica, Peron & Lesueur, 275
ciliata, Eschscholtz, 275
danica, Peron & Lesueur, 275
Forskalea, Peron & Lesueur, 275
—— Forskalina, Eschscholtz, 275
grenlandica, Peron & Lesueur, 275
stauroglypha, Peron & Lesueur, 275
violacea, Milne-Edw., 275
Alauda arvensis, Linn., 145
Alcedo ispida, Linn., 145
Alectrion, Montf., 103
Alectrion complanata, Powis, 104
crenulata, Brug., 103
hirta, Kien., 103
monilis, Kien., 103
Jacksoniana, Kien., 103
nassoides, Reeve, 103
—— nodifera, Powis, 103
papillosa, Linn., 103
—— seminodosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 104
variabilis, Phil., 103
Ammocecetes, Dum., 235, 240
Ammoceetes dicolor, Lesueur, 241
branchialis, Dum., 240
concolor, Kirtl., 241
Ammocecetes ruber, Cuy., 241
unicolor, De Kay, 241
Ammocetina, 235-240
Ammosia, Westw., 201
Ampullaria celebensis, Quoy, 74
Anaira, Hope, 201
Anas, 192
Anas boschas, Linn., 146
erecca, Linn., 146
Ancillaria lineolata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 271
Anser segetum, Steph., 146
Antechinus maculatus, Gould, n. sp., 284
—— minutissimus, Gould, n. sp., 284
Anthus pratensis, Bechst., 142
Apiculum, Humph., 157
Aquaria, 233
Arachnoides antipodarum, Gray, n. sp.,
126
Aradasia, Gray, 175
ARCTOPITHECUS, Gray, 208
ARCTOPITHECUS BLAINVILLII, 208
GULARIS, 208
MARMORATUS, 208
Ardea cinerea, 146
minuta, Linn., 146
—— nycticoraz, Linn., 146
—— purpurea, Linn., 146
—— russata, Wagl., 146
stellaris, Linn., 146
Artamus cucullatus, Nicholson. n.sp., 196
Arytena, 233
Aspergillum, 233
Astrea, Bolten, 232
Astralium, Link, 231
Astralium calear, Gmel., 231
deplanatum, Chemn., 231
Auricula felis, Lam., 72
mustelina, Desh., 72
— polita, Metcalf, n. sp., 72
-—— subnodosa, Metcalf, n. sp., 72
Baleniceps, Gould, 1
Baleniceps Rex, Gould, n. sp., 2
Balenodon, 34
Balea Dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 148
288 INDEX.
Bankivia major, 4. Adams, n. sp., 171
nitida, 4. ddams, n, sp., 172
purpurascens, Beck, 171
varians, Gray, 171
Bathmidurus, Cab., 47
Bathmidurus major, Cab., 48
—— marginatus, Kaup, n. sp., 48
— minor, Kaup, n. sp., 48
tristis, Kaup, n. sp., 48
Bezoardica, Schum., 229
Blue Hawk of the Cataracts, The, 55
Bolma, Risso, 232
Brapypopips, 206
Brapypus crinitus, 207
Buceinum abbreviatum, Wood, 113.
albescens, Dunk., 96
ambiguum, Mont., 101
angulatum, Broce., 104
antillarum, Phil., 95
— arcularia, Linn., 94
—— ascanias, Brug., 111
— asperulum, Broce., 111
Bronnii, Phil., 104
canaliculatum, Lam., 106:
— caperatum, Phil., 96
— clathratum, Kien., 101
— coccinella, Lam., 111
coronatum, Brug., 94
corrugatum, Brocc., 104
costulatum, Broce., 104
crassum, Koch, 96
erenulatum, Brug., 103
— Cuvieri, Payr., 104
decussatum, Kien., 111
— echinophora, Linn., 229
elegans, Kien., 104
, Reeve, 109
— erinaceum, Linn., 229
Jasciatum, Lam., 111
Ferussacii, Payr., 104
— gemma, Phil., 96
gemmulatum, Hinds, 95
— gibbosulum, Linn., 101
glans, Linn., 104
glaucum, Linn., 229
graniferum, Kien., 101
Gruneri, Dunk., 96
— hirtum, Kien., 103
horridum, Dunk., 101
Jonasi, Dunk., 96
— incrassatum, Mill., 11}
Isabellei, D’Orb., 95
—-— Jacksonianum, Kien., 103.
—— Lacepedii, Payr., 111
— letum, Phil., 104
livescens, Phil., 95
luteostoma, Kien., 95
macula, Mont., 111
margaritiferum, Dunk., 96:
marginulatum, Lam., 94
—— miga, Adanson, 109
Buecinum minutum, Penn, 111
monile, Kien., 103
multigranum, Dunk., 112
muricatum, Quoy, 101
— mautabile, Linn., 94
nassoides, Reeve, 103
—— nodiferum, Phil., 95
noduliferum, Phil., 109
— nucleolus, Phil., 109
— obliqueplicatum, Dunk., 112
—— olivaceum, Brug., 106
ornatum, Kien., 106
papillosum, Linn., 103
pauperatum, Kien., 95
— pictum, Dunk., 104
' —— polygonatum, Lam., 94
pullus, Linn., 94
Reevianum, Dunk., 105
retusum, Lam., 113
Roissyi, Belang., 109
rudis, Gualt., 111
rufulum, Kien., 104
scalariforme, Val., 109
semigranosum, Dunk., 96
signatum, Dunk., 112
— splendidulum, Dunk., 96
stoiatum, Gmel., 103
—— Sturmii, Phil., 95
subdiaphanum, Biv., 103:
subspinosum, Lam., 101
suturale, Lam., 104
— Thersites, Brug., 102
tiarula, Kien., 94
tritoniformis, Kien., 11}
— unicolor, Kien., 106
variabile, Phil., 103
—— venustum, Dunk., 95
—— vibex, Say, 101
—— zonale, Brug., 103
Bulimus acalles, Pfr., n. sp., 258
attenuatus, Pfr., n.sp., 256
— Belcheri, Pfr., n. sp., 261
—— chloris, Reeve, 71
citrinus, Brug., 71
— Denickei, Gray, n. sp., 92, 9%
—— Dillwynianus, Pfr., n. sp., 258
— dubius, Pfr., n. sp., 257
—— Eganus, Pfr., n. sp., 258:
— elexodes, Pfr., n. sp., 256
—— glaucophthalmus, Pfr., n. sp., 255
infundibulum, P/r., n. sp., 255
liratus, Pfr., 261
luctuosus, Pfr., n. sp., 255:
Maconelli, Reeve, n. sp., 198
—— meleagris, Pfr., n. sp., 257
microdon, Pfr., n. sp., 261
— Moussoni, Pfr., n. sp., 147
Newcombianus, Pfr., n. sp., 261
—— nigrolimbatus, Pfr., n. sp., 257
nubeculatus, Pfr., n. sp., 257
— plicatus, Gould, 261
INDEX.
Bulimus porphyrostomus, Pfr., n.sp., 261
scytodes, Pfr., n. sp., 256
subinterruptus, Pfr., n. sp., 256
suturalis, Pfr., n. sp., 255
—— Tasmanicus, Pfr., n. sp., 260
—— varicosus, Pfr., n. sp., 256
Busycum, Bolt., 230
Buzzard, The long and slender-legged, 58
, The Parrot-beaked, 59
Calcar, Montf., 231
Calidris arenaria, Ill., 146
Calliostoma, Swains., 163
Canrena, Link, 231
Canrena neritoidea, Mart., 231
Canthiridus, Montf., 169
ine articularis, 4. ddams, n. sp.,
169
—— artizona, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170
cinguliger, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169
iridis, Chemn., 169
— moniliger, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169
—— nigricans, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170
nitidulus, Phil., 169
—— pallidulus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 170
—— punctulosus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169
—— purpuratus, Martyn, 169
rufozona, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170
— tenebrosus, 4. Adams, un. sp., 170
variegatus, Gray, 171
Zealandicus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169
Canthorbis, Swains., 232
Caprimulgus europeus, Linn., 146
Caragola, 235, 239
Caragola lapicida, 239
Cardinalia, Gray, 151
Cardinalia virgata, Gmel., 151
Carinidea, Swains., 152
Carracarra Hawk, 55
, The Red-headed, 56
, The Yellow-headed, 56
Carrion Crow, The Common, 53
—-, The Yellow-necked, 54
Cassidaria, Lam., 229
Cassidea, Link, 229
Cassidea cornuta, 229
Jlammea, 229
— pennata, 229
rufa, 229
testicula, 229
Cassidulus, Humph., 230
Cassis, Browne, 229
Cathartes iota, Cuv., 53
percnopterus, Temm., 145
Cemoria, Leach, 227
Cemoria Flemingii, Leach, 228
noachina, Lowe, 228
princeps, Migh. et Ad., 228
Cerithium obtusum, Lam., 73
unicarinatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 73
Chameleo vulgaris, 203
Chameleon, 203
289
Charadrius hiaticula, Linn., 146
pluvialis, 146
CuHLAMYDOTHERIUM, Lund, 216
Chlamydotherium giganteum, 216
Humboldtii, 216
Cutamypuorus, Harlan, 213
Chlamyphorus truncatus, 213
Chloropsaris, Kaup, 45
Chloropsaris atricapillus, Gmel., 45
Cuvierii, Swains., 45
versicolor, Hartl., 45
Chlorostoma, Swains., 180
Chlorostoma agreste, Chemn., 180
argyrostoma, Chemn., 180
—— articulatum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 183
— atrum, Less., 180
—— bicanaliculatum, Dunk., 181
carinatum, Koch, 181
—— castaneum, 4. Addams, n. sp., 182
— cicer, Menke, 181
—— corrugatum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182
euryomphalus, Jonas, 181
gailina, Forbes, 182
—— impervium, Menke, 182
— leve, Chemn., 181
— maculosum, 4. Adams, n. sp., 183
marginatum, Nutt., 181
merula, Chemn., 181
—— mestum, Jonas, 180
—— nigerrimum, Chemn., 180
— odontis, Wood, 182
—— Pfeifferi, Phil., 181
pulligo, Martyn, 182
rugosum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182
—— sagittiferum, Lam., 181
— sauciatum, Koch, 181
——- seminodosum, 4. Addams, n.sp., 183
stenomphalus, Jonas, 181
tabulare, Krauss, 181
—— tigrinum, Chemn., 180
—— tropidophorum, 4. ddams,n.sp., 183
turbinatum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182,
183
—— undulosum, 4. Adams, n. sp., 182
—— xanthostigma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 183
CHotepus, Jil., 207
Cholepus didactylus, 207
Cicindela megalocephata, Fabr., 199
Ciconia nigra, Temm., 146
CIMOLIORNIS DIOMEDZUS, Owen, 28
Clanculus, Montf., 157
Clanculus acuminatus, 4. Addams, n. sp.,
160
agrestis, Chemn., 158
— albinus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160
—— anus, Phil., 159
—— brunneus, A. Addams, un. sp., 161
— carinatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 162
— cingulifer, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160
— conspersus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 163
— corallinus, Gmel., 158
No. CCXXXVII.—ProceEEDINGS or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
290
Clanculus corrugatus, Koch, 159
Couturii, Payr., 158
— edentulus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 162
clanguloides, Wood, 158
— floridus, Phil., 158
—— gibbosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 162
Guianicus, Chemn., 158
—— Jussieui, Payr., 159
Krausii, Phil., 159
— limbatus, Quoy, 158
— Ludwigi, Krauss, 159
lupinus, Menke, 159
—— maculosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160
margaritarius, Phil., 159
Maugeri, Wood, 158
mediterraneus, Wood, 158
— microdon, 4. Adams, n. sp., 162
— winor, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 161
nigricans, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 162
— nodiliratus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 163
-— ochroleucus, Phil., 159
—— omalomphalus, 4. Adams, n.sp., 162
ormophorus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 159
— Patagonicus, d’Orb., 158
personatus, Phil., 159
—— Pharaonis, Linn., 157
ringens, Menke, 158
scabrosus, Phil., 159
—— Smithii, Wood, 158
spadiceus, Phil., 159
—— stigmatarius, 4. Addams, n. sp., 161
—— sulearius, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160
-—— textilosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 161
—— turbinoides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160
turgidulus, Broce., 159
unedo, 4. ddams, un. sp., 161
variegatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160
zebrides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 161
Clepsydra, 233
Clypidina, Gray, 87
Clypidina acuminata, A. Adams, n.sp., 88
annulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 88
aspera, Gould, 87
—— candida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 88
Sungina, Gould, 87
notata, Linn., 87
—— rudis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87
—— rugosa, Quoy, 87
— scabricula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 88
stellata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 87
sulcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87
Ceelodon, Lund, 211
Columba enas, Linn., 146
livia, Briss., 142
palumbus, Linn., 142
Trocaz, Hein., 142
Turtur, Linn., 146
Columbella albinodulosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 3
Australis, Gaskoin, n. sp., 5
—— Austrina, Gaskoin, n. sp., 9
—— baccata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 9
INDEX.
Columbella Californiana, Gaskoin, u.sp., 12
cancellata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 6
conspersa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 11
contaminata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 7
formosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 11
—— hirundo, Gaskoin, n. sp., 12
interrupta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 3
—— intexta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 7
—— iodostoma, Gaskoin, n. sp., 13
leucostoma, Gaskoin, n. sp., 4
Marquesa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 8
—— Pacifica, Gaskoin, n. sp., 4
pulla, Gaskoin, n. sp., 6
sagitta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 10
tenuis, Gaskoin, n. sp., 2
—— varicosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 5
Colymbus glacialis, Linn., 146
Cookia, Less., 322
Corvus corax, Linn., 145
corone, Linn., 145
Crab-eater, The, 59
Crex Baillonii, Temm., 146
Cuculus canorus, Linn., 145
Curruca conspicillata, Gould, 142
Heinekenii, Jard., 142
Cyclocantha, 232
Cyclostoma alatum, Pfr., n. sp., 250
alternans, Pfr., n. sp., 249
biciliatum, Mousson, 72
Borneensis, Metcalf, n. sp., 71
canescens, Pfr., n. sp., 245
—— castaneum, Pfr., n. sp., 251
—— crassum, P/r., n. sp., 242
Cumanense, Pfr., n. sp., 248
—— desciscens, Pfr., n. sp., 243
—— diaphanum, P/r., n. sp., 248
disculus, Pfr., n. sp., 243
—— Dysoni, Pfr., n. sp., 243
euchilum, Pfr., n. sp., 242
—— expansum, Pfr., n. sp., 242
—— fasciculare, Pfr., n. sp., 245
— fusculum, Pfr., n. sp., 251
—— Grateloupi, P/r., n. sp., 246
Guatemalense, Pfr., n. sp., 235
guttatum, P/r., n. sp., 251
harpa, P/r., n. sp., 247
—— Himalayanun, P/r., n. sp., 242
—— histrio, Pfr., n. sp., 247
—— ignescens, Pfr., n. sp., 251
integrum, P/r., n. sp., 247
Kusteri, Pfr., n. sp., 249
—— lugubre, Pfr., n. sp., 249
lutescens, Pfr., n. sp., 250
—— margarita, Pfr., n. sp., 244
Orbignyi, Pfr., n. sp., 149
ovatum, Pfr., n. sp., 246
—— pallidum, Pfr., n. sp., 248
pingue, Pfr., n. sp., 248
—— pleurophorum, Pfr., n. sp., 245
—— ponderosum, Pfr., n. sp., 243
—— psilomitum, Pfr., n. sp., 250
INDEX. 291
Cyclostoma radula, Pfr., n. sp., 246
—— regulare, Pfr., n. sp., 244
rusticum, Pfr., n. sp., 250
scalare, Pfr., n. sp., 250
sericatum, Pfr., n. sp., 244
—— Shuttleworthi, Pfr, n. sp., 246
tenuilabiatum, Mef¢calf, n. sp., 71
trochlea, Pfr., n. sp., 249
turritum, Pfr., n. sp., 248
—— undatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 71
— unicolor, Pfr., n. sp., 243
— violaceum, Pfr., n. sp., 245
Cyc.Loruurus, Gray, 219
Cyclothurus didactylus, Gray, 219
Cylindrella Adamsiana, Pfr., n. sp., 148
Gouldiana, Pfr., n. sp., 149
—— monilifera, Pfr., n. sp., 148
— Salleana, Pfr., n. sp., 149
Cymatium, Link, 230
Cymatium polygonum, 230
Cynodonta, Schum., 231
Cynictis Maccarthie, Gray, n. sp., 131
Cyprza Clara, Gaskoin, n. sp., 13
Cyprecassis, Stutch., 229
Cypselus murarius, Temm., 142
unicolor, Jard., 142
Cyrena triangularis, Metcaif, n. sp., 74
Dascinus, Rafin., 221
Dasypopip&, 211
Dasypus, 213
Dasypus MINvuTUus, 214
punctatus, Lund., 213
—— SEXcINCTUS, 214
—— VILLosus, 214 .
Desmoulea, Gray, 113
Desmoulea abbreviata, Wood, 113
— crassa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 113
Japonica, 4. Adams, n. sp., 113
pinguis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113
—— pyramidalis, 4. Addams, n. sp., 113
—— retusa, Lam., 113
Diadora, Gray, 227
Didus, 280
tneptus, 281
— solitarius, 283
Nazarenus, 284
Diloma, Philippi, 173
Diprotopon, 30
Distichocera, MacLeay, 75
Distichocera ferruginea, Guer., 76
-~— fulvipennis, Newm., 76
— Kirbyi, Newm., n. sp., 79
— MacLeayii, Newm., n. sp., 81
—— maculicollis, Kirby, 75
—— par, Newm., n. sp., 78
rufipennis, MacLeay, 76
Distortrix, Link, 231
Distortrix anus, Linn., 231
reticulata, Chemn., 231
Eagle, The Crested and Booted, 59
Echinanthus, 34
Echinanthus Australasie, Gray, n. sp., 34
Cole, Gray, n. sp., 35
explanatus, Gray, n. sp., 35
oblongus, Gray, n. sp., 35
—— productus, Gray, n. sp., 35
—— testudinarius, Gray, n. sp., 35
Echinocyamus australis, Agassiz, 38
Echinodiscus, 35
Echinoglyphus, Van Phelsum, 37
Echinoglyphus frondosus, Van Phelsum, 37
Echinolampas depressus, Gray, n. sp., 38
oviformis, 37
Eione, Risso, 101
Eleuchus, Swains., 170
Eleuchus apicinus, Menke, 171
australis, Quoy, 171
badius, Wood, 170
dellulus, Dunk., 171
trisodontes, Quoy, 171
—— leucostigma, Menke, 171
lineatus, Lam., 170
—— roscus, Lam., 170
rutilus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 171
— snlendidulus, Swains., 171
—— vulgaris, 4. Addams, n. sp., 171
Emarginula, Zam., 82
Emarginula aculeata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86
aspera, Gould, 87
australis, Quoy, 90
—— bellula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 86
—— cancellata, Phil., 82
—— candida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 85
—— capuliformis, Phil., 82
cinerea, Gould, 88
— clathrata, Adams & Reeve, 90
—— clypeus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 83
—— concinna, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85
— conica, Blainy., 82
— conoida, Reeve, 87
—— crassa, Sowerby, 82
— cucullata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 86
—— curvirostris, Desh., 82
— —, Macg., 82
Cuvieri, Sav., 83
—— depressa, Blainv., 90
—— dilecta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85
élargie, Quoy, 90
— elongata, Phil., 83
elongata, Sow., 221
—— emarginata, Blainv., 89
—— eximia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86
excurvata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85
—— fissura, Linn., 82
—— fissurata, Chemn., 82
fuliginea, 4. Addams, n. sp., 84
—— fungina, Gould, 87
—— galericulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84
— Huzardii, Payr., 83
—— incisura, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84
—— levicostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87
— levis, Recl., 82
292
Emarginula micans, A. Addams, n. sp., 84
—— obovata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 83
—— ossea, Gould, 88
Panihensis, Quoy, 90
parmophoroidea, Quoy, 89
—— pileolus, Mich., 82
—— planulata, 4. Adams, un. sp., 86
pulchra, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85
—— punctata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 84
puncticulata, 4, ddams, n. sp., 84
~-— retecosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86
reticulata, Chemn., 82
rosea, Bell, 82
—— rubra, Lam., 82
—— rugosa, Quoy, 87
scabricostata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85
—— scabriuscula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 83
— solidula, Costa, 83
—— striatula, Quoy, 83
—— Vanicorensis, Quoy, 83
—— variegata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84
viminea, 4. Addams. n. sp., 85
Encope Michelini, 37
—— oblonga, 37
—— subclausa, 37
Valenciennesii, 37
Eépsaltria capito, Gould, n. sp., 285
Erator, Kaup, n. g., 47
Erator Fraserii, Kaup, n. sp., 47
inquisitor, Orb., 47
Eulima aclis, A. ddams, un. sp., 277
—— acuta, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 276
—— Cumingii, 4. Addams, un. sp., 277
—— cuspidata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276
—— flexuosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277
—— grandis, 4. Addams, n. sp., 276
—— Guildingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277
—— modicella, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276
—— obesula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276
—— polygyra, .4. ddams, n. sp., 277
—— porcellana, 4. Adams, n. sp., 276
—— pyramidalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277
—— teinostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276
—— vitrea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 277
EuRYODON LATIDENS, Lund, 216
Falco Buteo, Linn., 142
—— nisus, Linn., 145
tinnunculus, Linn., 142
Falcon, The Chestnut-bellied, 60
Fibularia australis, Desm., 38
—— oblonga, Gray, n. sp., 37
Fish-Hawk, The Large Awl-beaked, 56
—_, The Small Awl-beaked, 57
Fishing-Hawk, The, 55
Fissurella noachina, Schum., 228
Fragella, Swains., 157
Francolinus Yemensis, Nich., n. sp., 128
Fringilla butyracea, Linn., 142
cannabina, Linn., 142
—— carduelis, Linn., 142
-— chloris, Linn., 145
INDEX.
Fringilla domestica, Linn., 145
petronia, Linn., 142
Tintillon, Webb, 142
Fulica atra, Linn., 146
Fulgur, Montf., 230
Galeodea, Link, 229
Galeodea echinophora, Linn., 229
Gallinula chloropus, Lath., 146
Geotria, Gray, n. g., 237-8
Geotria australis, Gray, n. sp., 239
Geryonia equorea, Fleming, 272
Gibbium, Gray, 177
Gibbula, Leach, 184
Gibbula Adansonii, Payr., 185
—— Adelaide, Phil., 186
—— Agathensis, Recl., 185
Capensis, Gmel., 185
cineraria, Linn., 184
—— cinerea, Mont., 184
declivis, Forsk., 184
—— divaricaia, Linn., 184
Sanulum, Gmel., 184
—— fasciata, Born, 185
Jumosa, Phil., 186
—— fuscata, Born, 184
—— jucunda, Gould, 185
—— Kalinota, 4. Addams, n. sp., 187
—— leucosticta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 187
— magus, Linn., 184
—— Mindorensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186
—— multicolor, Krauss, 185
—— nivosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187
obliquata, Gmel., 186
—— Philberti, Recl., 185
porcellana, 4. ddams, n. sp., 186
—— pulchra, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187
—— puncto-costata, 4. d4dams,n.sp., 187
quadrata, Gmel., 184
— rotelliformis, Phil., 186
—— scabra, Linn., 184
—— suleosa, 4. Adams. n. sp., 186
—— tumida, Mont., 184
—— umbilicata, Mont., 185
—— undosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186
— varia, Gmel., 185
—— venusta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187
— vulnerata, Phil., 185
Globulus, Schum., 232
GLossoTHERIUM, Owen, 210
GuiyptTopon, Owen, 216
GLYPTODON CLAVIPES, 216
—— ornatus, 216
reticulatus, 216
TUBERCULATUS, 217
Gonigoria, Gray, n. g., 124
Gonigoria clavata, Gray, n. sp., 125
Gymnogaster arcticus, Brun., 117
Gyrineum, Link, 231
Gyrineum Jufonium, Chemn., 231
—— caudatum, Chemn., 231
—— echinatum, Chemn., 231
INDEX. 293
Gyrineum natator, Chemn., 231
rana, Chemn., 231
—— scrobiculator, 231
—— verrucosum, Chemn., 231
Hapalotis albipes, Licht., 126
—— apicalis, Gould, n. sp., 126
cervinus, Gould, n. sp., 127
conditor, Gould, 127
— Gouldii, Gray, 127
— hirsutus, Gould, n. sp., 127
longicaudatus, Gould, 127
macrotis, Gray, 127
—— Mitcheilii, Gould, 127
murinus, Gould, 127
Hapalotis Richardsonii, Gray, 127
Harpagus, 42
Harpagus circumcinctus, Kaup, n. sp., 43
Harpya destructor, 61
Harrier, The Brown-backed, 58
, The Chestnut, 58
Haustellum, Schum., 231
Hawk, Carracarra, 55
, The Bird, 58
——., The Brown-backed Short-winged, 60
—— of the Cataracts, The Blue, 55
—_, The Fishing, 55
——,, The Large Awl-beaked Fish-, 56
—., The Large Sea-fishing, 58
——, The Laughing, 56
—., The Plaid-chested Short-winged, 60
— _, The Red-headed Carracarra, 56
—._, The Small Awl-beaked Fish-, 57
—, The Two-toothed Baridi, 60
—, The Yellow-cered Short-winged, 60
— , The Yellow-headed Carracarra, 56
Helenchus, Herman, 172
Helicina Dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 149
versicolor, Pfr., n. sp., 149
Helix albersiana, Pfr., n. sp., 147
annulifera, P/r., n. sp., 260
-— Audebardi, Pfr., n. sp., 147
— Brardiana, Pfr., n. sp., 253
Brookei, Adams & Reeve, 70
—- conicoides, Metcalf, un. sp., 71
— Dillwyniana, Pfr., n. sp., 254
— Forsteriana, Pfr., n. sp., 254
— Gartneriana, P/r., n. sp., 253
— Gaskoini, Pfr., n. sp., 260
—— glabriuscula, Pfr., n. sp., 262
—— glutinosa, Metcalf, n. sp., 70
leucorhaphe, Pfr., n. sp., 147
—— Layardi, Pfr., n. sp., 253
—— liturata, Pfr., n. sp., 253
margarita, Laskey, 189
nasuta, Metcalf, n. sp., 70
— oblita, Pfr., n. sp., 263
— otostoma, Pfr., n. sp., 260
— Poiretiana, Pfr., n. sp., 254
—— ptychomphala, Pfr., n. sp., 254
pubescens, Pfr., n. sp., 147
—— radians, Pfr., n. sp., 252
Helix reglis, Benson, 70
resplendens, Phil., 70
— Richmondiana, P/r., n. sp., 252
Schumacheriana, Pfr., 70
semidecussata, P/r., n. sp., 252
solida, Pfr., n. sp., 263
Souleyetiana, P/r., n. sp., 252
Sturmiana, Pfr., n. sp., 253
—— subrugata, P/r., n. sp., 259
vilis, Pfr., n. sp., 263
—— vittata, Adams & Reeve, 70
Woodiana, Pfr., n. sp., 254
Hemitoma, Swains., 89
Hercales, Montf., 232
Herpestes Smithii, Gray, 131
HETERODON DIVERSIDENS, Lund, 216
Hirundo riparia, Linn., 146
rustica, Linn., 146
urbica, Linn., 146
Hoplophorus, Lund, 217
Hoplophorus Euphractus, Lund, 217
Selloi, Lund, 217
Hybrid Pheasants, 92
Hyperoartia, Miull., 235
Ibycter, 55
Imperator, Montf., 232
Infundibulum, Montf., 152
Infundibulum californicum, A. Adams,
n, sp., 153
cariniferum, Beck, 152
chloromphalus, 4.4dams,n.sp., 153
concavum, Linn., 152
delicatulum, Phil., 152
depressum, Gmel., 153
Kochii, Phil., 152
radiatum, Chemn., 152
saga, Phil., 152
Insect-eater, The, 59
Iphisa, Gray, n. g., 39
Iphisa elegans, Gray, n. sp., 39
Iphisade, Gray, 39
Jeffreysia, Alder, 264
King Vulture, 53
Kite, The Seissors-tailed, 57
Labio, Oken, 163, 177
Labio articulata, Lam., 178
cingulata, Quoy, 178
— concolor, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 180
constricta, Lam., 177
corrosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 180
— crinitus, Phil., 179
—— fulgurata, Phil., 179
fuliginea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 180
— indecora, Phil., 179
lineata, Da Costa, 179
melanoloma, Menke, 179
—— nigerrima, Gmel., 178
pica, Chemn., 179
—— porcata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 179
—— porcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 179
reticularis, Wood, 178
294
Labio rudis, A. Adams, n. sp., 179
scorpio, Gray, 179
-—— striolata, Quoy, 178
—— subrostrata, Gray, 178
— suleata, Wood, 178
— teniata, Quoy, 178
— Tamsii, Dunker, 179
—— tessellata, Chemn., 178
tergestina, Phil., 179
zealandica, Quoy, 178
zebra, Wood, 178
Lacuna carinifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225
Lagena californica, 4. ddams, n. sp., 272
Lambidium, Link, 229
Lambidium oniscus, Linn., 229
Lampetra, 235, 237.
Lampetra ceca, Will., 241
JStuviatilis, Linn., 237
Lamottenii, Lesueur, 238
— major, Schw., 236
—— minima, Ald., 241
— neunauge, Jonston, 241
— planeri, Linn., 238
— Rondeletii, Will., 236
Sanguisuga, Lacép., 238
—— subcinerea, Salv., 238
Lampredia, Rafin., 235
Lamprostoma, Swains., 153
Lanius lictor, Licht., 44
Larus argentatus, Brunn., 142
tridactylus, Lath., 146
Latirus, Montf., 230
Laughing Hawk, The, 56
Leodia, Gray, n. g., 36
Leodia Richardsonii, Gray, n. sp., 36
Lestris cataractes, Temm., 146
Iimosa melanura, Leisler, 146
Littorina albicans, Metcalf, n. sp., 73
melanostoma, Gray, 73
—- scabra, Linn., 73
Lobophora aurita, 35
— bifissa, 35
Mancinella, Link, 230
Mancinella aculeata, Chemn., 230
armigera, Chemn., 230
Bezoar, Chemn., 230
— castanea, Link, 230
— hystrix, Linn., 230
mutabilis, Chemn., 230
Manip, 219
Manis, Linn., 219
Manis Africana, Desm., 220
—— aurita, Hodgs., 220
javanica, Desm., 218
macroura, Desm., 219
—— multiscutata, Gray, 220
—— pentadactyla, Linn., 219
—— Temminckii, Smutz, 219
—— tetradactyla, Linn., 220
Mareca penelope, Selby, 146
Margarita, Leach, 189
INDEX.
Margarita acuminata, Sow., 190
angulata, A. Adams, n. sp. 190
arctica, Gould, 189
argentea, Gould, 190
—— balteata, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 191
bicarinata, Adams & Reeve, 190
—— cerulescens, King, 191
—— calostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 190
carinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 190
—— carnea, Sow., 189
cinerea, Couth., 190
costellata, Sow., 190
Cumingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191
Margarita expansa, Sow., 191
glauca, Moller, 189
—— Grenlandica, Beck, 189
helicina, O. Fab., 189
helicoides, Beck, 189
—— lineata, Sow., 192
margarita, Brown, 189
—— nitiligineus, Menke, 190
—— obscura, Couthouy, 189
sigaretina, Sow., 191
—— solariformis, Sow., 190
—— striata, Leach, 189
sulcata, Sow., 190
—— teniata, Sow., 191
—— tessellata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191
undulata, Forbes, 185
, Sow., 189
—— umbilicalis, Brod. & Sow., 189
Vahlii, Moller, 189
variabilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191
—— violacea, King, 192
—— vulgaris, Leach, 189
Medusa equorea, Linn., 272
—— aurita, Linn., 274
—— patina, Modeer, 274
—— pelagica, Linn., 274
MEGACEPHALA ZQUINOCTIALIS, Dej.,200
AUSTRALASI&®, Hope, 199
EUPHRATICA, 199
—— auanprisienaTA, Dej., 199
SENEGALENSIS, Latr., 199
—— SEPULCHRALIS, Fadr., 200
—— TESTUDINEA, Klug, 200
Mrecaronyx JEFFERSONII, 209
Megapodius Cumingii, Gould, n. sp., 119
MrcarTHerium, Cuvier, 206, 209
MEGATHERIUM CUvIERI, 209
—— Laurillardi, Lund, 209
Melagraphia, Steutz., 177
Melania circumstriata, Metcalf, n.sp., 73
—— subsuturalis, Metcalf, n. sp., 73
Mellita, 36
Mellita erythrea, Gray, n. sp., 36
—— hexapora, 36
lobata, Agassiz, 36
—— quinquefora, 36
—— similis, 36
testudinaria, 36
INDEX. 295
Merops apiaster, Linn., 145
Mesalia decussata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279
—— striata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279
Microtoma, Swains., 250
Mitra albina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 137
ameoena, 4, Adams, n. sp., 137
—— asperulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136
—— bellula, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 138
—— castanea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140
cingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136
— columbellina, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 141
—— compta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 134
cratitia, 4. ddams, n. sp., 132
crenilabris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140
creniplicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 139
dealbata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140
—— delicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 137
—— dichroma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140
—— echinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 138
exarata, 4. ddams, un. sp., 133
—— eximia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135
Jlammea, Quoy, 141
formosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 138
insculpta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 133
insignis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 132
— interrupta, 4. Addams, n. sp., 135
Jukesii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139
— leta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135
levis, 4. Addams, n. sp., 132
—— ligata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 134
— luctuosa, 4, ddams, n. sp., 133
—— macrospira, 4. ddams, un. sp., 138
Marie, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140
— marmorea, 4. ddams, un. sp., 139
—— marquesana, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270
—— mirabilis, 4. ddams, un. sp., 136
— multilirata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 135
nebulosa, Swains., 270
—— nitida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 134
nodilirata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 136
nodulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140
ornata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 135
—— pallida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139
—— Philippinarum, A. Adams, n.sp., 141
— pigra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 133
propinqua, 4. Adams, n. sp., 270
pura, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136
pusilla, 4. ddams, un. sp., 141
reticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136
— rufescens, 4. ddams, n. sp., 137
— rufocincta, 4. Addams, n. sp., 134
rutila, 4. Addams, n. sp., 137
sacerdotalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 138
serotina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132
serpentina, Lamk., 270
— scitula, 4. Adams, un. sp., 138
—— straminea, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 132
— tiarella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 133
—— tigrina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132
turricula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 139
virex, 4. Addams, n. sp., 134
Mots, 130
Monilea, Swains., 188
Monilea Benzi, Krauss, 188
callifera, Lamk., 188
calyculus, Wood, 188
kalisoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188
lentiginosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188
—— lirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188
nucleus, Phii., 188
plumbea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188
pusilla, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188
Swainsonii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 189
Monodon, Schweig., 173
Monodonta, Lamk., 157, 173
Monodonta alveolata, 4. 4ddams, n.sp., 176
angulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176
apicina, Menke, 171
Araonis, Bast., 158
articulata, Lamk., 178
—— aspera, Chemn., 174
aspersa, Koch., 174
— atrata, Gmel., 174
— australis, Lamk., 174
— 4accata, Menke, 174
— canalifera, Lamk., 174
— circumcincta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 175
— clathrata, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 175
— constricta, Lamk., 177
— crassa, MacGill, 179
—— Couturii, Payr., 158
— crenulata, Menke, 174
Draparnaudii, Payr., 178
— Dunkeri, Koch. 174
— edentula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 176
—— exasperata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 177
—— exigua, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176
— foveolata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176
Fermonii, Payr., 185
Sragarioides, Lamk., 178
— gemmata, Gould, 174
inconspicua, Phil., 175
—— indecora, Phil., 174
— interrupta, Menke, 177
— Jussieu, Payr., 159
— Krausii, Phil., 159
labio, Linn., 173
— librostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177
— lineata, Lamk., 170
lugubris, Lamk., 179
—— lupina, Menke, 159
margaritaria, Phil., 159
melanoloma, Menke, 179
— Olivieri, Payr., 178
Patagonica, d’Orb., 158
— Philippii, Koch, 174
— Philippina, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176
punctigera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177
punicea, Phil., 158
—— regulosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175
ringens, Menke, 158
—— rosea, Lamk., 170
296
Monodonta rubra, A. Adams, n. sp., 176
scorpio, Gray, 179
—— spilota, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177
Strangei, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177
subrostrata, Gray, 178
sulcifera, 4. ddams, n.sp., 175
— tricarinata, Lamk., 174
tricingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175
tuberculata, 4. ddams, un. sp., 175
turbinata, Gmel., 173
turrita, Menke, 172
—— Vieilloti, Payr., 158
—— virgata, Menke, 171
viridis, Lamk., 176
Monodontes, Montfort, 173
Monoptygma, Lea, 222
Monoptygma ameena, 4. ddams,n.sp., 223
casta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 223
fulva, 4. ddams, n. sp., 222
granulata, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 222
lauta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 223
speciosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 223
—— spirata, 4. Adams, nv. sp., 223
—— Striata, Gray, 222
—— stylina, 4. ddams, un. sp., 224
suturalis, .4. ddams, n. sp., 224
tenella, 4. Addams, n. sp., 224
Monitifringilla hematopygia, Gould, n.sp.,
115
Mordacia, Gray, 235, 239
Mordacia mordaz, Rich., 240
Morio, Montf., 229
Mortonia, Gray, n. g., 38
Mortonia australis, dgassiz, 38
Morum, Bolten, 229
Motaciila alba, Linn., 145
boarula, Linn., 142
sutoria, 194
Murex bifasciatus, A. Adams, n. sp., 269
crassus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269
— Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 270
euracanthus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 268
exasperatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 268
excavatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269
— fusiformis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268
—— inornatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269
—— iostomus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 267
lignarius, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268
lyratus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269
obeliscus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269
niveus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270
noduliferus, Reeve, 268
pagodus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269
pulcher, .4. ddams, un. sp., 270
—— serotinus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268
Singaporensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270
solidus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 267
spinosus, 4. ddams, n, sp., 268
Muscicapa crinita, Linn., 51
—— Cooperi, Nuttall, 51
—— irritabilis, Viedll,, 51
INDEX.
Musculium, Link, 232
Musculium dacustre, Linn., 232
Musophaga africana, Temm., 145
Rosse, Gould, n. sp., 93
Mustela fluviatilis, Belon, 238
Myuopon, Owen, 209
My topon Darwintr, 210
Haran, 210
RoBustus, 206, 210
Myobius stolida, Gosse, 51
Myrmecobius, 218
Myroecopnaca, Linn., 217
Myrmecophaga annulata, Desm., 218
Jjubata, Linn., 217
longicaudata, 218
—— Tamandua, 218
MyrMeEcopHaGip#, 217
Nassa, 94
abbreviata, Wood, 113
—— abyssicola, 4. Adams, n. sp., 100
albescens, Dunker, 96
ambigua, Montf., 101
—— angulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 109
—— anomala, Reeve, 111
antillarum, Phil., 95
arcularia, Linn., 94
ascanias, Brug., 111
australis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 272
—— badia, 4. Adams, un. sp., 107
—— bellula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 102
— bimaculosa, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 102
Bronnit, Phil., 104
— callosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98
— callospira, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 102
— canaliculata, Lamk., 106
— cancellata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99
— candens, Hinds, 95
caperata, Phil., 96
cinctella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110
— cinnamomea, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 107
circumcineta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 102
clathrata, Kien, 101
— clathratula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99
— celata, 4. Adams, un. sp., 97
complanata, Powis, 104
— compta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 107
concinna, Powis, 112
coronata, Brug., 94
— coronula, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 96
— corrugata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110
corticata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98
costata, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 98
— costellifera, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 112
crassa, Koch, 96
cremata, Hinds, 95
crenellifera, 4. ddams, un. sp., 98
crenolirata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 100
crenulata, Brug., 103
— Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98
— dealbata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 112
—— decussata, Kien., 111
INDEX. 297
Nassa delicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99
denticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 110
dentifera, Powis, 111
dispar, 4. ddams, n. sp., 96
distorta, 4. ddams, un. sp., 105
— dorsuosa, 4. Adams, un. sp., 102
echinata, 4. Addams, u. sp., 101
elegans, Kien., 104
exilis, Powis, 106
Jfasciata, Lam., 111
JSestiva, Powis, 111
—— filosa, Gray, 105
—— fissilabris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 99
fuscata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 112
—- gaudiosa, Hinds, 104
Gayii, Kien., 112
gemma, Phil., 96
gemmulata, Lam , 95
—— gemmulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 99
geniculata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100
— gibbosula, Linn., 101
glans, Linn., 104
granifera, Kien, 101
— Gruneri, Dunker, 96
hirta, Kien., 103
—— hispida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 101
— horrida, Dunker, 101
Jonasi, Dunker, 96
Isabellei, d’Orb., 95
Jacksoniana, Kien., 103
—— Japonica, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110
— labecula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98
—_ leta, Phil., 104
—- lentiginosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105
— leptospira, 4..ddams, n. sp., 103
— livescens, Phil., 95
— luctuosa, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 105
luteostoma, Kien., 95
— Lyrilla, Beck, 95
margaritifera, Dunker, 96
marginulata, Lam., 94
marmorea, 4, Adams, un. sp., 106
— micans, 4. Adams, un. sp., 106
—— miga, Adanson, 109
—— witralis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108
— mesta, Hinds, 95
— monilis, Kien., 103
mucronata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 105
muricata, Quoy, 101
mutabilis, Linn., 94
multicostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98
multigrana, Dunk., 112
myristicata, Hinds, 109
nana, 4. Adams, n. sp., 102
nassoides, Reeve, 103
nivea, 4. Addams, n. sp., 110
—— nodata, Hinds, 109
— nodicincta, 4. Adams, un. sp., 110
— nodicostata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99
nodifera, Phil., 95
, Powis, 103
Nassa nodulifera, Phil., 109
nucleolus, Phil., 109
obliquata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105
—— obliqueplicata, Dunker, 112
—— obtusata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 100
—— olivacea, Brug., 106
orbiculata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 102
—— ornata, Kien., 106
— pallida, Powis, 109
pallidula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 106
papillosa, Linn., 103
—— pauperata, Lam., 95
—— perpinguis, Hinds, 109
—— picta, Dunker, 104
—— planocostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108
— plicatella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 111
—— polygonata, Lam., 94
pulchella, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108
pullus, Linn., 94
—— punctata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 105
—— pusio, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100
ranida, 4. Addams, n. sp., 97
—— Reevei, A. Adams, 109
Reeviana, Dunker, 104
—— retecosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 97
reticulata, Linn., 112
— retusa, Lam., 113
— Roissyi, Desh., 109
rufocincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 106
— rufula, Kien., 104
—— Sanctz Helene, 4. Adams, vn. sp.,
110
scabriuscula, Powis, 111
scalariformis, Val., 109
scalaris, 4. Adams, n. sp., 108
— semigranosa, Dunker, 96
— seminodosa, 4. Addams, n, sp., 104
semiplicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107
—— serotina, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108
sertula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 107
signata, Dunk., 112
sinusigera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 100
—— Siquijorensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97
sordida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 97
—— speciosa, d. Addams, n. sp., 100
—— spirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 106
—— splendidula, Dunker, 96
—— stigmaria, 4. ddams, n. sp., 96
—— stolida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105
Sturmit, Phil., 95
—— subspinosa, Lam., 101
— succincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107
sulcata, Kien., 112
sulcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98
—— suturalis, Lam., 104
teretiuscula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108
—— Thersites, Brug., 102
—- fiarula, Kien., 94
— trifasciata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 112
tritoniformis, Kien., 111
—— trivittata, Say, 112
No. CCXXXVII*.—ProceepInGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
298
Nassa turrita, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110
unicolor, Kien., 106
variabilis, Phil., 103
varicifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108
variegata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97
venusta, Dunker, 95
verrncosa, A. ddams, n. sp., 97
vibex, Say, 101
zonalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107
Natica caribea, Phil., n. sp., 234
catenata, Phil., n. sp., 233
— Incei, Phil., n. sp., 233
—— intemerata, PAil., n. sp., 233
—— maculosa, Lam., 74
pomum, Phil., n. sp., 234
vestalis, Phil., n. sp., 234
Nauclerus furcatus, 57
Nematura, Benson, 225
Nematura Delt, Benson, 225
glabrata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 226
—— minima, Benson, 225
olivacea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226
polita, Sow., 226
puncticulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226
Nerita, 264
Neritina, 264
Neritina Beckii, Reclus., 72
crepidularia, Lam., 72
dubia, Chemn., 73
piperina, Chemn., 72
Nidalia occidentalis, Gray, 125
Nightingale, 196
Nisus chionogaster, Kaup, n. sp., 41
Novaculina olivacea, Metcalfe, n. sp., 74
Numenius arguata, Lath., 146
pheopus, Temm., 146
Nyieuan, 116
Odontis, Sow., 173 :
Edicnemus crepitans, Temm., 146
Omphatius, Phil., 156
Oniscia, Sow., 229
Oriolus galbula, Linn., 145
Ortygometra crex, Temm., 146
OrycTrRopopipm, 220
Osilinus, Phil., 177
Otavia, Risso, 157
Otina fusca, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225
Owl, The Large Long-legged, or Jumbi
Bird, 61
» The Little Long-legged, 61
——, The Smail-booted Brown, 61
Oxystele, Phil., 180
Pachyrhamphus, Gray, 45
Pachyrhamphus Aglaia, Lafr., 46
nigrescens, Cab., 46
—— pectoralis, Swains., 46
—— semifasciatus, Spiv, 46
validus, Licht., 46
Paludina Hamiltoni, Metcalfe, n. sp., 73
inflata, Menke, 189
Pandion, 55
INDEX.
Parmophora, Desh., 221
Parmophorus, Blainv., 221
Parmophorus australis, Lam., 221
breviculus, Blainv., 222
corrugatus, Reeve, 222
elongatus, Blainv., 221
—— gibbosus, Anton., 222
granulatus, Blainv., 221
— imbricatus, Quoy, 222
—— intermedius, Reeve, 88
tumidus, Quoy, 222
Partula filosa, Pfr., n. sp., 262
-—— nodosa, Pfr., n. sp., 262
Patella ambigua, Chemn., 221
erystallina, Wood, 82
elongata, Lam., 22]
—— fissura, Linn., 82
—— fissurata, Chemn., 82
Jissurella, Miller, 227
noachina, Linn., 227
— notata, Linn., 87
— octoradiata, Gmel., 90
—— tricostata, Chemn., 90
unguis, Linn., 221
Pelagia cyanella, 274
Penicillus, Da Costa, 233
Persona, Montf., 231
Perdix coturnix, Lath., 142
rubra, Briss., 142
Petromyzide, Gray, 235
Petromyzon, 235, 236
Petromyzon Americanus, Lesueur, 237
—— appendix, De Kay, 240
argenteus, Bloch, 240
—— —-—, Kirtl., 237
bicolor, Shaw, 240
branchialis, Linn., 241
—- cecus, Couch, 241
Jluviatilis, Linn., 236, 237.
Jure, M‘Cull., 236
lamproie, Bloch, 236
maculosus, Artedi, 236
marinus, Linn,, 236, 237
maximus, Cuv., 236
—— mordax, Rich, 240
—— niger, Lacép., 240
—— nigricans, Lesueur, 237
plumbeus, Shaw, 240
— Sanguisuga, Lacép., 238
— Septeil, Lacép., 240
tridentatus, Gaird., 240
Petromyzonide, 235
Petromyzonina, 235, 236
Phaéthornis griseogularis, Gould, n. sp.,
115
PuacocHe@rus Paruasit, 63
Phalium, Link, 229
Phalium erinaceum, Linn., 229
glaucum, Linn., 229
Phasianella leucostigma, Menke, 171
Pheasants, Hybrid, 62
INDEX.
Phorcus, Risso, 156
PhorcusCalifornicus, 4.4dams,n.sp., 157
carneus, Gmel., 156
cruciatus, Chemn., 156
—— dentatus, Gmel., 155
Juscescens, Phil., 157
granifer, 4. ddams, n. sp., 157
liratus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 157
margarita, Risso, 189
melaleucos, Jonas, 156
modestus, Koch, 156
— nodicinctus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 157
occultus, Phil., 156
—— quadricarinatus, Gmel., 156
—— quadricostatus, Wood, 156
sealaris, Anton., 156
semigranosus, 4. ddams, n.sp., 157
—— umbilicaris, Linn., 156
—— variegatus, Chemn., 156
Photina, H. & 4. Adams, 191
Photina cerulescens, King, 191
expansa, Sow., 191
fusca, 4. ddams, n. sp., 192
lineata, Sow., 192
—— nigra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 192
Sandwichiana, 4. Adams, u.sp., 192
sigaretina, Sow., 191
— teniata, Wood, 191
violacea, King, 192
Phrynoramphus, Kaup, 52
Phrynoramphus capensis, Smith, 52
Pisidium, 232
Planaxis buccinea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 272
cingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271
fulva, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271
—-— |labiosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 272
— obscura, 4d. Addams, nu. sp., 271
— succincta, 4. Adams, un. sp., 271
zonata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271
Piatyonyx, Lund, 211
PiLaryonyx Agassizii, Lund, 211
Brongniartii, 211
Bucklandi, 211
—— Cuvieri, 211
—— minutus, 21]
— Owenii, Lund, 211
Platyrhynchus capensis, Smith, 52
Polydonta, Fisch., 232
Polydonia, Schum., 153
Polydonta aspera, Chemn., 154
concinna, Phil., 154
corrugata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 155
costata, Chemn., 153
-—— elegantula, Wood, 154
—— gibberula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 155
Hanleyana, Reeve, 154
—— ignobdilis, Phil., 155
inequalis, Chemn., 153
incarnata, Phil. 155
inerassata, Lam., 154
— lineata, Lam., 154
299
Polydonta maculata, Linn., 153
ochroleucos, Gmel., 154
—— pallidula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 155
—— pustulosa, Phil., 155
regia, Chemn., 153
reticulata, Wood, 154
-—— Spengleri, Chemn., 154
squamigera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 155 °
Tentorium, Chemn., 153
--— tiarata, Quoy, 154
—— turris, Phil., 155
— vernalis, Chemn., 154
verrucosa, Gmel., 153
viridescens, Chemn., 154
Polygona, Schum., 230
Portax, 116
PRIODONTES GIGAS, 215
Procellaria anginho, Hein., 142
Anglorum, Temm., 142
Bulwerii, Jard., 142
Leachii, Temm., 146
obscura, Gmel., 142
—— pelayica, Linn., 146
pufinus, Linn., 142
Psaris, Cuv., 45, 46
— Aglaia, 46
— atricapillus, Gmel., 45
— brasiliensis, Swains., 46
—— cyanus, Cuv., 46
— Cuvieri, Swains., 45
erythrogenys, 47
Fraserii, Kaup, n. sp., 47
— inguisitor, d’Ord., 47
Jardinii, 47
—— major, Cab., 48
—— marginatus, Kaup, n. sp., 48
maximus, Kaup, n. sp., 46
—— minor, Kaup, n. sp., 48
Nattereri, 47
—— nigrescens, 46
—— parinus, Kaup, n. sp., 48
pectoralis, 46
— Selbyi, 47
—— semifasciatus, Spirv, 46
Surinamus, Gmel., 49
tristis, Kaup, n. sp., 48
validus, 46
versicolor, Hartl., 45
Pterocyclos biciliatum, Mousson, 72
PreRODACTYLUS BREVIROSTRIS, 15
Cuvier, Bowerbank, n.sp., 15, 29
— COMPRESSIROSTRIS, Owen, n. sp.,
21, 32
— crassrrostTris, 15, 29
—— DIOMEDEUS, Owen, 28
— GiGaNnTEvS, 14, 21, 28
—— LonerrostrRis, 15, 29
Macronyx (BucKLAnp1), 17
Ptilotis fasciogularis, Gould, n. sp., 285
Puncturella, Lowe, 227
Puncturella cognata, Gould, 228
300
Puncturella conica, D’Orb., 228
cucullata, Gould, 228
fastigiata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 228
-— galeata, Gould, 228
noachina, Linn., 227
princeps, Migh. & Ad., 228
Pyramidea, Swains., 151
‘Pyramidella aclis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224
metula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224
Pyramidellide, 264
Pyramis, Chemn., 151
Pyramis acutus, Lam., 151
architectonicus, 4. Adams. n. sp.,
152
cerulescens, Lam., 151
crenulatus, Lam., 152
dentatus, Forsk., 151
—— fenestratus, Gmel., 151
—— leucogaster, 4. Adams, n. sp., 152
—— mauritianus, Gmel., 151
— noduliferus, Lam., 151
— obeliscus, Gmel., 151
prasinus, Menke, 151
triserialis, Lam., 151
Pyreila, Swains., 231
Pyrum, Fab., 230
Pythia, Bolten, 232
Pythia scarabea, Linn., 232
Rapum, Humph., 230
Regulus, 142
Rimula, Defr., 226
Rimula carinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 227
cognata, Gould, 228
— cucullata, Gould, 228
Cumingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 227
exquisita, 4. ddams, n. sp., 226
—— Flemingii, Macg., 228
galeata, Gould, 228
noachina, Couth., 228
—— propinqua, 4. Adams, n. sp., 227
Rissoa, 264
Rissoa bella, A. Adams, n. sp., 267
—— elegans, 4. Addams, n. sp., 267
Rissoella, Gray, 264
Rissoine, 264
Rissoina, D’Orb., 264
Rissoina bellula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266
clathrata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265
celata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 267
— concinna, 4. Adams, n. sp., 266
—— costata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266
—— d’Orbignyi, A. Adams, n. sp., 265
—— Eulimoides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279
fasciata, A. Addams, n. sp., 264
—— micans, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265
—— monilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265
—— nitida, A. Adams, n. sp., 266
nivea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265
—— nodicincta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 266
—— plicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 264
—— pyramidalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265
INDEX.
Rissoina scalariana, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265
semiglabrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279
striolata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266
Rotella, Lamk., 232
Rotula digitata, Agassiz, 35
Ramphii, 35
Sagmatorrhina, Bonap., 202
Sagmatorrhina Lathami, Bp., n. sp., 202
Sarcorhamphus papa, Dum., 53
Saurophagus Derbianus, Kaup, n. sp.,
43, 44
JSlavus, Gray, 44
—— lictor, Gray, 44
— pusillus, Swains., 44
sulphuratus, 44
Swainsonii, Gould, 44
Scaphorhynchus atriceps, 44
audax, 44
chrysocephalus, 44, 45
Slaviceps, 44
pitangua, 44, 45
Scarabus plicatus, Fer., 72
ScELIDOTHERIUM, 206, 210
ScELIDOTHERIUM LEPTOCEPHALUM, 210
Scolopax rusticola, Linn., 142
Scolymus, Desh., 230
Sconsia, 229
Seutella emarginata, 37
quingueloba, Esch., 37
Scutellites, Auct., 221
Scutum, Sow., 221
Scutus, De Montf., 221
Seutus angustatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 222
antipodis, Montf., 221
corrugatus, Reeve, 222
elongatus, Lam., 221
granulatus, Blainv., 221
— imbricatus, Quoy, 222
—— tumidus, Quoy, 222
unguis, Linn., 221
Setophaga, Swains., 49
Setophaga flammea, Kaup, n. sp., 50
flaveola, Lafr., 50
—— lencomphomma, Kaup, n. sp., 49
— melanocephala, 7’schudi, 50
—— wulticolor, Bonap., 50
ornata, Boss., 50
—- picta, Swains., 50
ruficapilla, Caé., 49
ruficoronata, Kaup, n. sp., 49
ruticilla, 49
tricolor, Licht., 50
—— verticalis, Lafr., 50
vulnerata, Wagl., 50
Sipho, Brown, 227
Sipho noachina, Brown, 228
Skenea serpuloides, Macgill., 185
Smithornis, Bonap., 52
Snake-eater, The Long-legged, 59
Sol, Humphrey, 232
Sphenodon, Lund, 211
INDEX.
Spirilla, Sow., 231
Spirillus, Schlut., 231
Spiziapteryx, Kaup, n. g., 42, 43
Stellaria, Schmidt, 232
Sterna Dougallii, Mont., 146
hirundo, Linn., 142
nigra, Linn., 146
Steromphala, Leach, 184
Strepsilas interpres, Leach, 146
Streptawis discus, Pfr., n. sp., 252
Strix flammea, Linn., 142
Strombus oniscus, Linn., 229
Sturnus vulgaris, Linn., 145
Subemarginula, Blainv., 89
Subemarginula alveolata, 4.4dams,n.sp.,
90
Arabica, 4. ddams, n. sp., 90
Australis, Quoy, 90
— catillus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91
clathrata, Adams & Reeve, 90
crassilabrum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91
cratitia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 92
— denticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91
depressa, Blainv., 90
elargie, Quoy, 90
emarginata, Blainv., 89
—— galeata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 90
—— imbricata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 91
nodulosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91
octoradiata, Gmel., 90
Panihensis, Quoy, 90
—— polygonalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91
—— pumila, 4. Adams, n. sp., 91
—— sculptilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 92
tricostata, Chemn., 90
Succinea dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 147
Sula alba, Temm., 146
Sunetta, Link, 232
Sunetta seripta, Chemn., 232
Sutoria agilis, Nicholson, n. sp., 195
Sylvia atricapilla, Lath., 142
hortensis, Lath., 145
rubecula, Linn., 142
Talopia, Gray, 188
Tatra, 130
Tapirnus AMERICANUS, 121
Tatusia, 212
Tatusia afinis, Lund, 212
HYBRIDA, 213
SEPTEMCINCTA, 212
Tedinia, Gray, n. g., 197
Tedinia pernoides, Gray, n. sp., 198
Tegula, Less., 152
Tegula pellis-serpentis, Wood, 152
Terracua, Westw., 200, 201
Thais, Link, 230
Thais fuscus, Gmel., 230
hemastoma, Chemn., 230
— minuta, Link, 230
patula, Linn., 230
—— persica, Linn., 230
301
Thalotia, Gray, 172
Thalotia Australis, Quoy, 172
crenellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 173
— elongata, Wood, 172
Lehmanni, Menke, 172
—— obscura, Wood, 172
picta, Wood, 172
pulcherrima, Wood, 172
—— pyrgos, Phil., 172
strigata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 172
—— suturalis, 4. ddams, un. sp., 173
tricingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 173
zebrides, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 173
zebuensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 172
Tivela, Link, 232
Tivela ¢ripla, Linn., 232
vulgaris, Chemn., 232
Todirhamphus pectoralis, Kaup, n. sp., 52
ruficeps, Kaup, n. sp., 52
Tenioptera erythropygia, Selater, n. sp.,
193
striaticollis, Sclafer, n. sp., 193
TOLYPEUTES TRICINCTUS, 216
Totanus glottis, Bechst., 146
-— hypoleucos, 146
Trachypterus vogmarus, Reinh., 117
Tringa cinerea, Temm., 146
pugnax, Linn., 146
subarquata, Temm., 146
variabilis, Meyer, 146
Triphoris albidus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 278
— cingulatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279
—— festivus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 278
— labiatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279
nigro-fuscus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278
pulchellus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278
— scitulus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 278
variegatus, 4d. ddams, n. sp., 277
vestalis, d. ddams. n. sp., 278
Tritia concinna, Powis, 112
costellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113
— dealbata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 112
Gayii, Kien., 112
reticulata, Linn., 112
suleata, Kien., 112
— trifasciata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113
trivittata, Say, 112
Triton anomalus, Hinds, 111
Tritonia, Flem., 111
Tritonia varicosa, Flem., 111
Tritonium, Link, 231
Tritonella, ddams, 111
Tritonella anomala, Reeve, 111
ascanius, Brug., 111
— decussata, Kien., 111
— dentifera, Powis, 111
fasciata, Lam., 111
— festiva, Powis, 11]
fuscata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 112
mulligrana, Dunker, 112
—— obliqueplicata, Dunker, 112
302 INDEX.
Tritonella scabriuscula, Powis, 111 Trochus conuloides, Lam., 163
signata, Dunker, 112 conulus, Da Costa, 165
tritoniformis, Kien., 111 —— ——,, Donov., 164
Trochius, Leach, 177 — » Penn., 163
Trochidon, Swains., 173 conus, Gmel., 150
Trochilus amabilis, Gould, n. sp., 115 — corallinus, Gmel., 158
Trochus acutangulus, Chemn., 150 corrugatus, Koch, 159
acutus, Lam., 151 — costalis, Lovén, 190
—— Adansonii, Payr., 185 — costatus, Chemn., 153
—— Adelaide, Phil., 186 — crassus, Pult., 179
—— Agyptiacus, Gmel., 184 erenulatus, Broce., 164
—— 4Agathensis, Recl., 185 , Gmel., 152
agrestis, Chemn., 158, 180 crinitus, Phil., 179
— » Phil., 166 — cruciatus, Chemn., 156
~—— albidus, Wood, 163 —— Cumingii, 4. Addams, n. sp., 150
— annulatus, Martyn, 164 —— decoratus, Phil., 165
— Antonit, Koch, 165 —— delicatulus, Phil., 152
anus, Phil., 159 depictus, Desh., 165
argyrostomus, Chemn., 180 —— depressus, Gmel., 153
—— armiilatus, Wood, 164 — dentatus, Forsk., 151
—— asper, Chemn., 154 —- , Gmel., 156
—— asperulus, Lam., 150 — discrepans, Brown, 163
— ater, Less., 180 divaricatus, Linn., 184
— atratus, Wood, 178 —— doliarius, Chemn., 163
atropurpureus, Jonas, 180 dubius, Phil., 165
attenuatus, Jonas, 172 —— electissimus, Bean, 184
—— 4ustralis, Quoy, 171, 172 —— elegantulus, Gray, 154
badius, Wood, 170 —— elongatus, Wood, 172
bellulus, Dunker, 171 erythroleucus, Gmel., 165
Benzi, Krauss, 188 —— euryomphalus, Jonas, 181
— Biasoletti, Phil., 184 euxinicus, Andrg., 185
bicanaliculatus, Dunker, 181 exasperatus, Penn., 165
bicingulatus, Lam., 166 excavatus, Lam., 156
bicolor, Less., 191 — exiguus, Pult., 165
Brazilianus, Menke, 156 —— eximius, Reeve, 165
— Byronianus, Wood, 156 —— Fanulum, Gmel., 184
callichrous, Phil., 166 fasciatus, Born., 185+
calliferus, Lamk., 188 fastigiatus. 4. ddams, n. sp., 150
— calyculus, Wood, 188 Jenestratus, Gmel., 151
— canaliculatus, Phil., 185 —— filosus, Wood, 165
Capensis, Gmel., 185 Jormosus, Forbes, 163
—— carinatus, Koch, 181 JSoveolatus, Gmel., 151
cariniferus, Beck., 152 Sragilis, Pult., 163
—— carneus, Gmel., 156 Sulguratus, Phil., 179
—— castaneus, Nutt., 165 Jumosus, Phil., 186
—— chlorostomus, Menke, 166 Juscatus, Born., 184
cicer, Menke, 181 JSuscescens, Phil., 157
ciliaris, Menke, 165 —— Gabaldianus, 185
cinerarius, Linn., 184 gallina, Forbes, 182
, Pult., 185 —— gemmosus, Reeve, 165
cinereus, Da Costa, 156 —— gilvus, Phil., 166
, Mont., 184 granatum, Gmel., 164
cingulatus, Quoy, 178 granulatus, Born., 163
clanguloides, Gray, 158 — Guianicus, Chemn., 158
clangulus, Gray, 158 Guineensis, Gmel., 158
—— Clelandi, Wood, 166 —— Hanleyanus, Reeve, 154
— cerulescens, Lam., 151 ignobilis, Phil., 155
concameratus, Wood, 178 —— impervius, Menke, 182
concavus, Linn., 152 —— inequalis, Chemn., 153
—— concinnus, Phil., 154 —— incarnaius, Phil., 155
conicus, Donoy., 165 —— incrassatus, Lam., 154
Trochus indecorus, Phil., 179
indistinctus, Wood, 164
inflatus, Blainv., 184
—— interruptus, Wood, 164
iridis, Chemn., 169
—— iris, Gmel., 169
—— irisodontes, Quoy, 171
Jucundus, Gould, 185
Jjujubinus, Gmel., 165
Kochii, Phil., 152
— levigatus, Gmel., 181, 185
» Phil., 165
— levis, Chemn., 181
Langieri, Payr., 164
Lehmanni, Menke, 172
leucostigma, Menke, 171
—— ligatus, Gould, 165
—— limbatus, Quoy, 158
lineatus, Da Costa, 184
, Forbes, 179
, Lam., 154
lineolatus, Potiez, 184
Listeri, Wood, 152
—— littoralis, Brown, 184
— Ludwigi, Krauss, 159
—- lugubris, Lam., 181
luridus, Nutt., 166
—— Lyonsii, Leach, 163
maculatus, Linn., 153
magulus, Desh., 184
magus, Linn., 184
. margaritus, Gray, 189
marginatus, Nutt., 181
—— Martini, Smith, 166
marmoratus, Lam., 150
—— Matonii, Payr., 164
—— Maugeri, Wood, 158
mauritianus, Gmel., 151
maximus, Koch, 150
mediterraneus, Wood, 158
—— melaleucos, Jonas, 156
melanoloma, Phil., 179
merula, Chemn., 181
metaformis, Phil., 166
— microstomus, D’Orb., 181
—— miliaris, Scacc., 166
—— millegranius, Phil., 166
— miniatus, Anton., 166
— minutus, Chemn., 165
— modestus, Koch, 156
— mestus, Jonas, 180
Montagui, Gray, 164
multicolor, Krauss, 185
nassaviensis, Chemn., 185
neritoides, Gmel., 189
nigerrimus, Gmel., 180
— niloticus, Linn., 150
nitens, Woodw., 185
— nitiduius, Phil., 169
nitiligineus, Menke, 190
noduliferus, Lam., 151
INDEX.
Trochus notatus, Gmel., 169
—w
nucleus, Phil., 188
obeliscus, Gmel., 151
obliquatus, Gmel., 186
obliqueradiatus, Chemn., 185
obscurus, Wood, 172
occidentalis, Migh., 163
occultus, Phil., 156
ochroleucos, Gmel., 154
ochroleucus, Phil., 159
odontis, Wood, 182
ornatus, Lamk., 164
papillosus, Da Costa, 163
parvus, Da Costa, 165
patholatus, Dillw., 185
pellis-serpentis, Wood, 152
perforatus, Smith, 184
personatus, Phil., 159
perspectivus, Koch, 166
Pfeifferi, Phil., 181
Pharaonis, Linn., 157
Philherti, Recl., 185
pictus, Wood, 172
porcatus, Phil., 172
prasinus, Menke, 151
Preissii, Menke, 172
pulcherrimus, Wood, 172
pulligo, Martyn, 182
punctatus, Ren., 164
punctulatus, Blainy., 179
purpuratus, Martyn, 169
pustulosus, Phil., 155
pyramidatus, Lam., 164
Pyramis, Gmel., 164
pyrgos, Phil., 172
quadratus, Gmel., 184
quadricarinatus, Gmel., 156
quadricostatus, Gray, 156
Rackettii, Payr., 184
radiatus, Chemn., 152
, Phil., 185
radula, Phil., 178
rarilineatus, Mich., 184
regius, Chemn., 153
reticularis, Wood, 178
reticulatus, Gray, 154
Richardi, Payr., 181
rotelliformis, Phil., 186
rubro-flammulatus, Koch, 156
rusticus, Gmel., 180
saga, Phil., 152
sagittiferus, Lam., 181
Sartorii, Arad., 165
sauciatus, Koch, 181
scaber, Linn., 184
scabrosus, Phil., 159
scalaris, Anton., 156
Sedgwickii, Sow., 163
selectus, Chemn., 163
signatus, Jonas, 172
sinensis, Gmel., 181
304
Trochus Sisyphinus, Macg., 163
Smithii, Gray, 158
spadiceus, Phil., 159
—— Spengleri, Chemn., 154
—— spinosus, Lam., 150
stellatus, Chemn., 153
stenomphalus, Jonas, 181
striatus, Forbes, 164
, Linn., 165
—— strigillatus, Anton., 152
strigosus, Gmel., 166
striolatus, Quoy, 178
—— suavis, Phi]., 182
— subucula, Chemn., 158
—— subviridis, Phil., 154
— sulcatus, Wood, 178
tabularis, Krauss, 181
—— teniatus, Quoy, 178
, Wood, 191
Tamsii, Dunker, 179
—— Tentorium, Chemn., 153
—— tenuis, Mont., 163
tergestinus, Phil., 179
— tessellatus, Chemn., 178
—— tiaratus, Quoy, 154
— tigrinus, Chemn., 180
torulosus, Phil., 156
Tranquebaricus, Chemn., 164
tricolor, Risso, 164
—— tridens, Jonas, 18]
triserialis, Lam., 151
tuberculatus, Da Costa, 184
tumidus, Mont., 184
turbinoides, Desh., 185
turgidulus, Broce., 159
turris, Phil., 155
— umbilicalis, Da Costa, 185
—— umbilicaris, Lamk., 184
—— — , Linn., 156
—— ——,, Penn., 185
-— umbilicatus, Mont., 185
varians, Desh., 185
variegatus, Chemn., 156
varius, Gmel., 185
—— vermis, Gmel., 154
vernalis, Chemn., 154
verrucosus, Gmel., 153
—— versicolor, Andrg., 184
vinctus, Phil., 166
violaceus, Risso, 163
virgatus, Gmel., 151
viridescens, Chemn., 154
viridis, Gmel., 154
—— viridulus, Gmel., 156
—— vittatus, Lam., 165
vulneratus, Phil., 185
Zealandicus, Quoy, 178
zebra, Wood, 178
zebrinus, Phil., 179
ziziphinus, Linn., 163
Troglodytes Gorilla, 263
INDEX,
Troglodytes europeus, Selby, 145
Tubicanthus, Swains., 232
Tudicla spirillus, Link, 231
Tugali, Gray, 88
Tugali carinata, 4, Adams, n. sp., 89
cicatricosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89
cinerea, Gould, 88
—— decussata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89
—— elegans, Gray, 88
—— intermedia, Reeve, 88
—- ossea, Gould, 88
parmophoroidea, Quoy, 89
—— radiata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 89
scutellaris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 89
Turbinellus, Gray, 230
Turbo carneus, Lowe, 190
cinereus, Couth., 190
declivis, Forsk., 184
helicinus, O. Fab., 189
incarnatus, Couth., 190
— inflatus, Totten., 189
lineatus, Da Costa, 179
—— lunaris, Chemn., 178
—— margarita, Mont., 189
—— nigerrimus, Gmel., 178
obscurus, Couth., 190
pica, Chemn., 179
—— sanguineus, Gmel., 184
Turdus iliacus, Linn., 145
merula, Linn., 142
—— musicus, Linn., 145
Tyrannula, Swains., 51
Tyrannula Cooperi, Nutt., 51
crinita, Linn., 51
Gossii, Bonap., 51
—— Mexicana, Kaup, n, sp., 51
stolida, Gosse, 51
Umbonium, Link, 232
Umbonium eaxcisum, Chemn., 232
vestiarium, Linn., 232
Upupa epops, Linn., 145
Vanellus cristatus, Meyer, 146
Vanganella, Gray, n. g., 125
Vanganella Taylorii, Gray, n. sp., 125
Vasum, Link, 123
Vasum ceramicum, Linn., 231
Velasia, 235, 239
Velasia Chilensis, 239
Velutina Sitkensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225
Verpa, Bolten, 232
Verpa penis, Linn., 232
Volema, Link, 230
Vultur iota, 53
papa, Linn., 53
Vulture, The King, 53
Xancus, Bolten, 230
Xancus maculatus, Link, 230
pyrum, Linn., 230
Xenurus, Wagler, 214
Xenorvs antiquus, Lund, 215
nudicaudis, Lund, 215
INDEX.
“XENURUS UNICINCTUS, 215
Ziziphinus, Leach, 163
Ziziphinus agrestis, Phil., 166
alabastrum, Beck, 163
annulatus, Martyn, 164
— Antonii, Koch, 165
armillatus, Wood, 164
—— asperulatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 168
—— bicingulatus, Lamk., 166
—— Californicus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 168
canaliculatus, Gray, 163
—— chlorostomus, Menke, 166
—— ciliaris, Menke, 165
conulus, Linn., 163
—— Cunninghami, Gray, 164
—— decoratus, Phil., 165
—— decussatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 167
—— doliarius, Chemn., 163
—— dubius, Phil., 165
— — duplicatus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 168
—— elegantulus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 167
exiguus, Pult., 165
—— eximius, Reeve, 165
—— filosus, Wood, 165
gemmosus, Reeve, 165
—— gilvus, Phil., 166
—— granatum, Gmel., 164
granulatus, Born., 163
indistinctus, Wood, 164
305
Ziziphinus interruptus, Wood, 164
Japonicus, 4. d4dams,~n. sp., 167
—— jujubinus, Gmel., 165
—— levigatus, Phil., 165
Langieri, Payr., 164
luridus, Nutt., 166
—— metaformis, Phil., 166
—— millegranus, Phil., 166
—— miniatus,. Anton., 166
—— Montagui, Gray, 164
—— nebulosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 168
—— ornatus, Lam., 164
—— perspectivus, Koch, 166
picturatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 168
polychroma, 4. Addams, n. sp., 168
—— pyramidatus, Lamk., 164
—— pyramis, Gmel., 164
—— rubropunctatus, 4. Adams, n. sp.,
167
—— selectus, Chemn., 163
—— striatus, Linn., 165
—— strigosus, Gmel., 166
—— Ticaonicus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 167
—— tigris, Gray, 163
Tranquebaricus, Chemn., 164
unicinctus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 167
—— vulgaris, Gray, 163
zonamestus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 166
ERRATA.
Page 125, Art. 3, for VANGANELLA read Resania.
” ”
for VANGANELLA Tay.orit read Resanta TAYLORII.
Page 183, line 38, for CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM read C. FUSCUM.
Printed by Taytor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.
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REPTILIA, PLATE V.
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PROCEEDINGS
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ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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PART XX.
1852.
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SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE,
AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,
PATERNOSTER ROW.
aAg) 3100
4% a
ocag 8 en vn :
Dome peae mere dani aa: ae
.
4
LIST
OF
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
Apvams, ArTuurR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &c. page
Descriptions of New Shells, from the Cumingian Collection.
Descriptions of a New Genus, and of several New Species,
of Mollusca, from the Cumingian Collection..............
Barrp, WixiiAM, M.D., F.L.S. &e.
Monograph of the Family Apodide, a Family of Crusta-
ceans belonging to the Division Entomostraca; with a De-
scription of a New Species of Apus, and Two Species of
Ostracoda belonging to the Genus Cypris...............-.
Monograph of the Family Branchipodide, a Family of
Crustaceans belonging to the Division Entomostraca ; with a
Description of a New Genus and Species of the Family, and
Two New Species belonging to the Family Limnadiadee ....
Bropveripr, WitviaM Jouy, Esq., B.A., F.R.S., V.P.Z.8, &e.
Exhibition of a Picture containing a figure of the Dodo ..
Bureess, Lieutenant.
Note on the Indian Weaver-bird (Ploceus Philippensis) . .
Davipson, Tuomas, Esq., F.G.S. &e.
Descriptions of a few New recent Species of Brachiopoda. .
90
92
18
70
88
Desuayes, M. G. P. page
Descriptions of Twenty New Species of the Genus Cardita,
from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. .............. 100
Fiower, W. H., Esq.
Notes on the Dissection of a Species of Galago.......... 73
Fraser, Louis, Esq.
Description of a New Species of dnomalurus, from Fer-
NANA SOMOS, BASES Hoey a) Gl eaten), OEE OG
Description of a New Species of Hyraz, from Fernando Po. 99
Goutp, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &e.
Onthe Genus taping oS th A er eee eens
Gray, Georce Roser, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S. &e.
On a New Species of Suthora, from China ............ 70
On the Species of the Genus Sericinus ................ 70
Gray, Joun Epwarp, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. Xe.
On the Painted Pig of the Camaroons (Potamocherus peni-
EARN A ook ODEN alo’ < o3guiey pee vais 9 ea ge eee 129
On the Horns of the Sanga, or Galla Oxen, of Gibba .... 132
Description of a New Genus and some New Species of Tor-
tolsess eitide tS -citt So -Wlauwos Lae ven 4-8 he mitenemeetboo
Huxtey, Tuomas, Esq., F.R.S.
On the Anatomy and Development of Echinococcus veteri-
NOPUMs bol. SLewGA- & Wea pes sete? -e id veda 110
Kavp, Dr.
On the Classification of the Strigide.................. 88
Lyaut, Davin, M.D., R.N.
On the Habits of Strigops habroptilus, or Kakapo ...... 31
Vv
Owen, Ricuarp, Esq., F.R.S. &e.
Notes on the Eggs and Young of the Aptery«, and on the
Casts of the Eggs and certain Bones of Apyornis (Isid.
Geoffroy), recently transmitted to the acePege eeeeE of
London 3 i vies sole auntie eee ete
Notes on the Soatomy of the Tree- ake (Dendrola-
gus inustus, Gould). . A ee es | i tN
Prcus, Lieutenant.
On the Habits of the Mungoos (Herpestes griseus) ......
Preirrer, Dr. Lupwie.
Descriptions of Sixty-six New Land Shells, from the Col-
lection of H. Cuming, Esq. opie a eee
Descriptions of Eighteen New Species of Land Shells, £ from
the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. 0 oj8 Siena
Descriptions of Fourteen New Species of Land Shells, from
the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ;
Descriptions of Twenty-four New Species of Land Shells,
collected by M. Sallé on the Island of St. Domingo, from
Mr. Cuming’s Collection atone ane
Descriptions of Fourteen New a of - Operer culated Land
Shells, from Mr. Cuming’s Collection Prete bine | ha
Descriptions of Twelve ee of Land Shells, f from New
Zealand se Aaa oo sie: Soe
Descriptions of Eight aoa of Land 1 Shells, | from the
Petia, Wamridas, |... ee one ae ns os ne eee
Descriptions of Nineteen New Species of Land Shells, col-
lected by M. Bourcier, Consul-General, Quito ..........
Descriptions of Eighteen New Species of Land Shells, from
the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. ihe TEE ee
Reeve, Lovett, Esq., F.L.S. &c.
Description of a New Species of Helix, from Van Diemen’s
Land
Descriptions of New Species of Paludomus, a Genus of
Freshwater Mollusks
page
. 103
89
. 126
vi
Scrater, Puruie Lutyey, Esq., F.Z.S. page
On Two New Species of South American Birds ........ 34
Scott, A. W., Esq., M.A.
On Oystesama Sawnterstin 03m cesta ie ee ed + ee 14
StrickLanp, Hues Epwin, Esq.
On some Bones of Birds allied to the Dodo ............ 75
Tuompson, Captain J. WycLirre.
Note on the Gouwa (Bos frontalis) of Western India,
called “the Bison” by English residents ................ 96
Wauuace, Atrrep R., Esq.
Qn the Monkeys of the Amazon... seen eee eae 107
Watrottz, the Hon. F., Lieut. R.N.
Notes on the Didunculus, a Species of Pigeon, supposed to
be peculiar to the Navigator’s Islands .................. 87
Westwoop, J. O., Esq., F.L.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. &e.
Descriptions of New Species of Clerid@, from Asia, Africa,
ANC PATISCEAILA Vey ee Res cigs. cache neki cck oosareenee 34
Yarrewz, Wii, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S. &e.
Exhibition of Echiodon Drummondii...........-...... 14
LIST OF PLATES.
1852.
MAMMALIA.
Plate Page
XXXII. Anomalurus Beecrofti, Fraser........000 00. 0c cece eens 16
XXXIII. Hyrax dorsalis, Fraser .......... sc cece eceeeeteeee 99
XXXIV. Potamocherus penicillatus, Gray ......-...--0. 0. enue 129
AVES.
XLVI. Eggs of Apteryx Mantelli, &c. &e. 0.0... 0. cece eee ee 9
XLVII. Culicivora Boliviana, Sclater.......... 000.0 cece ees 34
XLVIII. Pipra flavo-tincta, Sclater .......... 0.60 c eee e ee 34
XLIX. Suthora Webbiana, G. R. Gray ........ 006 c cece eee 70
MOLLUSCA.
XIII. Helix Launcestonensis, &ec. &e. &e. «1... ee eee 31; 144
XIV. Mr. Davidson’s New Species of Brachiopoda .......... 75
Esk } tr. Adams’s New Species of Shells............00000- 90
XVII. M. Deshayes’s New Species of Cardita ............4. 100
ANNULOSA.
MXIT. “Cystosoma Saundersty... 0. 000% 660 ccccs ovine selec ¢ vies 14
XXII. | Dr. Baird’s New Species of Apodide and wibeisen 1&18
XXIII. PION “ie SOONER b c+. 0. TODO OREO D Oe et Cle cc
XXIV.
Koa Mr. Westwood’s New Species of Clerid@............4. 34
XXVII. J
ae } Mr. Huxley on Echinococcus ........ 0c cece cece eevee 110
ao 7 oe". ee a J 73 is.
phen vee fe a re he, A a 2 ae i a
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ia ea Rao ar, 4 <<.
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i ene. Pare e Liresale none HR, Faxs?
7 ee he
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eee “SAT, Fleas, Since
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Proc. Z.S.Amulosa. XXII.
lApus domingensis. 2 Lepidurus glacialis. 3.4 Streptocephalus similis
W. Ving ith Ford & West Imp
y
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
January 13, 1852.
W. Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. MonoGraru or THE Famity Apopip#, A Faminy or Crus-
TACEANS BELONGING TO THE Drvist1on ENTOMOSTRACA ;
WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF APUS, AND TWO
SPECIES OF OsTRACODA BELONGING TO THE GENUS CypRIs.
By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. etc.
(Annulosa, Pl. XXII. XXIII.)
In drawing up this communication, one of the objects I had in view
was to call the attention of the members of this Society to a group
of animals which must be very numerous, especially in warm climates,
but which nevertheless have been but little attended to. The ani-
mals to which I propose directing your attention belong to that very
interesting division of the great class Crustacea, called Entomos-
TrAcA. The chief interest attached to these creatures, most of
which are very small, is derived from watching their gambols in
their native element, and examining by the aid of the microscope the
wonderful beauty of their various organs, especially their organs of
motion and breathing. Unfortunately few naturalists, comparatively
speaking, have paid much attention to them, and collectors of objects
of Natural History have generally, perhaps from their minuteness,
overlooked them almost entirely. Those however who have watched
these little creatures, whether sporting in the freshwater ponds and
lakes of the interior, or illuming the bosom of the ocean with their
brilliant phosphorescent light, have not failed to be struck with the
beauty and elegance of their forms,—a beauty and elegance which it
is difficult to describe, and the attempt to do which has caused the
grave naturalist Otho Fredericus Miiller involuntarily to rise into the
language of poetry.
No. CCXXXVIII.—Procegpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.
2
The largest species of Entomostraca belong to the order Phyllo-
poda, and the beauty of their movements through the water and the
symmetry of their various organs of motion are truly exquisite.
The family Apodide contains the largest individuals, though as yet
the number of species described is not great. One species of the
family was known to Linnzeus, who mentions, in the first edition of
his ‘ Fauna Suecica’ (1746), having seen a specimen in 1728 at the
house of a naturalist in London, who told him he had received it
from Prussia. Jacob Frisch * had, previously to the publication of
the ‘ Fauna Suecica,’ made known and figured a species, specimens of
which he had received from Klein, then at Dantzic, who had found it
in East Prussia. Specimens of this species were sent soon afterwards
by Klein to London to Sir Hans Sloane, and at the very same time
(1738) this species was found also in England in a pond on Bexley
Heath by the Rev.Lyttleton Brown. Klein’s notice, previously sent to
Sir Hans Sloane, and Mr. Brown’s description, were published simul-
taneously in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ of that year. Several
species have since then been discovered, natives of various parts of
the globe and having a wide geographical range. They have been
found in different parts of Europe, in North Africa, in North Ame-
rica, even as high as the borders of the Arctic Ocean, in the West
Indies, and in Australia.
The Family Apodide (belonging to the Order Phyllopodd) may be
thus characterized :-—
Pedes branchiales, paribus sexaginta. Antenne breves, styli-
Sormes, pari singulo. Oculi duo, sessiles. Corpus numerose
articulatum, parte majore clypeo magno obtectum.
The feet, consisting of 60 pairs, are all formed for the purpose of
breathing with, and not for locomotion, the first pair alone being pro-
vided, in addition to the branchial plates, with organs adapted for
assisting the animal in swimming. The first pair are the largest,
and after the second pair they become gradually smaller as they de-
scend, until the last few pairs become almost obsolete. The animals
generally swim on their back, and these branchial feet are in constant
motion even when the animal is at rest. The body is cylindrical,
elongated, consisting of numerous segments, and the upper half, or
more in some species, is covered by a large shield-shaped carapace or
buckler. This carapace protects the vital parts, and is furnished with
a peculiar structure in its substance for increasing the extent of its
branchial apparatus. The antennz are smallorgans and in number only
one pair, short and styliform. The eyes are two in number, compound,
lunate-shaped, and are sessile, being placed on the upper and central
portion of the carapace. The young have only one eye, which gra-
dually disappears as moulting goes on, until the mark merely remains.
This is generally described as a third eye, but according to Zaddach
the two compound eyes ouly are provided with optic nerve, pigment
and cornea. ‘The caudal segment of the body gives off two long and
very numerously articulated cylindrical setze or filaments which are
more or less provided with short hairs from each side.
* Insecten in Deutschland, 1732.
3
Only one genus of this family is recognized by M. Milne-Edwards
in his work on the Crustacea, though Dr. Leach had many years
ago established a second ; the character upon which that genus was
founded by Leach is not considered by M. Edwards as of generic
importance ; but having observed another character equally remark-
able, which occurs in all the known species of the group which that
genus represents, I consider Leach’s genus ought to be adopted, and
I now propose giving the characters of the two genera at greater
length than they have yet been done.
Genus Apus, Scopoli.
Clypeus corneo-coriaceus. Corpus molle, cylindricum. — Seg-
mentum caudale lamina producta non instructum. Pedum
primi paris appendices, aut rami, longissimi, flewibiles.
In the genus Apus, the tail-segment of the body is rounded, and
has no plate or prolongated appendage between the two long setz
or filaments. The first pair of feet are very long, dividing into three
cylindrical branches, the external one of which is very long, in some
species equalling in length the whole body with the tail filaments in-
cluded : they are very flexible, possess much motion, and are very
conspicuous. These organs at once distinguish the genus, and they
possess the same general character in all the species hitherto known.
Four species have only as yet been described, and I now propose to
add to that number a fifth.
1. Apus cancrirormis, Scheeffer. Clypeo corporis plusquam
dimidiam partem tegente, ovato, olivaceo, corneo ; ramo externo
pedum primi paris longitudine elypeum equante.
Long. toti corporis 24 poll. ; lat. clypei 14 poll.
Pro Synonymis vide “ Baird’s Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos-
traca, Ray Society’s Publications, 1850.”
Hab. In Europa; detecta in Anglia, Gallia, Borussa, &c. In Africa
Septentrionali ; detecta in Tunisia, collegit Dominus L. Frazer; in
Algeria, collegit M. Lucas. Museum Britannicum.
The colour of this species is brownish yellow or olive clouded with
marks of a deeper hue. The carapace is oval and extends over nearly
two-thirds of the body of the animal. The keel which runs down the
centre of the carapace is pretty strong, and the deep notch at the po-
sterior extremity is lunated in shape and has its edges finely toothed.
The external branch of the first pair of feet is about the length of the
carapace, while the caudal setz are nearly as long as the whole body,
and are covered with numerous short hairs. The abdominal portion
of the body not covered by the carapace is studded all over with cir-
cular rows of stout hooked spines of a dark brown colour.
2. Apus Guitpineu, Thompson. Clypeo corporis vix dimi-
diam partem tegente, quadrato, membranaceo, nigrescente ;
ramo eaterno pedum primi paris longissimo, totum corpus, fila-
mentis caudalibus inclusis, excedente.
Apus Guildingi, Thompson, Zoological Researches, Fase. y. 108.
t. 6. f. 3; M. Edwards’s Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 561.
4
Hab. In Insula “St. Vincent’s,”’ India Occidentali ; Rev. Lans-
downe Guilding.
Mr. Thompson in his ‘ Zoological Researches’ remarks: “I re-
ceived this species of Apus together with the Artemis Guildingt
from the West Indies, and having as yet no details, must leave its
history in the hands of its distinguished discoverer. It is of a light
blackish colour, the clypeus translucent, almost membranous, and
shorter in proportion than in any of the known species, with the
extreme branch of the anterior member extremely long.’ Unfor-
tunately we have no further history of this species from its discoverer
the Rev. Lansdowne Guilding, but the short square-shaped cara-
pace and the extreme length of the external branch of the first pair
of feet sufficiently distinguish it.
3. Arus tonercaupatTus, Le Conte. Clypeo corporis tertiam
partem non multo magis tegente, rotundato, subfusco ; ramo
externo pedum primi paris longitudine clypeum excedente ;
corporis postica parte longissima, cylindrica.
Long. toti corporis 1°5 poll., clypei °65 poll. ; lat. clypei ‘7 poll.
Apus longicaudatus, Le Conte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. iv. 155. t. 9.
Hab. In America boreali. ‘“ In a shallow lake on the high plateau
between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek, N.E. of Long’s Peak”
(Le Conte).
This species is readily distinguished by the extraordinary length
of the abdominal portion of the body. The carapace is rounded,
somewhat truncated at the anterior extremity, and having the two
extremities of the fork terminating in a very sharp point. It does
not cover much more than one-third of the body, and is thin in
substance. The external branch of the first pair of feet is long, ex-
ceeding considerably the length of the carapace. The caudal fila-
ments are about the length of the abdomen. Mr. Le Conte says
that the species was found in immense numbers in a small shallow
lake on the high plateau between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek,
N.E. of Long’s Peak, near the Rocky Mountains. ‘They were
swimming about with great activity, plunging to the bottom and
rising to the surface.”
4, Apus ostusus, James. Species hec reperta a Domino James
in “ Major Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains,” non
satis bene descripta necnon delineata est.
Long. clypei °3 poll. ; lat. clypei 4? poll.
Apus obtusus, James, Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, ii. 336.
Hab. In America boreali. “ Rain-water puddles on the Platte
river, near the Rocky Mountains” (James).
This species is very briefly described by Mr. James. “ In rain-
water puddles,” he says, “we remarked a new species of Branchio-
pode belonging to the genus Apus; small crustaceous animals, which
exhibit a miniature resemblance to the King or Horse-shoe Crab
(Limulus polyphemus) of our own sea-coast, but which are furnished
with about 60 pairs of feet, and swim upon their back. The basins
of water which contained them had been very much diminished by
5
evaporation and infiltration, and were now crowded to excess, prin-
cipally with the Apus, great numbers of which were dying upon the
surrounding mud, whence the water had receded. This species is
distinguished from the productus of Bose and Montagui of Leach,
by not having the dorsal carina prolonged in a point behind; and
from cancriformis by the greater proportional width of the thorax,
and more obtuse emargination behind. The length of the thorax along
the middle is three-tenths of an inch and its greatest breadth some-
what more. It may be named Apus obtusus.”—Note 7. p. 336.
5. Apus Domineensis, Baird, sp. nov. (Tab. XXII. fig. 1). Cly-
peo corporis dimidiam partem tegente, rotundo, tenui, corneo ;
ramo externo pedum primi paris corpus equante.
Long. toti corporis 1 poll. ; lat. clypei # poll.
Hab. In Insula St. Domingo, India Occidentali. Collegit M. Salle.
Museum Britannicum.
Though a native of the West Indies, this species may be easily
distinguished from 4. Guildingit by its round-shaped carapace of a
horny colour covering half the body of the animal, and its external
branch of the first pair of feet only the length of the body, while in
A, Guildingii it exceeds the whole body and caudal filaments in-
cluded. The carina down the centre of the carapace, and the fork
which it takes at the anterior extremity where the division into ce-
phalic and thoracic portions takes place, are marked throughout
their length with a deep brown colour, as are also the short stout
spines on the abdominal portion of the body. These are straight,
not hooked as in some of the other species. The caudal filaments
are nearly the length of the body, and are covered with very nume-
rous, extremely short setee. The oviferous feet are present in all the
specimens I have examined, but none contain any ova.
Genus Leripurus, Leach.
Clypeus corneo-coriaceus. Corpus molle, cylindricum. Segmentum
caudale lamina producta instructum. Pedum primi paris ap-
pendices, aut rami, brevissimi.
In the genus Lepidurus the tail-segment of the body, which in
Apus is rounded, is furnished with a flap or plate of considerable
size extending to some distance between the long setze or filaments.
The first pair of feet, compared with those of Apus, are extremely
short and comparatively inconspicuous. These two characters at once
distinguish the genus, of which only three species have as yet been de-
scribed. In other respects it resembles perfectly the genus dpus.
Scheeffer is the first author who has distinctly described any spe-
cies belonging to the genus Lepidurus. Linnzeus’s description of
the ‘ Monoculus cauda biseta”’ in the first edition of the ‘ Fauna
Suecica,’ will apply to either the Apus or Lepidurus. He quotes
Frisch’s figure, and states, as I have mentioned above, that he had
seen a specimen in London. We might conclude from this that it
was the Apus cancriformis he had in view ; but in the second edition
of the ‘Fauna’ (1761), he distinctly mentions, in his brief descrip-
6
tion, that the tail was furnished with two long sete, with a flap inter-
posed between them. As in this edition he continues to refer to
Frisch’s figure, and adds that of Klein, in the ‘ Philosophical Trans-
actions,’ it is evident he confounded two species together ; and as the
Lepidurus productus (the Apus productus of authors) is perhaps the
more common species of the two on the Continent, it is most proba-
ble that he had it in view when he wrote, but erroneously referred
to the species figured by Frisch and Klein as identical with it.
The three species which have been described are—
1, Leptpurvs propuctus, Bose. Clypeo corporis magis quam
tres partes tegente, ovato, elongato, olivaceo-viridi ; setis caude
pennatis ; lamina caudali elongato-ovata, carinata, setis brevi-
bus numerosis obsita.
Long. toti corporis 2} poll. ; lat. clypei 1 poll.
Pro Synonymis vide M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 560.
Hab. In Europa; detecta in Gallia, Suecia, Borussa, &e. Museum
Britannicum.
This species is of an olive-green hue, and is smaller than the dpus
cancriformis. 'The carapace is of an oval form and covers more
than two-thirds of the body. The notch at its posterior part is less
deeply lunated than in Apus cancriformis, and the keel which runs
down its centre is well-marked. The flap of the caudal segment is
of an elongated oval shape and has a keel running down its centre,
which, as well as its edges, are finely serrated, or beset with nume-
rous short setae. The tail-setze are also furnished on each side with
numerous short hairs, which, when magnified, present a fine plu-
mose appearance. The first pair of feet or rami are very small, and
when the animal lies prone are indistinctly visible.
2. Lepipurus GuLactiALis, Kroyer (Tab. XXII. fig. 2). Clypeo
corporis tres partes tegente, rotundato, viridi ; setis caude plu-
mosis ; lamina caudali abbreviata, subquadrata, denticulata.
Long. toti corporis | poll. ; lat. clypei *5 poll.
Apus glacialis, Kroyer, Voy. en Scandinavie, Lapponie, &c. t. 40.
]
Hab. In America boreali; detecta ad ‘Cape Krusenstern”’ mense
Augusti 1849. Collegit Dominus J. Rae. Museum Britannicum.
This species is smaller than the preceding, and of a green colour,
having the carapace of a rounded form with a sharp keel running
down the centre. It covers rather more than two-thirds of the body,
and has the notch at its posterior extremity small and finely toothed
on its edges. The spines on the body are small and of the same
colour as the body itself. The first pair of feet or rami are very
short, scarcely visible when the animal is in a prone position beyond
the edge of the carapace. The tail-setze are finely plumose, and the
flap between them is of a somewhat square shape, short and toothed
on its edges.
3. Lepipurvus viripts, Baird. Clypeo corporis magis quam di-
midiam partem tegente, rotundato-ovali, viridi, valide carinata ;
by
/
setis caude brevi-pilosis ; lamina caudali ovali-lunceolata, cart-
nata, denticulata.
Long. toti corporis 2 poll. ; lat. clypei 1 poll.
Lepidurus viridis, Baird, Proceedings of Zool. Soc. 1850, t. 17. f.1.
Hab. “Van Diemen’s Land.” Museum Britannicum.
This species resembles considerably the Lepidurus productus. It
is two inches long, and has the tail-setze nearly as long as the body.
The carapace and whole body are of a fine green colour; the cara-
pace of a rounded oval form and covering about two-thirds of the
body. The edges of the notch in the posterior part of the carapace
are strongly toothed, and those of the inferior half of the carapace
are very finely serrated. The keel running down the centre is well
marked and projects a short way beyond the edge of the notch. The
tail-setee are beset with very numerous short hairs, and the flap be-
tween them is of an oval lanceolate form, and has the keel beset
with short sharp spines and the edges finely serrated. The first pair
of feet or rami only slightly extend beyond the edge of the carapace.
Spurious Species.
Apus caudatus, De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, Part 6, Crustacea,
p- 61.
In the Journal of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia for
1818, vol. i, Mr. Say describes a parasitic Crustacean living on the
Calianassa major (a malacostracous Crustacean), found on the coasts
of the Southern States of N. America and of East Florida. He
names it the Binoculus caudatus ; andin the Nat. Hist. of New York,
Mr. De Kay refers this species to the order Phyllopoda and to the
genus Apus, though he says, “I place it here with some hesitation.”
This animal being parasitic is no doubt referred by Say to the genus
Binoculus of Geoffroy, (equivalent to the genus Argulus, and which
must be placed in the order Pecilopoda,) and not to the genus Bino-
culus of Leach, as De Kay supposes, which is the dpus of authors.
Order OsTracopa.
Family Cypripip#.
Genus Cypris.
1. Cypris Bevcuenrt, Baird (Tab. XXIII. fig. 4). Testa lucente,
albida, elongata, stricta, supra arcuata, infra sinuata ; extre-
mitate anteriore latiore, margine compressa, rugata; extre-
mitate posteriore mucronata.
Long. #, poll.; lat. 1 lin.
Hab. ? «From Sir E. Belcher’s Collection, along with some
freshwater shells from the islands of the Eastern seas.” Museum
Britannicum.
The carapace valves or shell is of an elongate and narrow form,
having the anterior extremity considerably broader than the posterior,
and flattened on the margin, which is marked with a good many raised-
looking strize, which give it a puckered appearance. The posterior ex-
tremity is pointed and acute. The upper margin of the carapace is
8
arched, while the under margin is sinuated. The valves of the cara-
pace are convex in the centre and are of a shining white colour.
In form this species resembles considerably the C. elavata, Baird,
Brit. Entomostraca, but is less club-shaped and more sharply pointed
at posterior extremity.
2. Cypris ScoompurGkii*, Baird. Testa subviridi, hirsuta,
puncturata, ovali; extremitate anteriore rotundata, mar-
gine subcompressa ; extremitate inferiore oblique-truncata et
mucronata, antennis pedibusque brevibus, setis plumosis.
(Tab. XXIII. fig. 3.)
Long. % poll. ; lat. 5 poll.
Hab, In insula St. Domingo, India Occidentali. Collegit M. Sallé.
Museum Britannicum.
The carapace valves or shell is of an oval form, with the anterior
extremity rounded in front and having its margin rather flattened or
compressed, the posterior extremity being obliquely truncated above
and terminating in a sharp point. The carapace is of a whitish green
colour and covered all round the edges with rough coarse hairs. The
valves are convex on the centre and have their surface dotted all over
with small dots or punctures. The antenne and legs are apparently
very short, and the setze of both are shortly plumose.
This is the largest species of the genus I have yet met with, being
about 3th of an inch in length. Mr. James, in his account of the
Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, mentions his finding a Cypris
along with the Apus obtusus rather more than one-fifth of an inch
in length.
2. On THE Genus THaALuraniA. By Joun Govutp, F.R.S.
It is now some years since I proposed the generic name of Thalu-
rania for the Trochilus furcatus and its near allies. This generic
term having been adopted by the Prince of Canino and others, tends
to show that the division is a good one, and hence a list of the spe-
cies known up to the present time, with their native habitats, may
not be uninteresting to the members at the present meeting. I would
also take the present opportunity of laying before the Society a new
and very beautiful species, which, as far as I am aware, is only to be
seen in my own collection.
The species of this well-defined genus are—
THALURANIA FURCATA.
Hab. Cayenne, Demerara, and Brazil.
THAL. NIGROFASCIATA.
Hab. Woods on the banks of the Upper Amazon.
Tuax. CoLuMBIANA.
Hab. Temperate region in the neighbourhood of Bogota in Co-
lumbia.
* Named after Sir R. Schomburgk, British Consul in St. Domingo.
NIVLGV Ee paW aes
0% SOMLOMGFE sanoTurg e° 3 VNUELS /2 ITTELNV YANELEY'T
.
SLL” ITU NRW TUL FOM'S
UND GRE a: arabe rote uag ;
9
THAL. VENUSTA.
Inhabits Costa Rica and the southern portion of Mexico. The
only species of the genus yet discovered to the north of Panama.
THAL. VIRIDIPECTUS.
A beautiful species lately sent to Europe from the Caraccas near
to the Andes.
THAL. VERTICEPS.
A species found only in my own collection. It frequents the
wooded regions on the west side of Pichincha in Ecuador. Sent to
me by Mr. Jameson.
THAL. GLAUCOPIS.
Hab. South Brazil.
TuHAL. WATERTONI.
This is the largest species of the genus and a very beautiful bird.
Hab. Demerara.
TuHau. WAGLERI.
Hab. The hilly regions of Brazil, particularly Minas Geraes.
THAL. ERIPHILE.
This species also inhabits Brazil, and is generally sent in collec-
tions from Rio.
THAL. REFULGENS, 0. sp.
A species very like furcatus in colour, but nearly as large as
Waterton. The under tail-coverts are steel-black; crown of the
head velvety black ; breast and shoulders beautiful purplish blue ;
tail black and considerably forked ; wings purplish brown; throat
rich metallic green.
Hab.
January 27, 1852.
Professor Bell, F.R.S., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. Notes on THE EGes aND YOUNG OF THE APTERYX, AND ON
THE CASTS OF THE EGGS AND CERTAIN BONES oF AJPYORNIS
(Istp. GEOFFROY), RECENTLY TRANSMITTED TO THE ZOOLO-
GICAL Society oF Lonpon. By Proressor Owen, F.R.S.,
F.G.S., F.Z.S.
(Aves, Pl. XLVI.)
The Secretary placed upon the table casts of two eggs and of por-
tions of the leg-bones of a gigantic bird of the Island of Madagascar,
which had been presented by the Administration of the Garden of
Plants in Paris to the Zoological Society of London, and on these
Professor Owen made the following observations.
10
The casts were beautifully made and coloured, and were exact
representations of the originals, which the Professor had examined
during a visit to Paris in July last. These were received at the
Garden of Plants in January last, and were described this day twelve-
month (January 27th) in a communication made by M. Isidore
Geoffroy-St.-Hilaire to the Academy of Sciences *. They had been
obtained by the master of a merchantman at the Island of Madagascar
in 1850, from the natives, who stated that one of the eggs had been
found, entire, in the bed of a torrent, amongst the debris of a
land-slip: a second egg, with some fragments of bone, was subse-
quently found in a formation which is stated to be alluvial: a third
egg, which the natives had perforated at one end, and used as a
vessel, was also obtained. This ege was fractured in the carriage ;
the other two eggs arrived entire.
They are nearly of the same size, but differ in shape, one being
shorter but a little thicker, and with more equal ends than the other.
The following are admeasurements of these eggs and of an Ostrich’s
eggs :—
Aipyornis. Ostrich.
Ovoid egg. Ellipsoid egg.
Greatest circumference : ft. in. lin. ft.in. lin. ft. in. lin.
Lengthwise.............. 2109 29 6 16 0
Breadthwise: ..35 sis. = 2 43 2. 576 14 6
Extreme length in a straight
litte.*. . S-o.3)s ene eemels 08 L Oxo 056 4
M. Isidore Geoffroy estimates the larger of the two eggs to con-
tain 104 quarts, or the contents of nearly 6 eggs of the Ostrich, or
16 of the Cassowary, or 148 of the Hen, or 50,000 of the Humming
Bird. The portions of bones of which casts were exhibited consist
of the lower end of the right and left metatarsal bones and the upper
end of the right fibula. These are nearly equal in size to the cor-
responding parts of the skeleton of the Dinornis, as the following di-
mensions demonstrate :—
4ipyornis. Dinornis giganteus. Casuarius.
in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.
Extreme breadth across the
trochlear condyles.. ... 5 0 yet Page 8s:
Transverse diameter of shaft
6 in. above lower end+ . 2 9 2 3 0 11f
Antero-posterior diameter of
shaft 6 inches above lower
end". stu. set ace eee Hee} ifthe One
In neither Dinornis nor Apyornis is the metatarsus perforated, as
in Caswarius and many other birds, above the interspace between the
two outer condyles: that interspace is simply deeper, or curved
higher in both. The outer trochlea, which is entire in both portions
of the metatarsi in Apyornis, is, in a marked degree, smaller than
* Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Jan. 27, 1851.
t One-third the length of the entire bone in Dinornis giganteus.
11
in Dinornis, as is also the inner trochlea, as far as one may judge
from the posterior part which is preserved. The interspaces of the
trochlese are wider posteriorly in Apyornis, and the outer one is
more angular at its upper end. The middle portion of the posterior
surface of the lower third of the shaft of the metatarse in Apyornis
is more produced than in Dinornis, and a ridge is continued from it
to each lateral trochlea, dividing the back part of the shaft above
them into three surfaces ; whereas the corresponding surface in
Dinornis is simply flat from side to side. Above this part in AHpyornis
the posterior surface on each side of the middle prominence is con-
cave and meets the anterior surface at a ridge, which is narrowest at
the outer border of the bone. In Dinornis both borders of the lower
third of the shaft are thick and rounded.
The Apyornis does not show any trace of the rough tract for
attachment of a back toe, as in the Palapteryx robustus ; in this re-
spect it resembles the Dinornis.
At 6 inches from the lower end, the shaft begins to be concave
along the middle of the fore part, the concavity deepening as it
ascends; whereas in Dinornis the anterior median concavity of the
shaft does not begin to appear until above the upper half of the bone.
In this character the pyornis resembles the Cassowary ; but it
differs from the Cassowary in the much narrower or sharper lateral
margins of the shaft of the metatarsus. Like the Cassowary, how-
ever, the breadth of the shaft is greater in proportion to that of the
trochlez than in the Dinornis or Palapteryx.
It would be hazardous to conclude as to the length of the entire
métatarse from the breadth of the distal end; for this is equal in
Dinornis giganteus and Palapteryx robustus, whilst the length of
the metatarse is 1 foot 6 in. in the one and | foot 4 in. in the other.
I think it more probable, however, that Apyornis had a shorter than
that it had a longer metatarse than the Dinornis giganteus.
That its leg-bones were smaller is significantly indicated by the
difference of size in the fibulze.
Dinornis. Alpyornis.
in. lin. in. lin.
The longest diameter of the upper end.. 2 11 2 9
The shortest diameter of the upper end.. 1 4 hi
This bone in A/pyornis shows a flat, full, oval articular facet on its
tibial side, of which there is no trace in Dinornis.
Upon the whole, therefore, Prof. Owen concluded that the Zpy-
ornis maaimus did not surpass in height or size the Dinornis gigan-
teus, and that it was more probably a somewhat smaller bird.
From the obvious differences which M. Geoffroy found on com-
paring these fragments with the casts of the metatarsus of the
Dinornis giganteus, he has inferred with much probability not only
its specific but generic distribution, and has proposed for it the name
of Mpyornis maximus*. This distinction is illustrated not only by
the metatarsal bones, but by the eggs themselves. Mr. Walter
* From aimds alta, dps avis. The trivial epithet is hazardous, to say the
least, with the results of the comparison with the above recorded.
12
Mantell, of Wellington, New Zealand, has recorded his observation
of an egg of a Dinornis found in the volcanic sand, of the magnitude
of which he endeavours to give an idea by stating that his hat would
have been but large enough to have served as an egg-cup for it.
The fragments of the egg of Dinornis or Palapteryx—of what
species, of course, cannot be determined—show, after arriving ap-
proximatively at their size by the curve of the fragments, that the
shell was not only absolutely thinner, but relatively much thinner
than in the Ostrich, and 4 fortiori than in the Apyornis. The air-
pores, also, have a different form, being linear, not rounded; and the
external surface is smoother.
In the smoothness and thinness of the shell, the ege of the Dinor-
nis resembles that of the Apteryx: in the thickness of the shell and
the comparative roughness of its exterior, the egg of the Hpyornis
more resembles that of the Ostrich and Cassowary.
Such colour—a dull greyish yellow, as the originals of the eggs of
the Apyornis now at Paris show—may well have been derived from
the recent alluvial soil in which it is stated that they were discovered :
the darker stain on one part of the circumference of the larger egg
seems to have been due to some accidental circumstance. Most pro-
bably they were originally white, like the eggs of the Ostrich, and like
the fragments of the eggs of the Dinornis: whether an original green
tint, like that of the egg of the Emu’and Cassowary, would be wholly
discharged by long continuance in the soil, may be a question.
It is most probable that the entire eggs of the Hpyornis were ex-
cluded in the usual fertile state, but had suffered such want or inter-
ruption of the heat requisite for their incubation as to have become
addled.
How hazardous it is to judge of the size of a bird by that of its
egg would appear, Prof. Owen observed, by the remarks which he
should next proceed to offer on the eggs of the Apteryx. Of these
the Professor exhibited one entire specimen, and a nearly fully incu-
bated chick from a second egg, both of which had been most liberally
transmitted to him by the Rev. Wm. Cotton, M.A., from the North
Island of New Zealand.
Had it not been for the demonstration afforded by the chick itself,
it might well have been doubted whether so small a bird could have
excluded so large an egg. The following are the dimensions of the
egg (Aves, Pl. XLVI.) :—
Egg of Apterya.
ft. in. lin.
Greatest longitudinal cireumference ........ 1 0 9
Greatest transverse circumference .......... 010 O
Teng thie, Cat Sree he aot 0 410
Breadtiy’ *[20), 912. 20. Beis Se ATH Bos (1 OMFS? 2
The egg presents the usual long oval form, the colour a dull dirty
greyish white; but this is partly due to grease stains from the de-
composition of an incompletely hatched chick, with its yolk, within.
Viewed under a moderately magnifying power the surface presents
a very fine fibrous, or spicular character ; the raised lines, like spiculze,
13
crossing in opposite directions, with air-pores scattered here and there
and barely perceptible to the naked eye. The shell is not more than
ith of a line in thickness. Supposing, as is most probable, from the
size of the bones of the pyornis, that it did not exceed the Dinor-
nis giganteus in size, the egg of the Apyornis is smaller in propor-
tion to the bird itself than the egg of the Apteryz is in proportion to
that bird.
The embryo Apteryx, which had been removed from its shell, had
nearly reached the term of its incubation, the yolk-bag being reduced
to a hernia-like appendage of an inch in length and half an inch in
breadth, protruding about two lines in advance of the cloma, and
covered by a continuation of the ordinary integument of the abdomen :
the free end of the hernia was open, and exposed the ruptured ends
of the allantoic vessels.
The whole body was clothed by down-fascicles, presenting the ap-
pearance of moderately thick cylindrical hairs, 13 inch in length,
with a smooth, unbroken exterior, gradually tapering to a fine point.
This smooth surface is due to an extremely delicate capsule, which
when torn open exposes the down-tuft, consisting of a central stem
with slender smooth barbs from 3 to 5 lines in length, diverging
loosely from each side of the stem.
in. lin.
Length of the body from the base of the beak to
eM aUre teins 'o5i00) $05) od ngiel oe epefant Beeb 4 0
Dene isob the; begs, 2. sjsS oye staid) Hewenanarp 2 dno 7
Length of the leg from the knee-jomt .......... 4 3
Length of the freely projecting part of the fore-
limb from the elbow-jomnt........... 0... .00 0 6
From these dimensions it will be seen that, with the characteristic
large size of the unhatched young, in the genus Apteryz, the chief
peculiarities of the remarkable external form of the bird had been
acquired. The feet were very completely formed with well-developed
claws, the small back claw presenting its characteristic proportions,
and the integument of the naked part of the foot its well-marked
dentations. The little wing-rudiments had their terminal hook.
The tail presented the form of a short bifid prominence. The beak
being comparatively soft, had become distorted and bent in the bottle
of spirits in which the specimen was transmitted to the Professor,
but it showed its characteristic shape, the terminal nostrils, and the
slight terminal expansion, which forms the end of the crutch in the
mature bird. The eyelids, with their cilia, and the orifice of the ear
opening obliquely upwards, were rather larger in proportion than in
the adult, according to the usual law of the precocious development
of those organs of sense; and the same remark applies to the entire
cranium. The neck is relatively shorter and thicker.
The young bird must be excluded unusually well developed, with
a complete clothing very like that of the parent, and capable of using
its limbs and beak for its own safety and support.
14
February 10, 1852.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.
The Chairman exhibited a specimen of the Echiodon Drummondii
of Mr. Thompson of Belfast, a very rare species of fish, of which
only one example has been previously known. Dr. Drummond ob-
tained the first specimen on the beach at Carnclough, near Glenarm
in the county of Antrim, in June 1836, cast ashore probably by the
tide of the preceding night, after a strong easterly wind. The spe-
cies was considered new to ichthyology, and was first described and
figured in the Transactions of this Society by Mr. Thompson, vol. ii.
p- 207. pl. 38. Nothing that has transpired since the publication
of Mr. Thompson’s paper has induced a belief that this species had
been previously known.
The specimen now exhibited was most liberally sent to Mr. Yarrell
by Mrs. Blackburn of Valencia, in the county of Kerry, who was per-
fectly aware of the characters, the rarity, and the value of the fish.
It was found by her daughter Helen on the shore of the harbour of
Valencia, after a violent storm from the west, which occurred there
on the 23rd of January last.
This example is smaller than the one noticed by Mr. Thompson,
measuring only 8 inches in length, but quite perfect. Mr. Thomp-
son’s example measured 12 inches (Brit. Fishes, vol. ii. p. 417).
The following papers were then read :—
1. On Cystosoma SaunpeERsII, oF CurTIS AND WeEstTwoop.
By A. W. Scort, M.A.
(Annulosa, Pl. XXI.)
Head small; sides of the thorax running in a straight line from
the head to an acute angle behind ; abdomen of the male deeply con-
stricted immediately behind first segment; second joint of the an-
tennee distinct from the third, and not forming with it the tapering
setee which terminates them; upper wings destitute of a nervure
running parallel to their inner margin.
The male (figs. 1 and 2) measures, in expanse of wings, nearly
47 inches ; the female (fig. 3) 3% inches.
The antenne (fig. 4, magnified) in both sexes are very short,
7-jointed, the two basal joints strong and thick, the remainder much
finer and gradually terminating in a point.
The legs, anterior pair (fig. 5), with two minute spurs at the apex
of tibia; the femora are robust, with their lower edges serrated ; the
second (fig. 6) and posterior (fig. 7) pairs longer than the anterior,
with minute spurs on the ends of the tibize and setz, placed in pairs
and eveniy distributed along the inner edge ; the femora of these are
slender and not serrated. The tarsi of all the legs 3-jomted, and
terminated by two strongish claws, and fringed underneath by sete.
| Proc. ZS. Annulosa.XXI.
Ford & Weet imp.
Cystosoma. Saundersti
Seott del GH Ford lith
15
From the base of each coxa of the second and posterior pairs there
proceeds a large flexible spine.
The upper wings (fig. 8) are coriaceous, lanceolate and sharply
pointed, with the cells of inner side open, and not shut in by a long
marginal nervure as in the true Cicade. The under wings (fig. 9)
are small, and furnished with very weak nervures.
The colour of the whole upper surface of both sexes is of a pale
delicate green, with the exception of the posterior wings, which are
transparent, possessing, however, a slight greenish tinge. The costz
of the fore-wings are white, with a pinkish hue running along the
centre. The under portion of the base of the upper wing inclines to
yellow, which colour extends round the thorax. The antenne are
black, and the eyes a bright, light reddish colour. In the preserved
specimens, the beautiful delicate green, which constitutes the general
colour, becomes duller and darker, and frequently assumes a hue of
sickly yellow.
The drums of the male (fig. 10) are rounded, and marked by
seven transverse furrows, slightly tinged with brown, in the middle,
and different from those of the true Cicade in being more con-
spicuous on a dorsal view of the insect. Besides, the abdomen is
deeply constricted immediately behind them, so that the first segment
appears as it were to form part of the metathorax, and the abdomen
seems merely composed of the seven last segments, which are here
exceedingly inflated, as in the orthopterous genus Pneumora.
The abdomen of the female is of a size and form more correspond-
ing to that of the female Cicada, but it is of a more cylindrical form
and less angular at the sides. The dilated sides of the metasternum,
which form the two plates covering the under sides of the drums in
the male, are here comparatively small.
These insects are extremely numerous on Ash Island, principally
inhabiting an orange grove of about 1200 trees, and we scarcely ever
remember seeing one beyond a few rods of the limits of this garden,
nor have we ever heard of or discovered a single specimen elsewhere,
with the exception of the few brought by Sir Thomas Mitchell from
the interior.
During the short twilight of this country, the male commences and
ends his song, which resembles a loud deep guttural, R, continued
incessautly, and with vibrations. So loud indeed is this sound, that
when near to several insects it becomes even painful to the ear. It
is, moreover, very unlike the shriller and harsher notes uttered by the
common Cicada.
In this brief period after sunset the males and females occasionally
fly from tree to tree, their flight being slow and steady, particularly
that of the former. The only other time in which these insects are
heard is immediately, in hot and sultry weather, before a thunder-
storm, and then only at broken intervals. This habit was particularly
noticed on our placing the males on a bunch of flowers in the draw-
ing-room, where every evening they regaled us with their short-lived
song, and at other periods occasionally predicted the coming storm.
The larvee live underground upon the roots of plants, and in their
16
habits and transformations closely approximate to those of the com-
mon Cicada.
The perfect insects appear early in September, and are to be found
until about February. They are extremely easily captured, the females
being taken when in flight by a common butterfly net, and the males
by going to the spot from where their voices proceed, and suddenly
shaking the bough, which causes them to drop to the ground, when
they may be picked up. :
The male has been indifferently figured under the name of Cysto-
soma Saundersii, in the ‘ Arcana Entomologica,’ in which Mr. West-
wood mentions its affinity to Hemidictya, and gives good dissections.
His description, however, is not correct, when he characterizes the
insect as “ pallide lutea,”’ whereas the species is “lzete viridis.” The
female, we believe, is not known in England.
Ash Island, Hunter River, New South Wales,
Nov. 6, 1851.
2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANOMALURUS, FROM
Fernanpo Po. By Louis Fraser, H.B.M. Vicre-Consut
FOR THE KINGDOM oF Danomey, NATURALIST TO THE NI-
GER ExpEpDITION IN 184]—42, Late CuraToR TO THE Zoo-
LOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND LATE TEMPORARY Con-
SERVATOR OF THE KNowsLEY COLLECTION, ETC.
(Mammalia, Pl. XXXII.)
The Proceedings of this Society contain the description of a very
interesting new form of Rodents, discovered by myself at Fernando
Po, and to which the name Anomalurus Fraseri was given by Mr.
Waterhouse. A second species of the genus has subsequently been
found in Ashantee, by an enterprising collector sent out by the Direct-
ors of the Leyden Museum, and has been named after its discoverer,
by M. Temminck, Anomalurus Pelii. I have now to submit to your
notice a third species of the genus, which I propose to name after
my friend and coadjutor, John Beecroft, Esq., H.M. Consul for the
Bights of Benin and Biafra, also Spanish Governor of the island of
Fernando Po, as a just tribute to one who has devoted upwards of
twenty-three years to the cause of Western Africa and its inhabitants,
and whose knowledge of both is unequalled. This extraordinary
gentleman has entered all (or nearly all) the rivers on this coast, so
fatal to Europeans, and after six weeks’ search amongst the swamps |
and creeks, has discovered the junction of the Benin and Niger: this
latter river he has navigated three or four times as high up as Rabba.
He also ascended Clarence Peak.
The principal peculiarities of the three species of Anomalurus are
as follows :—
ANOMALURUS FRASERI, Waterh.
General hue of the upper parts brown ; the flank-membranes dusky
or black ; under parts dirty white, slightly washed with buff-yellow ;
a considerable area around the base of the ears black, as well as the
J Wolf lith
ANOMALU
I
rf
2}
-
\
JS
SROFTI. Fraser
17
ong hairs on the basal part of those organs; cheeks deep brown ;
throat grey ; feet and tail dusky.
Hab. Fernando Po.
ANoMALURUS Beecrort1, Fraser (Mammalia, Pl. XXXII.).
Upper parts, including the greater portion of the flank-membranes,
yellowish grey, slightly inclining to rufous on the mesial line of the
back, especially on the fore part ; under parts of a bright rust colour ;
cheeks and throat grey, excepting that the latter has a narrow rust-
coloured mark in the middle ; a white spot on the crown of the head
(probably not constant), and a short white band on either side of the
neck running on the shoulders; a dusky patch on the flank-mem-
brane above, commencing on the margin of the membrane near the
anterior part, and extending backwards and inwards rather less than
half way along the flanks; tail dusky brown.
Hab. Fernando Po.
This species is rather larger than the dn. Fraseri, and differs,
moreover, in the upper parts of the body being yellow-grey, instead
of brown; in having the greater portion of the flank-membranes as
well as the feet grey, instead of dusky ; in wanting the conspicuous
black area around the base of the ears—the part in question bemg of
the same general grey colour in Az. Beecrofti as other parts ; in having
the cheeks hoary grey, intead of deep brown; and in having the
under parts of a bright rusty red. There are diiferences likewise to
be observed in the scales on the under side of the tail; they cover
less space in the longitudinal direction, are broader, and have the pro-
jecting angles less prominent.
from nose to ear...... rotene
DIREHT Ree oe: a ato aN a ay cla
of fore foot and claws............-....-
of hind foot and claws .............-.--
Anomaxvurus Petit, Temminck.
Larger than either of the foregoing. Black above; dirty white
below ; throat dusky ; chin, upper surface of the nose, the region of
the muffle (or naked portion of the nose), the long and soft hairs on
the outer surface of the ears at the base, and the tail, white; the
flank-membrane is broadly margined with white, and the hairs on
the feet are for the most part white, but with an admixture of black
or dusky ; the long hairs springing from Dy b4 of the nails of the
hinder feet are black.
Hab. Ashantee.
No. CCX XXIX.—ProceepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
18
February 10, 1852.
W. Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. MonocrarH oF THE Famrity BRANCHIPODIDH, A FAMILY
oF CRUSTACEANS BELONGING TO THE Division EnTomos-
TRACA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES
OF THE FAMILY, AND TWO NEW SPECIES BELONGING TO THE
Famity Limnapiap&. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S. &e.
(Annulosa, Pl. XXII. XXIII.)
Next to the Apodide, the largest species of Entomostraca belong
to the family Branchipodide. This family contains perhaps the most
beautiful animals of the division, elegant in form and graceful in
movement. The species are, geographically, widely extended, but
those as yet described are few in number.
The Family may be thus characterized.
Order PoyLLopopa.
Family BrRancHIPODID#.
Pedes branchiales, paribus undecim ad novemdecim. Antenne dis-
similes, paribus duobus; par inferior in mare prehensilis. Oculi
duo, pedunculati. Corpus cylindricum, nudum, clypeo nullo
obtectum.
The feet are all branchial, being formed entirely for breathing
with, and consist of 11 pairs, each pair-gradually enlarging in size as
they descend. They are in constant motion, and when so, present a
very beautiful wavy appearance. Like the Apodide the animals of
this family swim upon their backs. The body consists of a considerable
number of segments, and is quite naked, having neither a shield-
shaped carapace like the Apodide, nor a bivalve-shell-shaped cara-
pace like the other families of the Order Phyllopoda. The antennze
are dissimilar in appearance in the male and female. The superior
pair in both sexes are slender and filiform, but the inferior pair are
much larger in the male than in the female, and serve the purpose
of prehensile organs. The eyes are two in number, compound, oval-
shaped, and are placed upon considerable-sized peduncles. Like the
Apodide, the young Branchipodide have only one eye, which dis-
appears in the process of moulting, but leaves a mark behind which
remains visible in the adult.
The species included in this family are referable to five genera.
Genus Brancuripus, Scheeffer.
Corpus molle, cylindricum, segmentum caudale pinnis duabus ci-
liatis instructum. Pedes undecim. Antenne inferiores maris
magne, bi-articulate, cornibus similes, appendicibus duabus
jiliformibus, antenniformibus, armate.
Proc, Z.S. Annulosa ZXIlI
i Limnadia antillarum. 2.Cypris cuneata?) 3.Uypris Schomburgkn
4.Cypris Belcheri 5Fstheria Dallasi.
WWiog ith Tord & West’ imp
19
The body is soft, cylindrical in shape, and is composed of twenty-
two segments. The head consists of two and the thorax of eleven,
each of which gives attachment to a pair of branchial feet. The ab-
domen consists of nine, the caudal segment dividing into two broad
flat appendages of some length, and plumose on their edges. The
inferior antennee, or “ cephalic horns,” in the male are large organs ;
they are composed of two articulations, which being cylindrical and
curved at the apex give an appearance of a pair of horns, and they
have springing from near their base a filiform appendage closely re-
sembling in appearance the superior antennze. The structure of these
inferior antennee, or cephalic horns as they are generally termed, and
the filiform appendage at their base, which are frequently described
as an additional pair of antennee, sufficiently distinguish the genus.
Only two species of Branchipus have as yet been described.
1. Brancuipus pisctrormMis, Scheffer. Antennis inferioribus
maris magnis, compressis, apice bifurcatis; appendicibus anten-
niformibus filiformibus prelongis ; fronte prolongato, bisulco.
Long. } poll.
Syn. .Apus pisciformis, Scheffer, Der Fisch-form. Kiefenfuss, etc.
t. 5. f. 1-11 (1752).
Cancer stagnalis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. edit. 10. 634 (1758) ; Faun.
Suec. ed. 2. 497. No. 2043 (1761); Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. 518.
No. 11; Mantiss. i. 335. No. 10; Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodrom.
2351; O. Fabricius, Faun. Groenland. 247. No. 224.
Branchipus pisciformis, Scheffer, Element. Entomol. t. 29. f. 6, 7
(1766).
Gammarus stagnalis, Fabricius, Syst. Entom. 419. No. 5.
Cancer (Gammarellus) stagnalis, Herbst, Krabben und Krebse,
ii. 121. No. 66. t. 35. f. 8-10 (1796).
Branchiopoda stagnalis, Lamarck, Syst. An. s, Vert. 161; Latreille,
Hist. Nat. Crust. iv. 319. t. 36, 37; Gen. Crust. i. 22; Bose, Man.
d Hist. Nat. Crust. ii. 234.
Branchipus stagnalis, Latreille, Enc. Méth. t. 336. f. 14-16;
Régne Anim. iv. 174; Leach, Dict. Sc. Nat. xiv. 542 ; Edin. Encye.
vii. 384 ; Desmarest, Cons. gen. Crust. 389; Lamarck, Hist. An. s.
Vert. v. 133; M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 367; Régn. An.
ed. Crochart, t. 74. f. 2.
Branchipus Schefferi, Fischer de Waldheim, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Moscou, vii. (1834) ; Thompson, Zool. Research. fase. v. t. 3. f. 1-3
1834).
Branchipus melanurus’? Koch, Deutsch. Crust. H. 35. t. 2.
Ino stagnalis’ Oken, Lehrb. der Naturg. iii. 399.
Larva aquatica, Linn. Faun. Suec. ed. 1. 358. No. 1357.
Hab. Tn vicinitate urbis Ratisbone ; Scheffer.- In vicinitate urbis
Paris ; M. Edwards.
This species according to Scheeffer’s description is half an inch
long, about the thickness of a straw, and semipellucid. The male is
generally of a pale red or flesh colour, though sometimes varying be-
tween vermilion and orange. The female is of a dull green, with the
20
ovaries generally of a bright blue. The inferior antennee of the male
are large organs,, somewhat flattened in shape, broad at the base,
toothed at about two-thirds of their length on the external edge, and
becoming narrower near the extremity, which presents an appearance
as if somewhat bifurcated. Those of the female are much shorter,
cylindrical, and pointed at the extremity. The two antenniform
appendages arising from near the base of these organs in the male
are of considerable length, longer than the antenne themselves, and
filiform. The front of the head is prolonged into a prominence
which is cleft down the centre and forked. The feet are long, com-
posed. of three joints, all of which are nearly of equal size, and have
their edges beset with numerous short hairs or setee, which when
magnified are finely plumose. The caudal fins are of considerable
size, flat and plumose. The male organs are slender and rather long.
2. Brancuipus spinosus, M. Edwards. <Antennis inferioribus
maris magnis, cylindricis, apice acuminatis ; appendicibus an-
tenniformibus curtis, crassis ; abdominis segmentis infra spini-
feris.
Long. 1 poll. 2 lin.
Branchipus spinosus, M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 367.
Hab. In lacu salino “ Hadjibé,” in vicinitate urbis Odesse ; M.
Nordmann.
This species, which was discovered by Professor Nordmann in a
salt lake near Odessa, is upwards of an inch in length. The inferior
antennze of the male are large, cylindrical, the terminal articulation
being sharp at the point. They possess no tooth or process, and the
antenniform appendages are very short compared with those of the
preceding species, and of a considerable degree of thickness. The
front of the head has no prolongation. The feet are short. The seg-
ments of the abdomen are armed underneath with sharp spines, and
the caudal fins are short and plumose. The male organs are short
and obtuse.
Genus STREPTOCEPHALUS.
Corpus cylindricum, segmentum caudale pinnis duabus ciliatis in-
structum ; pedes undecim ; antenne inferiores maris triarticu-
lata, valde tortuose, ad apicem in ramos graciles divise, ap-
pendicibus antenniformibus armate.
In the structure of the body, abdomen, and feet, this genus re-
sembles entirely the preceding. The inferior antennz, or cephalic
horns, in the male, however, are very different in structure ; they
are longer in proportion than the corresponding organs in the Bran-
chipus, consist of three articulations, and are singularly twisted, and
bent as it were into elbows. The terminal joint divides at the apex
into two branches. They are inhabitants of fresh water. Only two
species have as yet been described, and I now add a third to the
number.
1. STREPTOCEPHALUS TORVICORNIS, Waga. Antennis inferiori-
bus maris validis, ramis terminalibus elongatis, serratis, interno
21
longiore, processu triangulari brevi armato, appendicibus an-
tenniformibus elongatis filiformibus ; fronte prolongato, acumi-
nato ; ovario externo conico.
Long. maris | poll., foemine circa 14 lin.
Branchipus torvicornis, Waga, Aun. Soc. Ent. de France, xi. 261.
t. 11. f. 1-4. .
Hab. In vicinitate urbis “ Warsaw ;”’ Krynicki.
This species, which was discovered by M. Krynicki in a muddy
stagnant piece of water near the town of Warsaw, is upwards of an
inch in length, the female being longer than the male. The inferior
antennee or cephalic horns of the male are very large, when extended
equalling in length the whole body. The basal joint is strong, and
broad at its junction with the head ; the second is short, and the third
is divided at the apex into two branches, which are long, slender and
serrated on their inner edges, the internal one being the longer, bent
into the form of a hook, and having on its external edge a process of
a triangular form and acuminated at the point. The first and second
joints are armed with several minute teeth, and the antenniform ap-
pendages are straight, slender, but somewhat stouter than the supe-
rior antennee. The front of the head is prolonged into a prominence
which is pointed. The inferior antennz in the female are flat, and
obtusely rounded at the extremity. The ovarian bag is conical in
shape and of a blue colour. The caudal fins are of considerable size
and plumose on their edges. —
2. STREPTOCEPHALUS CAFER, Lovén. Antennis inferioribus
maris longis, articulo basali intus appendice lacinulata brevi
predito, ramo terminali interno longo, flexuoso, inermi ; fronte
prolongato, in rostrum lunatum producto ; ovario externo cali-
geform.
Long. 15 millim.
Branchipus cafer, Lovén, Kong]. Wet. Akad. Handl. 1845, 433.
t. 5. f. 1-20.
Hab. In paludibus terree Cafrorum Natalensium ; Wahlberg.
This species was discovered by M. Wahlberg in some pools of
fresh water in Port Natal, and is about 15 millimetres in length. The
inferior antennze or cephalic horns in the male are long stout organs
and flexuose in shape. The basal joint is rather short, rounded, and
is furnished at its base on the internal edge with a short appendage
of a lanceolate form and toothed on its edge externally. The third
joint divides at the apex into two branches, the internal one being
long, slender and flexuose, the external being club-shaped and forked
at the extremity, dividing into two other slender branches of unequal
length. The antenniform appendages are filiform and flexuose. The
front of the head is prolonged into a narrow deflected beak, which is
forked at its extremity. The male organs are long and slender ; they
are composed of four articulations, the last of which is much the
longest, is curved, and armed on each side with a numerous row of
teeth and spines.
In the female the cephalic horns are broad, thick, and furnished
22
with a sharp hooked point at the extremities. The caudal fins are
of considerable size and finely plumose. The oviferous sac is long
and narrow, and resembles very much in shape a long stocking or
boot. The ova are of a rosy colour.
3. STREPTOCEPHALUS §IMILIs, Baird (Tab. XXII. fig.3, 4). An-
tennis inferioribus maris longis, cylindricis, appendice lunulata
destitutis, ramis terminalibus precedenti similibus, appendicibus
antenniformibus filiformibus elongatis ; fronte prolongato, in
rostrum bilobatum producto ; ovario externo conico.
Long. maris 8 lin., foem. 6 lin.
Hab. In insula “St. Domingo,’
M. Sallé. Mus. Brit.
This species, which was found by M. Sallé in the island of St.
Domingo in the West Indies, is of a slender and cylindrical form.
The male is about 5ths of an inch in length, and the female half an
inch. The inferior antenne or cephalic horns in the male are large
and tortuous ; they are composed of three joints; the first or
basal joint is the largest, is cylindrical, and extends for some distance
straight forwards ; the second, smaller than the basal, is also cylin-
drical, curves slightly at first, then bends suddenly backwards upon
itself ; the third or terminal joint bends as suddenly forwards and
terminates in a club-shaped extremity, which divides into two
branches, one longer than the other, terminating in a long filiform
process ; the other flatter, shorter, and dividing into two shorter fili-
form processes of unequal length. The antenniform appendage is
long and cylindrical, rather stout, and springs from close to the ex-
tremity of basal joint. The basal joint is destitute of the lanceolate,
toothed appendage on internal edge, which we see in the preceding
species. The superior antennz are long and slender, and consist
of two joints, the basal one much shorter than the second. The
male organs are rather long, cylindrical, and of a horny texture.
The front of the head is prolonged into a beak, which is flat, rather
broad and slightly lobed at the extremity. Feet short. Abdomen
slender. Caudal appendages of moderate length, and beset on each
side with numerous short and plumose setz.
The cephalic horns in the female are short, thick, and terminate in
a short spine at the extremity. The ovarian bag is conical, acute,
and the ova are of an ochreous colour.
The chief differences between this species and S. cafer consist, in
the male, in the shape of the front of the head, the organs of gene-
ration, and in the inferior antennee having no lamina with teeth on
the basal jomt ; in the female, in the shape of the external ovary.
>
in India Occidentali. Collegit
Genus CHr1ROCEPHALUS, Prevost.
Corpus molle, cylindricum ; segmentum caudale pinnis duabus
ciliatis instructum ; pedes undecim ; antenne inferiores maris
valida, biarticulate, appendicibus digitiformibus flabelliformi-
busque armate.
This genus closely resembles the two preceding in the shape and
23
form of the body, having the same number of articulations, possess-
ing the same number of feet, and having similar caudal fins. It is
in the structure of the inferior antenne or cephalic horns in the
male, that the important difference between the two genera exists.
These antennz are very large, and are composed of two joints. At
the base of the first jomt a complicated apparatus arises, which when
unfolded presents a very curious appearance. This consists of a long,
flat, curved, very flexible body, somewhat tapering and toothed on
its edges, and composed of numerous short articulations, which the
animal can fold up upon itself like a ribbon. Springing from its ex-
ternal edge near the base are four rather long and flexible appendages
strongly toothed on their internal edge, somewhat resembling long
fingers, and in addition to these a large membranous triangular-
shaped body, toothed on its edges all round, which when extended
nearly covers the finger-like bodies, and can be folded and unfolded
like a fan. When the animal is at rest these organs are folded up
underneath the head in the same manner as a butterfly folds its pro-
boscis, but when in pursuit of the female they become extended at
full length and present a very beautiful appearance.
Five species of this genus have now heen described.
1. CHIROCEPHALUS DIAPHANUS, Prevost. Antennis inferturibus
maris validis, cylindricis, apice acuminatis, processu dentato
ad basin articuli secundi armatis ; fronte rotundato.
Long. maris 14 lin., foeminze 1 poll.
Pro Synonymis vide “ Baird’s Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos-
traca, Ray Society, 1850.”
Hab. In Anglia, Gallia, prope Genevam, &e. &e.
This species, which occurs in many places in England, as well as in
France, Switzerland, &c., is very elegant in form, and (the male more
especially) very beautiful in colour. It is upwards of an inch in length,
slender, of a cylindrical form, and nearly transparent. In the male
the inferior antennze or cephalic horns are of a beautiful translucent
bluish green colour, tipped at the extremity with a fine red hue.
The caudal fins are of a bright red. The female has a strip of blue
along the whole length of the back, and the ovarian bag when full
of ova is conical in shape and of a reddish brown. The inferior an-
tennze of the male are very strong organs, divided into two joints ;
the basal joint is thick and fleshy, and the terminal joint is cylindri-
cal and curved in the form of a horn, having at the base where it
joins the first joint a flat plate attached to it, beset with several stout
teeth. The apparatus which we find at the base of the first joint,
consisting of the long, flat, somewhat tapering body with its digiti-
form and fan-shaped appendages, is of a very delicate transparent
bluish green colour. The antennze of the female are short, stout,
pointed at the extremity, flexible, and slightly curved downwards.
2. CHTROCEPHALUS LACUN&, Guérin. Antennis inferioribus
maris validis, valde arcuatis, articulo basali magno, dentato,
terminali cylindrico, ad apicem sinuato.
24
Long. maris et foeminz 12-15 millim.
Branchipus lacune, Guérin, Iconog. Régn. Anim. Crustacés, 39.
t. 33. f. 4, 4a.
fab. In stagnis prope “ Fontainebleau ;”? M. Guérin.
This species, which is briefly described by M. Guérin in the ‘ Icono-
graphie du Régne Animal,’ is found in little pools of water near Fon-
tainebleau. It is transparent, but is smaller than the preceding spe-
cies, and is‘distinguished from it by the shape of the inferior antennee
or cephalic horns in the male. These organs are of two joints; the
basal one large, and armed on its internal edge with several stout
teeth or lobes; the second much smaller, cylindrical, bent suddenly
back upon the first, and sinuated, or as it were slightly toothed at
the apex. The long ribbon-like appendage which springs from the
base of the first jot appears to have only two very short processes
attached to it, instead of the four long finger-like bodies, and the
fan-shaped body is not represented at all; but this part of the head
is not sufficiently described by M. Guérin to enable me to satisfac-
torily ascertain its exact structure.
3. CHIROCEPHALUS CLAVIGER, Fischer. Antennis inferioribus
maris validis, articuio basali magno, terminali parvo, ad basin
dentato, ad apicem clavato; antennis superioribus quadri-artt-
culatis ; fronte rotundato.
Long. 8-10 lin.
Branchipus claviger, Seb. Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise,
ii. Wirbellose, 149. t. 7. f. 1-11 (1851).
Hab. In fluvio Taimyr, in Siberia ; Middendorff.
This species, which is about 8 or 10 lines long, was discovered by
M. Middendorff in a pool of water by the river Taimyr in Siberia.
The inferior antennze of the male are strong organs ; the basal joint
being stout and fleshy and the terminal narrow, provided with about
a dozen small teeth at its base, and ending in a club-shaped extre-
mity. The digitiform appendages are more numerous apparently
than in C. diaphanus. They arise from the extremity of the long
riband-like appendage, instead of from its base, and each of them
has several teeth on the sides and apex. In the female these an-
tennee are small, narrow and sharp-pointed. The superior antennz
are divided into four articulations.
4. CHIROCEPHALUS BIROSTRATUS, Fischer. <Antennis inferio-
ribus maris validis, articulo basali magno, terminali mediocri,
prope basin processu elongato armato, ad apicem uncinato.
Long. 10-12 lin.
Branchipus birostratus, Seb. Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische
Reise, ii. t. 7. f. 12-16 (1851).
Hab. Prope urbem “ Charkow”’ in Russia; Fischer.
This species is about 10 or 12 lines long, and was found by
Fischer in the neighbourhood of the town of Charkow, in Russia.
The inferior antennze of the male are strong organs, the basal joint
stout and fleshy, the terminal of moderate size, having, springing
25
from near its base, a somewhat elongated process armed with sharp
teeth at its extremity, and ending in a sort of hooked point. The
riband-like process appears similar to that of C. diaphanus.
5. CurrocerHALus MippEnporFFIANuS, Fischer. Antennis
inferioribus maris validis, articulo basali magno, longissimo,
numerose dentato, terminali cylindrico, acuto; antennis supe-
rioribus quadri-articulatis ; fronte quadrangulari.
Long. 7-9 lin.
Branchipus Middendorffianus, Seb. Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibi-
rische Reise, ii. 153. t. 7. f£.17-23 (1851).
Hab. In fluviis “ Taimyr et Boganida”’ in Siberia; prope “ Tri-
Ostrowa” in Lapponia ; Middendorff’.
This species, which is only from 7 to 9 lines in length, was found
by Middendorff in pools on the banks of the rivers Taimyr and Bo-
ganida in Siberia, and in Lapland near Tri-Ostrowa. The inferior
antennze in the male are stout organs, the basal joint being very long
and fleshy and armed along the inner edge with a long row of many
teeth, the terminal being cylindrical in shape and pointed at the ex-
tremity. The superior antennz are four-jointed, and the front of
the head is of a quadrangular shape.~ The ovarian sac in the fe-
male is long and rather slender, and appears to be notched at the
base.
Genus Artemia, Leach.
Corpus molle, gracile ; segmentum caudale pinnis nullis instruc-
tum ; pedes undecim ; antenne inferiores maris magne, biarticu-
late, compresse, appendicibus nullis armate.
Syn. Cancer, Linneeus.—Gammarus, Fabricius.—LHulimene, La-
treille et auctorum.—Artemia, Leach et auctorum.—Branchipus,
Latreille, Fischer, &e.—Artemisus, Lamarck.— Artemis, Thompson.
The body in this genus consists of the same number of segments
as in the three preceding, is soft and without covering, but is more
slender in shape, and has the caudal segment simply bilobed at the
extremity, instead of being armed with two large plumose fins. The
inferior antennz in the male are large, flat-shaped, broad, and di-
vided into two articulations. The basal joint has neither the antenni-
form appendage of Branchipus and Streptocephalus, nor the compli-
cated digitiform and fan-shaped apparatus of Chirocephalus. They
inhabit salt water, frequently even in water which is very highly
charged with salt. They swim upon their backs.
The genus Eulimene was founded by Latreille in 1817, in Cuy.
Réen. An. Ist edit. iii. 68; that of Artemia by Leach in 1819, in
the Dict. Sc. Nat. xiv. The term Lulimene, however, had been pre-
viously used by Peron for a genus of Acalepha, and though the name
Artemia is liable to objections from its construction (Artemia for
Artemis), I prefer adopting it to burdening the nomenclature with
another synonym.
Five species have been described.
1. ARTEMIA SALINA, Leach. Antennis inferioribus maris validis,
26
compressis, articulo secundo lato apice acuminato, basali uni-
dentato ; segmento caudali setigero ; ovario quadrilaterali.
Long. 6 lin.
Pro Synonymis vide “ Baird’s British Entomostraca,”’ et adde :—
Eulimene albida, Latreille, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. x. 535; Cuv.
Régn. An. 2nd edit. iv. 178; Desmarest, Cons. gen. Crust. 394;
Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. v. 165; Lamarck, Hist. Nat. An. s.
Vert. 2nd edit. v. 199 (note); M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii.
371; White, Catalogue of Crustacea, Brit. Mus.
Artemia Eulimene, Leach, Dict. Sc. Nat. xiv. 543.
Hab. In salinis ad “‘ Lymington,”’ in Anglia; prope “ Montpellier,”’
in Gallia; in Mediterraneo, prope “Nice,” &c.
This species, which seems to have been first observed by M.
Schlosser, in the salt-pans at Lymington, is nearly white, slender,
and about half an inch in length. The abdomen is long, fully as
long as the body, and the caudal segment is simply divided into two
small lobes, which give origin to several short setee. The inferior
antennz in the male are divided into two articulations, the basal one
of which has on its inner edge at about half of its length, a short,
stout, conical tooth. The terminal joint is broad, bends nearly at a
right angle about the middle of its length, and terminates in a sharp
point. In the female these organs resemble closely those of the pre-
ceding genus. The ovarian bag is large, of a quadrilateral shape,
somewhat pointed at the two sides, and opens at both sides to allow
the ova to escape.
The genus Lulimene was founded by Latreille to receive a small
crustacean which was found by M. Cuvier amongst some marine
animals which he had received from Nice. The chief character by
which he distinguished the genus was the extreme shortness of the
abdomen, which he considered terminated almost immediately after
the last pair of feet in a swollen, semiglobular lobe filled with a
blackish matter, and having springing from it a long thread-like body,
of a dark colour also, and which he conjectured might be an oviduct.
In the British Museum are many specimens of this little animal,
received by Dr. Leach from M. Cuvier, and labelled by Dr. Leach
himself, “‘ Artemia Eulimene, from Nice, given by M. Cuvier.” From
a careful examination of this species I consider it specifically identical
with the Cancer salinus of Linneeus, the Artemia salina of Leach.
The specimens in the Museum are all females, and upon comparing
them with specimens of Artemia salina from Lymington, no differ-
ence is perceptible, except that the specimens from Nice are rather
whiter in colour and have the ovarian bag and abdomen of a darker
hue. It is undoubtedly this dark-coloured ovarian bag that was
mistaken by Latreille for the termination of the body, and the “long
filament like an oviduct” which springs from it, is in reality the
abdomen. The difference in colour evidently depends upon the food
of the animal, the alimentary canal of the specimens from Nice being
filled with a dark-coloured matter, thus giving the abdomen a blackish
hue, while those from Lymington have the canal filled with matter
of a brownish tint. In the second edition of the ‘Régne Animal,’
27
in his notice of the Artemia salina, Latreille says, it is a species, “sur
lequel nous n’avons encore que des renseignements trés imparfaits.”’
From this it would appear that he had never seen that species, and
as most probably the specimens he had received from Cuvier were
a little injured from having been preserved in spirits, it is not at all
surprising that he did not observe the identity of the two.
2. Artemia Mitwausentt, Fischer. Antennis inferioribus maris
gracilibus, articulo secundo angusto ; segmentis duobus cepha-
licis longis, segmento caudali bilobato, non setigero.
Long. 5 lin.
Branchipus Milhausenii, Fischer, Bull. de la Soc. Imp. Nat. Mos-
cou, vii. 1834.
Artemia Mulhausenti, M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 370.
Artemia salina, Rathke, Faun. der Krym. 395. t. 6. f. 14-21.
Hab. In lacu salino “ Loak”’ in Crimea; M. Milhausen.
This species, which was found by M. Milhausen in the salt-
water lake of Loak in the Crimea, is about 5 lines in length and of a
brown colour. The inferior antennz of the male are much more
slender than in the preceding species. The basal joint has no tooth
and the terminal joint is cylindrical and pointed. The superior an-
tenne, according to Fischer, have the first joint very short and of an
obconical form, and the two cephalic segments are considerably elon-
gated. The abdomen is slender, shorter than the body, and is termi-
nated by a simple bilobed process not furnished with setee. The feet
are rather long, and the terminal joint is armed with long filaments.
In the month of July these animals abound in great numbers ;
they fill the lake and give the water a brick-red colour.
3. Artemia Guitpinen, Thompson. Species hec, reperta in
India Occidentali, delineata est a Domino Thompson in ‘ Zoo-
logical Researches,’ sed non descripta, necnon satis accurate
delineata est.
Artemis Guildingi, Thompson, Zool. Research. Fase. v. t. 1. f. 11.
Hab. In insula “St. Vincent’s,” in India Occidentali; Rev. L.
Guilding.
This species is figured by Mr. Thompson, but not sufficiently de-
scribed to enable me to give a good diagnosis of it. It was found at
St. Vincent’s in the West Indies by the Rev. Lansdowne Guilding,
by whom its natural history was intended to have been more fully
detailed. The body seems to be thick and the abdomen shorter than
the body and stout. The caudal segment does not appear to be
lobed nor setigerous. The cephalic segment is conical in shape, and
the superior antenne, according to Mr. Thompson’s figure, consist
each of four jomts. The ovarian sac consists, according ‘to the same
authority, of two articulations.
4. ARTEMIA ARIETINA, Fischer. Antennis inferioribus maris
validis, articulo secundo latissimo, basali unidentato ; antennis
superioribus apice furcatis, setigeris ; segmento caudali bilo-
bato, lobis setigeris.
Long. 4-6 lin,
28
Artemia arietina, Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, ii. 156.
t. 7. f. 31-35 (1851).
Hab. In vicinitate urbis Odesse ; Middendorff.
This species, which was found by Middendorff in the neighbour-
hood of the town of Odessa, is about from 4 to 6 lines in length. It
approaches very near to the Artemia salina. The inferior antennee
in the male have the second joint very broad and flat and sharp-
pointed. The superior antennze are forked at the extremity, the
forks unequal, each having two terminal setee. The eye is very large
and the caudal segment is bilobed, each lobe terminating in three
pretty long sete.
5. Artemia KoppentAna, Fischer. <Antennis duabus ut in pre-
cedente ; segmento caudali non lobato nec setigero.
Long. 23-3 lin.
Artemia Koppeniana, Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, ii.
157. t. 7. f. 36-37 (1851).
Hab. In Russia Australi; Koppen.
This species was found in Southern Russia by M. Koppen, and is
only from 24 to 3 lines in length. Its principal difference consists
in the form of the caudal segment, which is not lobed at the ex-
tremity, but is simply squared off and has no setz springing from it.
Genus Potyartemta, Fischer.
Corpus molle, gracile; segmentum caudale pinnis nullis instructum ;
pedes branchiales, paribus novemdecim. Antenne inferiores
maris bi-articulate, articuli terminales in ramos duos divisi et
dentibus numerosis instructi; articuli basales appendicibus
tenuibus armati.
Polyartemia, Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, ii. 154
(1851).
This genus was founded by Sebastian Fischer to receive a species of
the family Branchipodide, which differs in some respects from any
of the genera of the family. It is furnished with. appendages to the
male inferior antennze, which are two-joited, approaching in this
respect to the genus Chirocephalus—and it is destitute of caudal fins,
resembling in this structure the genus Artemia—but the number of
feet is nineteen pairs, and the male inferior antennz have each of the
terminal joints divided into two broad, flat branches, the one over-
lying the other like the branches of a pair of scissors. These branches
are furnished on their edges with three or four rows of sharp teeth.
The basal joint has a rounded process at about half its length armed
with short setee. The appendages attached to these organs are coni-
cal in form, thin, and apparently not provided with digitiform or fla-
belliform appendages. The abdominal portion of the body is shorter
in proportion than in any of the other genera, and the ovarian sac of
the female is moderately large and lies close upon the abdomen,
seeming when viewed from above to be amalgamated with it. The
male organ is cylindrical, four-jointed, and is contained in a sheath
which is serrated on one side.
29
Polyartemia forcipata, Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise,
ii. 154. t. 7. f. 24-28.
As this is the only species yet known, the generic characters given
above will suffice.
Hab. In fluviis “Trundra, Taimyr et Boganida’”’ in Siberia; et
prope ‘‘ Tri-Ostrowa”’ in Lapponia; Middendorff.
Species hujus familie, incerte sedis aut que dubia sunt—
Genus Brancuirus ?
1. Branchipus ferox, M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 369.
This species, according to M. Milne-Edwards, has neither the an-
tenniform appendage attached to the inferior antennz of the male
of Branchipus, nor the complicated apparatus of Chirocephalus.
They are pointed at the extremity, and thus differ also from these
organs in Streptocephalus. The description given of this species by
M. Edwards is so short, that it is difficult to say to what genus it
may belong. His description is as follows :—‘ Cornes céphaliques
sans appendice prés du cété interne de leur base, pointues au bout et
sans dent sur le bord externe. Abdomen lisse, nageoires caudales
longues et étroites. Longueur environ 15 lignes. Habite les eaux
douces aux environs d’Odessa.”’
2. Cancer paludosus, Miller, Zool. Dan. ii. 10. t. 48. f. 1-8;
Herbst, Krabben, ii. 118. t. 35. f. 3-5.
Most authors have assumed this species to be the same as the
Chirocephalus diaphanus. As M. Milne-Edwards very properly
observes, however, the figure of this species given by Muller shows
no appearance of the complicated apparatus belonging to the male
antennze of Chirocephalus. There does not appear either to be any
antenniform appendage belonging to them, as in the genus Branchi-
pus, and the structure of the antenne themselves removes it also
from the genus Streptocephalus.
3. Some fragments of a species of Branchipode were brought by
Sir John Richardson from Cape Krusenstern in N. America, col-
lected there by Mr. J. Rae in August 1849, along with the Apus
glacialis. They consist of portions of two males and two females.
The male antennze are two-joited ; the basal joint is thick, and has
at its lower part near its junction with the second a row of small
teeth ; the second joint is cylindrical and pointed. The female horns
or antennee are flat apparently, and have a short hooked spine at the
extremity. The caudal fins are rather long and fringed with long
cilia. In some respects this species resembles the figure of the Cancer
paludosus of Miller, but the fragments are too much decayed in the
spirits to enable me further to describe it. It does not appear to
have either antenniform appendages or any apparatus attached to the
antennze of the male.
Should these three species prove to be distinct, they may form
another genus of this family, characterized by the want of these ap-
pendages and the toothed or serrated basal joint of the male cephalic
horns.
30
Genus STREPTOCEPHALUS ?
4. A figure of a species of Branchipode was exhibited at a meeting
of the Zoological Society by Dr. Nicholson in February 1851. The
figure was not sufficiently accurately made to enable the species or
genus to be made out. In all probability, however, it may prove to
be a species of Streptocephalus. It is a native of India and inhabits
freshwater ponds.
Genus ARTEMIA?
M. Audouin, in the Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de la France, v. Bull.
61, 1836, mentions a species of Artemia closely allied to Art. salina,
as inhabiting the salt lakes of Egypt. In the Amn. des Se. Nat.
2nd ser. vi. 230, he again mentions the fact, that numbers of Artemia
have been found in the “lacs de natron”’ in Egypt; but no further
description has ever been given of them.
Family LimnapiabD2.
Genus Limnaptia.
Sp. LimnapiA ANTILLARUM, nov. sp. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 1).
Carapace valves of a rounded oval shape, and of a transparent
whitish colour; prominent on dorsal margin where the muscular
attachment of the body takes place, sloping from thence rather sud-
denly towards anterior extremity where it forms a somewhat blunt
point, and more gradually to posterior extremity, which, as well as
ventral margin, is rounded. Antennules bluntly serrated or crenu-
lated on their upper edge, rather shorter than the peduncles of large
antennze, which are stout and not half the length of the body. They
consist of nine articulations, each having one or two long plumose
setee springing from the under edge, and one short stout spine at each
joint on the upper edge. Caudal lamellz of considerable length, and
beset on upper edge with long plumose sete to within a short di-
stance of the tip, which is somewhat curved, sharp-pointed and
slightly serrated on upper edge. Feet 18 pairs.
The structure of the carapace is the same as in Limnadia Her-
manni, the surface being covered with minute dots or puncturations.
This species differs from the two others in the shape of the cara-
pace and in having the setz of antennz and tail plumose.
Hab. St. Domingo, West Indies; M. Sal/é. Mus. Brit.
Genus EstHEeriA.
Sp. Estaerra Dauvastt, nov. sp. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 5).
Carapace valves shortly obovate and flat, upper margin from the
beaks to two-thirds of its length almost straight ; anterior extremity
rather broader than posterior. Beaks prominent and situated near an-
terior extremity. The shell is ofa light horny colour and very thin and
translucent. Ribs elevated, smooth and numerous, about 20 in num-
ber. The intermediate spaces are concave and are covered all over with
rough-looking spots of an irregular size and appearance, approaching
Proc. Z.S. Mollusca. XIE
WH Baily.
Fis,
A
ros
3.
2
Printed by Hullmandel& Walton.
Gray.
Cyclostoma Bairdii. Pr Ksé.6. Cataulus Layardi
nohile. z Pe Menkeana. Pir
flammulata. ,,
Cc
Cc
C.
Cc.
ataulas pyramndatas. Pfr.
maénificum. Salle.
trema 10. Achatina Richard.
eury
Wig; 1. Hele Lamncestonensis. Reeve.
3 Gyclo stoma bicolor. 2
”
31
somewhat in structure to that of brasiliensis. It differs from that
species however in size and in being of a more rounded oval shape.
Hab. Brazil? I am indebted for this species to Mr. Dallas, who
found it in a collection of insects chiefly from Brazil. Mus. Brit.
February 24, 1852.
W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—
1. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HELIX FROM VAN DtE-
MEN’s Lanp. By Lovey Reeve, F.L.S. ere.
(Mollusca, Pl. XIII.)
Hewix Launcestronensis. Hel. testd umbilicatd, abbreviato-
conoided, trochiformi, superne rugosd et ferrugined, quasi epi-
dermide indutd, infra levigatd, nitente, intense nigrd; fascia di-
stinctd luted cingulatd; spird obtusd; anfractibus sez, superne
convexis, medio concavis, carinis lineisque gemmulatis undique
cingulatis, peripherid acute carinatd, basi convexd ; umbilico me-
diocri, pervio, subprofundo; aperturd oblique lunari, peristomate
tenui, vix reflexo, margine columellari breviter dilatato.
Hab. Launceston, Van Diemen’s Land.
This very characteristic new species of Helix has just been received
from Van Diemen’s Land, where it was collected last summer by
Mr. Ronald Gunn in a dense beech forest, north-east of Launceston.
It differs materially from any of vast numbers of Helices now known
to conchologists, especially in the different character of the upper
and lower parts of the shell. The upper portion of the whorls has
a rough rusty surface encircled by numerous finely beaded lines and
keels ; the lower surface is smooth and shining, jet-black, encircled
by a distinct yellow band.
2. On tHE Hasitrs or Srricors HABROPTILUS OR KAKApo.
By Davin Lyaut, M.D., R.N., Late Surcreon to H.M.S.
ACHERON.
(Aves, Pl. XLVI.)
Although the Kakapo is said to be still found occasionally on some
parts of the high mountains in the interior of the north island of
New Zealand, the only place where we met with it, during our cir-
cumnavigation and exploration of the coasts of the islands n H.M.S.
Acheron, was at the S.W. end of the middle island. There, in
the deep sounds which intersect that part of the island, it is still
found in considerable numbers, inhabiting the dry spurs of hills or
flats near the banks of rivers, where the trees are high, and the
forest comparatively free from fern or underwood.
32
The first place where it was obtained was on a hill nearly 4000
feet above the level of the sea. It was also found living in commu-
nities on flats near the mouths of rivers close to the sea. In these
places its tracks were to be seen resembling footpaths made by man,
and leading us at first to imagine that there must be natives in the
neighbourhood. The tracks are about a foot wide, regularly pressed
down to the edges, which are two or three inches deep amongst the
moss, and cross each other usually at right-angles.
The Kakapo lives in holes under the roots of trees, and is also oc-
casionally found under shelving rocks. The roots of many New
Zealand trees growing partly above ground, holes are common under
them; but where the Kakapo is found many of the holes appeared
to have been enlarged, although no earth was ever found thrown out
near them. There were frequently two openings to these holes, and
occasionally, though rarely, the trees over them were hollow for some
distance up.
The only occasion on which the Kakapo was seen to fly was when
it got up one of these hollow trees and was driven to an exit higher
up. The flight was very short, the wings being scarcely moved ; and
the bird alighted on a tree at a lower level than the place from whence
it had come, but soon got higher up by climbing, using its tail to
assist it.
Except when driven from its holes, the Kakapo is never seen du-
ring the day, and it was only by the assistance of dogs that we were
enabled to find it.
Before dogs became common, and when the bird was plentiful in
inhabited parts of the islands, the natives were in the habit of catch-
ing it at night, using torches to confuse it. It offers a formidable
resistance to a dog, and sometimes inflicts severe wounds with its
powerful claws and beak. At a very recent period it was common
all over the west coast of the Middle Island, but there is now a race
of wild dogs said to have overrun all the northern part of this shore,
and to have almost extirpated the Kakapos wherever they have
reached. Their range is said to be at present confined by a river or
some such physical obstruction, and it is to be feared that if they
once succeed in gaining the stronghold of the Kakapo (the 8.W. end
of the island) the bird may soon become extinct.
During the latter half of February and the first half of March,
whilst we were amongst the haunts of these birds, we found young
ones in many of the holes, frequently only one, never more than two,
in the same hole. In one case where there were two young ones I
found also an addled egg. There was usually, but not always, an old
bird in the same hole with the young ones.
They build no nest, but simply scrape a slight hollow amongst
the dry dust formed of decayed wood. The young were of dif-
ferent ages, some being nearly fully fledged, and others covered only
with down. The egg is white and about the size of a pigeon’s.
(Aves, Pl. XLVI.)
The ery of the Kakapo is a hoarse croak, varied occasionally by a
discordant shriek when irritated or hungry. The Maories say that
during winter they assemble together in large numbers in caves, and
33
at the times of meeting, and, again before dispersing to their summer
haunts, that the noise they make is perfectly deafening.
A good many young ones were brought on board the ship alive.
Most of them died a few days afterwards, probably from want of
sufficient care ; some died after being kept a mont 
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